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The Detection of Crime, Resource Deployment, and Predictors of Success: A Multi-Level Analysis of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in Newark, NJ collection represents the findings of a multi-level analysis of the Newark, New Jersey Police Department's video surveillance system. This collection contains multiple quantitative data files (Datasets 1-14) as well as spatial data files (Dataset 15 and Dataset 16). The overall project was separated into three components:

• Component 1 (Dataset 1, Individual CCTV Detections and Calls-For-Service Data and Dataset 2, Weekly CCTV Detections in Newark Data) evaluates CCTV's ability to increase the "certainty of punishment" in target areas;
• Component 2 (Dataset 3, Overall Crime Incidents Data; Dataset 4, Auto Theft Incidents Data; Dataset 5, Property Crime Incidents Data; Dataset 6, Robbery Incidents Data; Dataset 7, Theft From Auto Incidents Data; Dataset 8, Violent Crime Incidents Data; Dataset 9, Attributes of CCTV Catchment Zones Data; Dataset 10, Attributes of CCTV Camera Viewsheds Data; and Dataset 15, Impact of Micro-Level Features Spatial Data) analyzes the context under which CCTV cameras best deter crime. Micro-level factors were grouped into five categories: environmental features, line-of-sight, camera design and enforcement activity (including both crime and arrests); and
• Component 3 (Dataset 11, Calls-for-service Occurring Within CCTV Scheme Catchment Zones During the Experimental Period Data; Dataset 12, Calls-for-service Occurring Within CCTV Schemes During the Experimental Period Data; Dataset 13, Targeted Surveillances Conducted by the Experimental Operators Data; Dataset 14, Weekly Surveillance Activity Data; and Dataset 16, Randomized Controlled Trial Spatial Data) was a randomized, controlled trial measuring the effects of coupling proactive CCTV monitoring with directed patrol units.

Over 40 separate four-hour tours of duty, an additional camera operator was funded to monitor specific CCTV cameras in Newark. Two patrol units were dedicated solely to the operators and were tasked with exclusively responding to incidents of concern detected on the experimental cameras. Variables included throughout the datasets include police report and incident dates, crime type, disposition code, number of each type of incident that occurred in a viewshed precinct, number of CCTV detections that resulted in any police enforcement, and number of schools, retail stores, bars and public transit within the catchment zone.

The objective of the Trauma-Focused Interventions for Justice-Involved and At-Risk Youth meta-analysis was to systematically review and statistically synthesize all available research on the effectiveness of trauma-informed treatment programs for justice-involved youth and youth at-risk of justice system involvement who experienced some form of trauma in their lives. A systematic search identified 29 publications that met the eligibility criteria and represented 30 treatment-comparison contrasts. Of these studies, 6 evaluated the effectiveness of trauma-informed programs for justice-involved youth, and the remaining 24 evaluated programs for at-risk children and youth. From these studies, researchers extracted results related to delinquency, problem behaviors, aggression, antisocial behavior, substance use, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) outcomes. Most of these studies (24) used random assignment to conditions designs, with the remaining 6 using a quasi experimental design with a comparison condition.

Variables in this collection include type of publication, authors, country of study, type of primary study design, publication year, youth type (at-risk or delinquent), frequency and duration of treatment, treatment techniques and types of therapy, treatment and control group sample sizes, as well as variables summarizing respondent histories of abuse, neglect, trauma, violence, delinquency, institutionalization, homelessness, and involvement in foster care. Demographic information on primary study respondents includes overall sample, treatment, and control group percentage breakdowns by ethnicity and respondent age summary statistics.

With the growing popularity, technological ease of using propensity score modeling (PSM), and the concern over its reliability and validity among scholars and practitioners, the researchers aimed to answer whether PSM methods can replicate the results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In this secondary data analysis, the researchers gathered the datasets of 10 publicly available and restricted RCT studies from the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD), introduced an artificial selection bias into the treatment groups of these investigations, and then used each PSM technique to remove this selection bias. The team then compared the results generated from the PSM methods to those derived from the original RCT experiments, and meta-analyzed the findings across all studies to reveal the true reliability and validity of PSM in relation to RCTs using criminal justice data.

For each study used in this analysis, the researchers created SPSS syntax for variable recodes and artificial bias creation and a codebook with original study items, recoded variables, and analytic variables. (In one study, two RCTs were conducted and thus two sets of syntax and codebooks were created.) Seven text files contain the Stata and R code used to run each PSM technique. These materials have been zipped into a package and are available for restricted download. Please refer to the ICPSR README for more information.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

These data were collected as part of an effort to investigate the effects of the TASER on cognitive functioning. To explore this issue, the authors carried out a pilot study with 21 police recruits who received a TASER exposure as part of their training at the San Bernardino County (CA) Training Center. Following the pilot study, the researchers conducted a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) where healthy human volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups, two of which received a TASER exposure. Participants completed a battery of cognitive tests before and after receiving their assigned treatment.

In collaboration with community- and system-based partners, the current study used an experimental design to test the impact of phone outreach from community-based agencies to women exposed to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) compared to phone referrals provided by system-based unit (i.e., the Victim Assistance Unit of the DPD or the City Attorney's Office) in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of women whose cases have come to the attention of the criminal justice system. The phone outreach was informed by an interdisciplinary team involving both system- and community-based team members. Participants, who were randomly selected to receive outreach or treatment-as-usual, were interviewed at three time points: after an incident of IPV was reported to the police (T1), 6 months after T1, and 12 months after T1. The study addressed three primary roles. First, investigators evaluated the effectiveness of a coordinated, community-based outreach program in improving criminal justice and victim safety and empowerment outcomes for IPV victims using a longitudinal, randomized control design. Second, victim and case characteristics that moderated outcomes were identified. Third, the influence of spatial characteristics on criminal justice outcomes was evaluated.

Many schools have implemented programs to address bullying, such as the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP), or broader school behavioral issues, such as School-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS), but there have been calls to integrate school interventions in order to address the limits of each "stand alone" program. The purpose of this project was to develop an intervention combining OBPP and SWPBIS strategies into one integrated program, evaluate its effectiveness using a randomized controlled trial (RCT), analyze the program's cost effectiveness, and examine the use of school-based mental health services in elementary, middle, and high school settings. Implications for policy and strategy are also discussed.

School-level data were presented including disciplinary incidents, student and teacher attendance, program costs, and the presence of mental health services. Students and teachers within intervention and control conditions were surveyed about their perceptions of bullying, school safety, and school climate. Teachers in intervention schools were asked about program satisfaction, self-efficacy, and fidelity. Students were asked numerous questions pertaining to physical and mental health, bullying perpetration and victimization, and substance abuse. Teachers and students were asked their grade, gender, and race.

This is a comprehensive meta-analysis of available research on the effects of intervention programs for adult offenders, which is based on 801 eligible controlled studies reported through 2014 identified by researchers. Variables describing the intervention, participating offender samples, research methods, and effects found on a range of outcome constructs were coded into a database for analysis. The major outcome categories examined were recidivism, substance use, employment, mental health, anger/hostility, and aggression/violence. Broad intervention approaches included those such as cognitive behavioral, structured group, counseling, and drug court programs.

The meta-analysis seeks to examine outcomes of various types of interventions and identify the characteristics of programs and participants most closely associated with positive outcomes. It seeks to use the findings to construct and obtain feedback on effective practice guidelines within the adult correctional system.

This data file describes three different experiments that were designed to examine how differences in the way forensic scientific evidence is communicated affects jurors.

In each experiment, participants consisted of jury-eligible community members in Maricopa County, Arizona. Groups of participants attended a research session in which they were shown a 35-40-minute videotapes of one of two mock criminal trials (one, a rape case, centers around bitemark evidence, and the other, an attempted murder, centers around fingerprint evidence). Within each trial the content of a forensic scientist's testimony was manipulated. These manipulations involved: 1) whether the technique used by the forensic scientist was "high tech" or "low tech," 2) the amount of experience possessed by the forensic scientist, 3) whether the technique used by the forensic scientist had been scientifically validated, 4) whether the forensic scientist conceded that an error was possible, and 5) whether any exculpatory evidence was present at the crime scene.

Immediately following the trial, each individual participants completed a questionnaire in which they gave their individual impressions of the strength of the case. Following that, the group of participant would deliberate and attempt to reach a unanimous verdict. Finally, each individual participant completed an additional questionnaire that again measured perceptions of the case along with individual difference measures and demographics.

Microhaplotypes (MHs) are an emerging forensic DNA marker characterized by sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a short distance of each other displaying multiple allelic combinations. Although less polymorphic than short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRs), they have some advantages, such as alleles all of the same size within a locus, absence of stutter artifacts, and lower mutation rates than that of STRs. Several MH-multiplex panels have been reported in the past, including the 74-locus panel developed in the research team's laboratory. Casework implementation of such large panels is only feasible if paired with probabilistic genotyping (PG) as manual deconvolution of complex mixtures would be excessively time consuming and not compatible with conventional forensic DNA laboratory operations.

In this study, DNA-View Mixture Solution and EuroForMix PG software were adapted to processing MH data from 74 loci analyzed on the Ion S5 massively parallel sequencing (MPS) platform. Relative fluorescence unit (RFU) values were replaced by allele-sequence coverage and tested on a set of DNA mixtures. The goals of this project were to (1) adapt and thoroughly test the two PG software platforms for the use multiplex MH data for DNA mixture interpretation, and (2) generate a data repository of mixtures and references that can be used by developers and users to adapt other PG software to intake MH data.

The data are organized into spreadsheet type files. Data consists of likelihood ratios (Log10LR) of possible hypotheses involving mixture samples. Log10LRs are averaged across samples and categorized across 4 population frequencies: African American, European, Asian American, and Southwest Hispanic.

Eyewitness lineup identification accuracy is affected by numerous variables, including those that are under the control of the legal system, called system variables (e.g., pre-lineup instructions), and those that are not under the control of the legal system, called estimator variables (e.g., the race of the perpetrator). One of the ultimate goals of eyewitness researchers is to develop procedures that:

• minimize false identifications caused by system and estimator variables (while minimizing any decrease in correct identifications), and
• require few resources for law enforcement to enact.

The project tested the effectiveness of a system variable--providing witnesses with an explicit 'not sure' instruction before viewing the lineup-- that potentially meets both of these criteria. Furthermore, a 'not sure' instruction may act as a prophylactic against the harmful effects of system and estimator variables known to inflate false identifications. The specific objective of the research was to test the effectiveness of this 'not sure' instruction.

The detection of gunshot residue (GSR) provides valuable information in violent crimes, accidental shootings, and terrorism. Despite the scientific validity of this discipline, there are persistent challenges regarding the speed of analysis, preservation of the evidence, and interpretation of results. Consequently, there is a critical need to improve the discipline's turnaround times and reliability. This study's overall purpose was to develop a comprehensive approach to overcome these significant concerns and enhance the criminal justice system capabilities. This project developed and validated fast and reliable tests, using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and electrochemical (EC) sensors for GSR detection. Also, statistical models were applied for the quantitative interpretation of the evidence. The combination of LIBS and EC data permitted the accurate identification of organic and inorganic residues (OGSR and IGSR, accuracy ranging from 92-99% depending on the subpopulation and classification models). This research focused on developing SMARTER (Simpler, Modern, Affordable, Rapid, Transformative, Effective, and Reliable) solutions for GSR examinations.

The main objectives were:

1. Application of universal and expanded collection methods
2. Development of novel, ultrafast methods for dual detection of IGSR and OGSR
3. Development of modern 3D chemical imaging for crime scene reconstruction
4. Development of novel micro-particle GSR standards
5. Creation of a large population study and probabilistic interpretation framework

In the current study, roughly 170 single source samples and 32 two-person mixture samples were tested using both the integrated Quantiplex®-high resolution melt (HRM) assay and Quantifiler™ Trio-HRM assay, then the entire HRM datasets were exported for prediction modeling using both linear discriminate analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms in R Studio software. For proof-of-concept, only 8 different genotypes, including a genotype of "mixture", were represented (for each locus) in testing. A portion of the samples tested were used to "train" the software and the remaining sample data was used as unknowns (or "validation") samples for prediction. When samples were tested in the Quantiplex®-HRM assay, an overall accuracy of 87.88 percent was exhibited, correctly classifying 87.5 percent of single source samples as such and 90 percent of mixture samples. Similarly, when samples were tested in the Quantifiler™ Trio-HRM assay an overall accuracy of 79.2 percent was exhibited, with 89.2 percent of single source samples accurately classifying and 43.8 percent of mixtures accurately classifying. Additionally, quantification values obtained from the integrated assays as well as the quality metrics such as the slope, R2, and y-intercept, were not significantly different than those obtained in the standard assays.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they there received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except of the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompany readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collections and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This study conducted an experimental investigation of two potential contributors to invalid testimony within adversarial litigation involving forensic evidence. First, the experts' knowledge of their party representation (i.e., prosecution vs. defense counsel), and secondly the lack of input from the relevant scientific community. The study used an experimental survey design with a realistic criminal case to examine the effects of blinding experts to their party representation and consensus feedback from a panel of experts to quantify and reduce testimonial bias.

This study tests the efficacy of an intervention--Safe Public Spaces (SPS) -- focused on improving the safety of public spaces in schools, such as hallways, cafeterias, and stairwells. Twenty-four schools with middle grades in a large urban area were recruited for participation and were pair-matched and then assigned to either treatment or control. The study comprises four components: an implementation evaluation, a cost study, an impact study, and a community crime study.

Community-crime-study: The community crime study used the arrest of juveniles from the NYPD (New York Police Department) data. The data can be found at (https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Public-Safety/NYPD-Arrests-Data-Historic-/8h9b-rp9u). Data include all arrest for the juvenile crime during the life of the intervention. The 12 matched schools were identified and geo-mapped using Quantum GIS (QGIS) 3.8 software. Block groups in the 2010 US Census in which the schools reside and neighboring block groups were mapped into micro-areas. This resulted in twelve experimental school blocks and 11 control blocks which the schools reside (two of the control schools existed in the same census block group). Additionally, neighboring blocks using were geo-mapped into 70 experimental and 77 control adjacent block groups (see map). Finally, juvenile arrests were mapped into experimental and control areas. Using the ARIMA time-series method in Stata 15 statistical software package, arrest data were analyzed to compare the change in juvenile arrests in the experimental and control sites.

Cost-study: For the cost study, information from the implementing organization (Engaging Schools) was combined with data from phone conversations and follow-up communications with staff in school sites to populate a Resource Cost Model. The Resource Cost Model Excel file will be provided for archiving. This file contains details on the staff time and materials allocated to the intervention, as well as the NYC prices in 2018 US dollars associated with each element. Prices were gathered from multiple sources, including actual NYC DOE data on salaries for position types for which these data were available and district salary schedules for the other staff types. Census data were used to calculate benefits.

Impact-evaluation: The impact evaluation was conducted using data from the Research Alliance for New York City Schools. Among the core functions of the Research Alliance is maintaining a unique archive of longitudinal data on NYC schools to support ongoing research. The Research Alliance builds and maintains an archive of longitudinal data about NYC schools. Their agreement with the New York City Department of Education (NYC DOE) outlines the data they receive, the process they use to obtain it, and the security measures to keep it safe.

Implementation-study: The implementation study comprises the baseline survey and observation data. Interview transcripts are not archived.

The major objective of this project was to investigate photo array composition in order to improve eyewitness identification procedures. Photo array composition involves the fillers, or known-innocent individuals that police add to a photo array so that the perpetrator/suspect (referred to as the "target" in experimental design) does not stand out. An unbiased (fair) photo array contains fillers that match the description of the suspect provided by one or more eyewitnesses. In contrast, in a biased photo array, the suspect stands out from the fillers. Another popular procedure used by police is the showup, when the suspect is presented without any fillers. This project involved all three of these procedures.

This collection contains raw and aggregated data from 12 sets of experiments that investigated different aspects of eyewitness identification, including fair vs. biased lineups, lineup size, distinctive facial features, target-filler similarity, impact of sleep on eyewitness accuracy, memory strength, number of suspects presented, impact of courtroom instructions and expert expertise, and speed and confidence of eyewitness identification. Each experiment set followed a similar general design, with variations based on the purpose and hypotheses of the specific study. United States-based adult participants recruited via SurveyMonkey were asked to complete an online experiment in which they would be presented with a crime vignette and a suspect facial image (created from a faces database), given a distractor task, and then asked to select the suspect from a lineup and rate the confidence level of their decision.

The data were provided to ICPSR in Excel workbook format (41 data files, 3 codebooks) and are available for download as a zipped package. ICPSR has not modified the files from the format in which they were supplied. Data files are organized into subfolders that are named with a short content descriptor and citation of the relevant publication. Unless noted, data files contain a "codes" sheet that explains the variables and experimental condition groups. Articles and theses/dissertations that used each dataset are available under Data-related Publications. Please refer to the ICPSR README for more information.

This study sought to identify what parking facility characteristics and management practices within the Washington Metro Transit Police (MTP) might create opportunities for crime, analyze those findings in relation to past crimes, and identify promising crime reduction strategies. The project consisted of three main research components: (1) identification of the magnitude of car crime in commuter parking facilities and possible strategies for prevention of such car crime; (2) identification and implementation of a crime prevention strategy; and (3) evaluation of the strategy's effectiveness.

In partnership with the MTP staff, the research team created a blocked randomized experimental design involving 50 matched pairs of commuter parking facilities in which a combination of live and dummy digital cameras were deployed, along with accompanying signage, at the exits of one randomly selected facility from each pairing. After a period of 12 months following camera implementation, the research team analyzed the impact of the cameras on crime occurring in and around Metro's parking facilities.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This research completed a three-year study of the impact of a prison record on gaining employment. It included two separate experiments and an employer survey in the research. The first experiment involved the submission of more than 6,000 online applications for entry-level jobs. The second experiment sent individuals (auditors) to apply for 60 jobs in-person. The third research method was a survey conducted among 49 employers, all of whom were included in the second experiment.

The collection contains 3 SPSS data files:

1. file1-male_and_female_inperson_data.sav (n=518; 17 variables)
2. file2-employer_survey-ICPSR.sav (n=48; 79 variables)
3. file3-male_and_female_online_data.sav (n=6,198; 19 variables)

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This study addressed the urgent need to target interventions to high risk groups, such as teen girls who have come to the attention of the child welfare system; rigorously test interventions grounded in empirical research on revictimization; and examine processes implied by revictimization theories. In particular, adolescent girls recruited from the child welfare system were randomized to one of two revictimization prevention conditions: social learning/feminist and risk detection/executive function.

The study contains one data file with 180 cases and 545 variables.

These data are part of NACJDs Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

The two central objectives of this project were (1) to evaluate the effect on crime of a targeted patrol strategy mounted by the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department (SLMPD) and (2) to evaluate the researcher-practitioner partnership that underlay the policing intervention.

The study addressed the following research questions:

1. Do intensified police patrols and enforcement in crime hot spots result in larger reductions in firearm assaults and robberies than in similar areas subject to routine police activity?
2. Do specific enforcement tactics decrease certain type of crime?
3. Which enforcement tactics are most effective?
4. Does video surveillance reduce crime?
5. How does the criminal justice system respond to firearm crime?
6. Do notification meetings reduce recidivism?
7. Does community unrest increase crime?
8. Did crime rates rise following the Ferguson Killing?

To answer these questions, researchers used a mixed methods data collection plan, including interviews with local law enforcement, surveillance camera footage, and conducting ride-alongs with officers.

The goal of the project was to improve police officers' sleep, health, safety, and wellness, thus improving the quality of police services. Using a multi-phase, mixed method approach, the core objectives included:

1. Measure the effects of work schedules and sleep loss on Seattle Police Department (SPD) officer health, wellness, safety, and quality of life.

2. Develop a fatigue risk management strategy, informed by the data collected during objective one.

3. Using a randomized control trial design, implement the resulting fatigue risk management strategy across the SPD, which is a large municipal police department (approximately 1,500 sworn officers)

4. Measure the effectiveness of the fatigue risk management strategy.

The main research questions the study sought to address were as follows:

1. What are the effects of shift work, work hours, sleep loss, and fatigue on police officers' safety, health, and quality of life?

2. Can a fatigue risk management strategy influence these effects?

Variables include measures of officers' sleep patterns and sleep quality, physical and mental health metrics, descriptions of the officers' role at the SPD, and demographic variables including age, gender, and race/ethnicity.