National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Longitudinal Dataset by Census Tract, United States, 1981-2021 (ICPSR 39093)

Version Date: Sep 12, 2024

Cite this study |

Principal Investigator(s):
Jad Edlebi, National Community Reinvestment Coalition; Bruce Mitchell, National Community Reinvestment Coalition; Jason Richardson, National Community Reinvestment Coalition; Helen Meier, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research; Liang Chen, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research; Grace Noppert, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research; Lindsay Gypin, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research

Series:

https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR39093.v2

Version V2 ()

  • V2 [2024-09-12]
  • V1 [2024-05-15] unpublished
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Summary

The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) database (Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 2022) has compiled mortgage lending data since 1981, but the collection and dissemination methods have changed over time (Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, 2018), creating barriers to conducting longitudinal analyses. This HMDA Longitudinal Dataset (HLD) organizes and standardizes information across different eras of HMDA data collection between 1981 and 2021, enabling such analysis. This collection contains two types of datasets: 1) HMDA aggregated data by census tract for each decade and 2) HMDA aggregated data by census tract for individual years. Items for analysis include borrower income values, mortgages by loan type (e.g., conventional, Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Veterans Affairs (VA), refinances), and mortgages by borrower race and gender.

Citation

Edlebi, Jad, Mitchell, Bruce, Richardson, Jason, Meier, Helen, Chen, Liang, Noppert, Grace, and Gypin, Lindsay. National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Longitudinal Dataset by Census Tract, United States, 1981-2021. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2024-09-12. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR39093.v2

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Funding

United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Aging (R01AG080401), United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Nursing Research (U01NR020556), United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (U01NR020556)

Subject Terms

Geographic Coverage

Smallest Geographic Unit

Census tract

Distributor(s)

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
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Time Period(s)

1981 -- 2021

Date of Collection

1981 -- 2021

Data Collection Notes

  1. For additional information on the National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA), please visit the NaNDA website.
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Study Purpose

The purpose of this project was to organize and standardize data obtained from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) database in order to conduct longitudinal analyses of home lending patterns in the United States.

Study Design

Data covering the period from 1981 to 2006 were obtained from the National Archives, and data covering the period from 2007 to 2020 were obtained from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Records without census tract identification were excluded from the dataset. Yearly-aggregated data were not adjusted for inflation, but decade-aggregated were adjusted for inflation (December 30, 2020 dollars). Originations included in the dataset are for mortgages made to owner-occupied, single-family homes that were site built within each tract. Originations made for speculation, second homes, vacation homes, and multi-family homes were excluded.

Multiple methods were used to normalize the data. To adjust borrower income at tract-level, percentiles of income at the national level were established for each year, loan counts for each percentile were calculated, and income breakpoints were established in $30,000 increments. Counts were normalized to 2010 census tract boundaries using the Longitudinal Tract Database (LTDB) crosswalk file. To normalize loan amounts to 2020 U.S. dollars, the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers was used to obtain Consumer Price Indices (CPI) as of December 30 each year and divided each year's CPI by the CPI for December 30, 2020. Please refer to the study documentation for more information on dataset limitations and changes to data collection methodology over the years.

Time Method

Longitudinal: Trend / Repeated Cross-section

Universe

Census tracts in the 50 U.S. states, including U.S. island territories.

Unit(s) of Observation

Time Unit (Decade), Time Unit (Year), Geographic Unit (Census tract)

Data Source

National Archives (Federal Reserve System, 2016)

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 2022)

Data Type(s)

Description of Variables

Data are structured at the tract-level (1 observation per tract) and are grouped by decade (DS1, DS3 through DS6) and by individual year (DS2, DS7 through DS47). Each dataset contains the following aggregated items:

  • Counts of reported borrower income values grouped by percentile and by $30,000 intervals
  • Total and percent of originations (number and U.S. dollar amount) to all borrowers, grand total and by lender type: conventional, government, Federal Housing Administration, Veterans Affairs, Rural Housing Service
  • Total and percent of originations (number and U.S. dollar amount) by loan type: home purchase, home improvement, refinance
  • Total and percent of mortgages (number and U.S. dollar amount) by borrower race and gender

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Original Release Date

2024-05-15

Version History

2024-09-12 DS2 (Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) Data by Year 1981-2021) has been updated to include an additional year of data and correct an error within the YEAR variable. DS3 through DS47 have been added to the collection. These datasets are individual data files of decadal and yearly data. DS1 and the accompanying study documentation have been re-released to update the files to the current curation standards, but no changes have been made to these materials.

2024-05-15 ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:

  • Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.

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Notes

  • The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.