Annual Probation Survey Series

The Annual Probation Surveys collect administrative data from probation agencies in the United States. Data Collected include the total number of adults on state and federal probation on January 1 and December 31 of each year, the number of adults entering and exiting probation supervision each year, and the characteristics of adults under the supervision of probation agencies. The surveys cover all 50 states, the federal system, and the District of Columbia.

A crosswalk of the items included in each year of the Annual Probation Survey series, and the variable names and variable labels that have been assigned in the NACJD documentation and datasets is available.

More information can be found in NACJD's Annual Parole Survey and Annual Probation Survey Resource Guide. Researchers may also be interested in the companion series Annual Parole Survey Series.

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2013
Maruschak, Laura, Glaze, Lauren, Bonczar, Thomas Adults on Probation, Federal and State-by-State, 1977-2012. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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Journal Article
2019
Wildeman, Christopher, Goldman, Alyssa W., Wang, Emily A. Age-standardized mortality of persons on probation, in jail, or in state prison and the general population, 2001-2012. Public Health Reports. 134, (6), 660-666.
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2020
O'Brien, Timothy L. Arresting confidence: Mass incarceration and Black-White differences in perceptions of legal authorities. Social Science Quarterly. 101, (5), 1905-1919.
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2022
Papp, Jordan, Mueller-Smith, Michael Benchmarking the 2022 Q2 Vintage of the Criminal Justice Administrative Records System's Data Infrastructure. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
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2021
Papp, Jordan, Mueller-Smith, Michael Benchmarking the Criminal Justice Administrative Records System's Data Infrastructure. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan.
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Report
2020
Pew Charitable Trusts Comprehensive Policies Can Improve Probation and Parole. Fact Sheet. Philadelphia, PA: Pew Charitable Trusts.
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2010
Glaze, Lauren E. Correctional Populations in the United States, 2009. Bulletin. NCJ 231681, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2011
Glaze, Lauren E. Correctional Populations in the United States, 2010. Bulletin. NCJ 236319, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2012
Glaze, Lauren E., Parks, Erika Correctional Populations in the United States, 2011. Bulletin. NCJ 239972, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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Report
2013
Glaze, Lauren E., Herberman, Erinn J. Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012. Bulletin. NCJ 243936, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2014
Glaze, Lauren E., Kaeble, Danielle Correctional Populations in the United States, 2013. Bulletin. NCJ 248479, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2015
Kaeble, Danielle, Glaze, Lauren, Tsoutis, Anastasios, Minton, Todd Correctional Populations in the United States, 2014. Bulletin. NCJ 249513, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2016
Kaeble, Danielle, Glaze, Lauren Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. Bulletin. NCJ 250374, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2018
Kaeble, Danielle, Cowhig, Mary Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016. NCJ 251211, Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2020
Maruschak, Laura M., Minton, Todd D. Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017-2018. Bulletin. NCJ 252157, Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2023
Carson, E.A., Kluckow, Rich Correctional Populations in the United States, 2021. Statistical Tables. NCJ 305542, Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2024
Buehler, Emily D., Kluckow, Rich Correctional Populations in the United States, 2022. Statistical Tables. NCJ 308699, Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2012
Lynch, James P. Corrections in the United States: Trends in Correctional Populations, Common Perceptions of Incarceration, and the Role of Corrections in Society. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2018
Clear, Todd R., Reisig, Michael D., Cole, George F. The corrections system. American Corrections. Boston, MA: Cengage, .
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2020
Zimring, Franklin E. Crime, law enforcement, and sentencing in an era of prison expansion. The Insidious Momentum of American Mass Incarceration. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, .
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2022
Finlay, Keith, Mueller-Smith, Michael, Papp, Jordan The Criminal Justice Administrative Records System: A next-generation research data platform. Scientific Data. 9, (562), 562.
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2017
Clifford, Robert, Sullivan, Riley The Criminal Population in New England: Records, Convictions, and Barriers to Employment. Policy Report 17-1. New England Public Policy Center.
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Report
1999
Maruschak, Laura M. DWI Offenders under Correctional Supervision, Special Report. NCJ 172212, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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Report
2021
Kennedy, Erin, Smith, Tim, Mack, Nicole Enhancement of the Bureau of Justice Statistics' Annual Probation Survey Frame. Final Report. NCJ 301101, Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International.
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2012
Laubepin, Frederique Experiments in Punishment: Explaining Differences in the Scope of Penal Sanctioning in the American States. University of Michigan. [dissertation]
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2012
Brown, Owen From the civil rights movement to the rise of the incarceration nation: The politics of race and crime in contemporary America. New York Sociologist. 6, .
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2014
Gates, Alexandra, Artiga, Samantha, Rudowitz, Robin Health Coverage and Care for the Adult Criminal Justice-Involved Population. Issue Brief. The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured.
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Journal Article
2011
Journal Article
2023
Vasiliev, Pavel V. Inter-party competition, public electoral pressure, and democratic strength: Refining political explanations of incarceration trends in the U.S., 1980-2010. Criminal Justice Review. 48, (2), 168-186.
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Petach, Luke, Pena, Anita Local labor market inequality in the age of mass incarceration. Review of Black Political Economy. 48, (1), 7-41.
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Knapp, Courtney Local planning in the age of mass decarceration. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 40, (2), 169-185.
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Wildeman, Christopher, Wang, Emily A. Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. Lancet. 389, (10077), 1464-1474.
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2020
Phelps, Michelle S. Mass probation from micro to macro: Tracing the expansion and consequences of community supervision. Annual Review of Criminology. 3, 261-279.
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2017
Phelps, Michelle S. Mass probation: Toward a more robust theory of state variation in punishment. Punishment and Society. 19, (1), 53-73.
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1999
Ditton, Paula M. Mental Health and Treatment of Inmates and Probationers. Special Report. NCJ 174463, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2018
Luallen, Jeremy, Cutler, Christopher, Litwok, Daniel New explorations of data on prison and postconfinement supervision experiences. Corrections. 3, (3), 153-169.
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Maruschak, Laura M., Sabol, William J., Potter, R.H., Reid, Laurie C., Cramer, Emily W. Pandemic influenza and jail facilities and populations. American Journal of Public Health. 99, (S2), S339-S344.
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Phelps, Michelle S. The paradox of probation: Community supervision in the age of mass incarceration. Law and Policy. 35, (1-2), 51-80.
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Phelps, Michelle S. The Paradox of Probation: Understanding the Expansion of an 'Alternative' to Incarceration During the Prison Boom. Princeton University. [dissertation]
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Report
2016
Bucknor, Cherrie, Barber, Alan The Price We Pay: Economic Costs of Barriers to Employment for Former Prisoners and People Convicted of Felonies . Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research.
Report
1999
Bonczar, Thomas P., Glaze, Lauren E. Probation and Parole in the United States, 1998. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. NCJ 178234, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
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2001
Bureau of Justice Statistics Probation and Parole in the United States, 2000. NCJ 188208, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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2002
Glaze, Lauren E. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2001. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. NCJ 195669, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
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2003
Glaze, Lauren E. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2002. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. NCJ 201135, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
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2004
Glaze, Lauren E, Palla, Seri Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. NCJ 205336, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
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Report
2005
Glaze, Lauren E., Palla, Seri Probation and Parole in the United States, 2004. Bulletin. NCJ 210676, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
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Report
2009
Glaze, Lauren E., Bonczar, Thomas P. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2007. Statistical Tables. NCJ 224707, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
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