Showing 1 – 17 of 17 results.
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Assessing the Impacts of Broken Windows Policing Strategies on Citizen Attitudes in Three California Cities: Redlands, Ontario and Colton, 2008-2009 (ICPSR 34427)
Released/updated on: 2016-06-20
Geographic coverage: Colton, Ontario (California), California, Redlands
Time period: 2008-03-01--2008-06-01, 2009-01-01--2009-04-01, 2008-03-01--2009-04-01
These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.
This study examined the impact that a six-month broken windows style policing crackdown on disorder had on residents of three California cities: Colton, Ontario and Redlands. The study investigated four questions:
- What is the impact of broken windows policing on fear of crime among residents of the targeted hot spots?
- What is the impact of broken windows policing on police legitimacy in the targeted hot spots?
- What is the impact of broken windows policing on reports of collective efficacy in the targeted hot spots?
- Is broken windows policing at hot spots effective in reducing both actual and perceived levels of disorder and crime in the targeted hot spots?
To answer these questions, a block randomized experimental design was employed to deliver a police intervention targeting disorder to 55 treatment street segments with an equal number of segments serving as controls.
Data were collected on the type and amount of crime before, during, and after implementation as well as interviews of residents before and after the crackdown in order to gauge their perception of its success.
Curated
Calling the Police: Citizen Reporting of Serious Crime, 1979 (ICPSR 8185)
Released/updated on: 2006-01-18
Geographic coverage: San Diego, United States, Illinois, Peoria, Rochester (New York), California, Florida, New York (state), Jacksonville
Time period: 1979-04-21--1979-12-07
This dataset replicates the citizen reporting component of POLICE RESPONSE TIME ANALYSIS, 1975 (ICPSR 7760). Information is included on 4,095 reported incidents of aggravated assault, auto theft, burglary, larceny/theft offenses, forcible rape, and robbery. The data cover citizen calls to police between April 21 and December 7, 1979. There are four files in this collection, one each for Jacksonville, Florida, Peoria, Illinois, Rochester, New York, and San Diego, California. The data are taken from police dispatch records and police interviews of citizens who requested police assistance. Variables taken from the dispatch records include the dispatch time, call priority, police travel time, age, sex, and race of the caller, response code, number of suspects, and area of the city in which the call originated. Variables taken from the citizen interviews include respondent's role in the incident (victim, caller, victim-caller, witness-caller), incident location, relationship of caller to victim, number of victims, identification of suspect, and interaction with police.
Curated
Characteristics of High and Low Crime Neighborhoods in Atlanta, 1980 (ICPSR 7951)
Released/updated on: 2005-11-04
Geographic coverage: United States, Atlanta, Georgia
Time period: 1980-08-01--1980-10-01
This study examines the question of how some urban neighborhoods maintain a low crime rate despite their proximity and similarity to relatively high crime areas. The purpose of the study is to investigate differences in various dimensions of the concept of territoriality (spatial identity, local ties, social cohesion, informal social control) and physical characteristics (land use, housing, street type, boundary characteristics) in three pairs of neighborhoods in Atlanta, Georgia. The study neighborhoods were selected by locating pairs of adjacent neighborhoods with distinctly different crime levels. The criteria for selection, other than the difference in crime rates and physical adjacency, were comparable racial composition and comparable economic status. This data collection is divided into two files. Part 1, Atlanta Plan File, contains information on every parcel of land within the six neighborhoods in the study. The variables include ownership, type of land use, physical characteristics, characteristics of structures, and assessed value of each parcel of land within the six neighborhoods. This file was used in the data analysis to measure a number of physical characteristics of parcels and blocks in the study neighborhoods, and as the sampling frame for the household survey. The original data were collected by the City of Atlanta Planning Bureau. Part 2, Atlanta Survey File, contains the results of a household survey administered to a stratified random sample of households within each of the study neighborhoods. Variables cover respondents' attitudes and behavior related to the neighborhood, fear of crime, avoidance and protective measures, and victimization experiences. Crime rates, land use, and housing characteristics of the block in which the respondent resided were coded onto each case record.
Curated
Citizen Participation and Community Crime Prevention, 1979: Chicago Metropolitan Area Survey (ICPSR 8086)
Released/updated on: 2005-11-04
This survey was conducted as part of the Citizen Participation and Community Crime Prevention project at the Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Northwestern University. The project was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the wide range of activities in which the American public engages to be secure from crime. In particular, this survey was designed to identify the scope of anti-crime activities and investigate the processes that facilitate or inhibit the public's involvement in those activities. The geographical area for the survey was defined by the "commuting basin" of Chicago, excluding several independent cities and their suburbs (e.g., Aurora, Waukegan, and Joliet) on the northern and western fringes of that area, and excluding all areas in Indiana. Interviewing was carried out by the Survey Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois during June through August 1979. Information was gathered on people's opinions toward safety, their involvement with crime prevention activities, and the quality of life in their neighborhoods. In addition, data were assembled from Census Bureau and police reports for each community area in which respondents lived in the years immediately preceding the survey.
Curated
City Police Expenditures, 1946-1985: [United States] (ICPSR 8706)
Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: United States
This study examines police expenditures for selected cities for an extended period of time. The data set contains one variable per year for each of the following items: total general expenditures, expenditure for police protection, deflated general expenditures adjusted for inflation, deflated police expenditures adjusted for inflation, residential population, land area, patterns of population change during the study period, government identification, and implicit price deflators of goods and services.
Curated
Crime Factors and Neighborhood Decline in Chicago, 1979 (ICPSR 7952)
Released/updated on: 1997-09-26
Geographic coverage: United States, Chicago, Illinois
This study explores the relationship between crime and neighborhood deterioration in eight neighborhoods in Chicago. The neighborhoods were selected on the basis of slowly or rapidly appreciating real estate values, stable or changing racial composition, and high or low crime rates. These data provide the results of a telephone survey administered to approximately 400 heads of households in each study neighborhood, a total of 3,310 completed interviews. The survey was designed to measure victimization experience, fear and perceptions of crime, protective measures taken, attitudes toward neighborhood quality and resources, attitudes toward the neighborhood as an investment, and density of community involvement. Each record includes appearance ratings for the block of the respondent's residence and aggregate figures on personal and property victimization for that city block. The aggregate appearance ratings were compiled from windshield surveys taken by trained personnel of the National Opinion Research Center. The criminal victimization figures came from Chicago City Police files.
Curated
Crime-Induced Business Relocations in the Austin [Texas] Metropolitan Area, 1995-1996 (ICPSR 3078)
Released/updated on: 2006-03-30
Geographic coverage: United States, Texas, Austin
Time period: 1995-01-01--1996-01-01
There were three key objectives to this study: (1) to determine the relative importance of crime-related as well as business-related factors in business relocation decisions, including business ownership, type of business, and business size, (2) to ascertain how businesses respond to crime and fear of crime, such as by moving, adding more security, requesting police protection, or cooperating with other businesses, and (3) to identify the types of crime prevention measures and assistance that businesses currently need and to assess the roles of business associations and police departments in providing enhanced crime prevention assistance. From November 1995 through February 1996 a mail survey was distributed to a sample of three different groups of businesses in Austin's 14 highest crime ZIP codes. The groups consisted of: (1) businesses that remained within the same ZIP code between 1990 and 1993, (2) new firms that either moved into a high-crime ZIP code area between 1990 and 1993 or were created in a high-crime ZIP code between 1990 and 1993, and (3) businesses that relocated from high-crime ZIP code areas to other locations in Austin's metropolitan area or elsewhere in Texas. Variables include type of business, ownership of business, number of employees, reasons for moving or staying in neighborhood, types of crime that affected business, owner's response to business crime, customer safety, and the role of business associations and the police in preventing crime.
Curated
Crime on Campus, 1978-1979: A Survey of 150 College Campuses and Cities (ICPSR 8381)
Released/updated on: 2005-11-04
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1978-01-01--1979-01-01
This data collection provides information on crime on 150 selected college campuses and cities in the United States in the period 1978-1979. The collection covers violent crime and property crime on campus and in cities, and the number and sex of police officers assigned to campus duty and in cities. Aggregate socioeconomic information for campuses includes the amount of financial aid received, while information for cities includes the percentage of residents who were unemployed or below poverty level, female labor force participation, and household activity ratio. Campus demographic variables itemize the percentage of males and females residing on campus, percentage of Blacks attending school, number of foreign students, student-faculty ratio, total number of students on campus, students per acre, and students per 1,000 city residents. Aggregate demographic variables for cities are provided on total population, percentage of residents aged 15-19 or 20-24 years old, total number of households, number of single mother-headed households, and percentage of Blacks in the city.
Curated
Decision-Related Research on the Organization of Service Delivery Systems in Metropolitan Areas: Police Protection (ICPSR 7427)
Released/updated on: 2006-03-30
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1970-01-01--1975-01-01
This study represents one of four research projects on service delivery systems in metropolitan areas, covering fire protection (DECISION-RELATED RESEARCH ON THE ORGANIZATION OF SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS: FIRE PROTECTION [ICPSR 7409]), public health (DECISION-RELATED RESEARCH ON THE ORGANIZATION OF SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS: PUBLIC HEALTH [ICPSR 7374]), solid waste management (DECISION-RELATED RESEARCH ON THE ORGANIZATION OF SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT [ICPSR 7487]), and police protection (the present study). All four projects used a common unit of analysis, namely all 200 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) that, according to the 1970 Census, had a population of less than 1,500,000 and were entirely located within a single state. In each project, a limited amount of information was collected for all 200 SMSAs. More extensive data were gathered within independently drawn samples of these SMSAs, for all local geographical units and each administrative jurisdiction or agency in the service delivery areas. Two standardized systems of geocoding -- the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) codes and the Office of Revenue Sharing (ORS) codes -- were used, so that data from various sources could be combined. The use of these two coding schemes also allows users to combine data from two or more of the research projects conducted in conjunction with the present one, or to add data from a wide variety of public data files. The present study used five major clusters of variables to investigate the delivery of police services: service conditions, the legal structure, organizational arrangements, manpower levels, and expenditure levels. Information about specific services such as patrol, traffic control, criminal investigation, radio communications, adult pre-trial detention, entry-level training, and crime laboratory analysis was collected at the local jurisdiction level in a random sample of 80 SMSAs. Part 1 summarizes in matrix form the relationships between all consumers and producers for each type of service in a given SMSA. Part 2 provides data about 1,885 consuming units, or service areas, defined as mutually exclusive geographical divisions of each SMSA that received police services. Part 3 contains information for 1,761 police agencies, defined as service producers, with functions and duties that may overlap several jurisdictions.
Curated
Deterrent Effects of Arrests and Imprisonment in the United States, 1960-1977 (ICPSR 7973)
Released/updated on: 2005-11-04
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1960-01-01--1977-01-01
Emerging from the tradition of econometric models of deterrence and crime, this study attempts to improve estimates of how crime rates are affected by the apprehension and punishment of persons charged with criminal activity. These data are contained in two files: Part 1, State Data, consists of a panel of observations from each of the 50 states and contains information on crime rates, clearance rates, length of time served, probability of imprisonment, socioeconomic factors such as unemployment rates, population levels, and income levels, and state and local expenditures for police protection. Part 2, SMSA Data, consists of a panel of 77 SMSAs and contains information on crime rates, clearance rates, length of time served, probability of imprisonment, socioeconomic factors such as employment rates, population levels, and income levels, and taxation and expenditure information.
Curated
National Crime Surveys: Cities Attitude Sub-Sample, 1972-1975 (ICPSR 7663)
Released/updated on: 2006-01-12
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1972-01-01--1975-01-01
This subsample of the national crime surveys consists of data on personal and household victimization for persons aged 12 and older in 26 major United States cities in the period 1972-1975. The National Crime Surveys were designed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to meet three primary objectives: (1) to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, (2) to estimate the numbers and types of crimes not reported to police, and (3) to provide uniform measures of selected types of crimes in order to permit reliable comparisons over time and between areas. The surveys provide measures of victimization on the basis of six crimes (including attempts): rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. The total National Crime Survey employed two distinct samples: a National Sample, and a Cities Sample. The cities sample consists of information about victimization in 26 major United States cities. The data collection was conducted by the United States Census Bureau, initial processing of the data and documentation was performed by the Data Use and Access Laboratories (DUALabs), and subsequent processing was performed by the ICPSR under grants from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). This Cities Attitude Sub-Sample study also includes information on personal attitudes and perceptions of crime and the police, the fear of crime, and the effect of this fear on behavioral patterns such as choice of shopping areas and places of entertainment. Data are provided on reasons for respondents' choice of neighborhood, and feelings about neighborhood, crime, personal safety, and the local police. Also specified are date, type, place, and nature of the incidents, injuries suffered, hospital treatment and medical expenses incurred, offender's personal profile, relationship of offender to victim, property stolen and value, items recovered and value, insurance coverage, and police report and reasons if incident was not reported to the police. Demographic items cover age, sex, marital status, race, ethnicity, education, employment, family income, and previous residence and reasons for migrating. This subsample is a one-half random sample of the Complete Sample, NATIONAL CRIME SURVEYS: CITIES, 1972-1975 (ICPSR 7658), in which an attitude questionnaire was administered. The subsample contains data from the same 26 cities that were used in the Complete Sample.
Curated
National Evaluation of the Community Anti-Crime Program, 1979-1981 (ICPSR 8704)
Released/updated on: 2006-03-30
Time period: 1979-01-01--1981-01-01
The survey was designed to explore the thesis that effective prevention and control of crime requires a community-wide effort that involves law enforcement agencies, other elements of government, and the citizens in a coordinated attack on problems of crime. The data include information on program start-up, implementation, and the community itself, as well as information on the specific activities undertaken by the programs.
Curated
Participation in Illegitimate Activities: Ehrlich Revisited, 1960 (ICPSR 8677)
Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: United States
This study re-analyzes Isaac Ehrlich's 1960 cross-section data on the relationship between aggregate levels of punishment and crime rates. It provides alternative model specifications and estimations. The study examined the deterrent effects of punishment on seven FBI index crimes: murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery, burglary, and auto theft. Socio-economic variables include family income, percentage of families earning below half of the median income, unemployment rate for urban males in the age groups 14-24 and 35-39, labor force participation rate, educational level, percentage of young males and non-whites in the population, percentage of population in the SMSA, sex ratio, and place of occurrence. Two sanction variables are also included: 1) the probability of imprisonment, and 2) the average time served in prison when sentenced (severity of punishment). Also included are: per capita police expenditure for 1959 and 1960, and the crime rates for murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery, burglary, and auto theft.
Curated
Police Services Study, Phase II, 1977: Rochester, St. Louis, and St. Petersburg (ICPSR 8605)
Released/updated on: 2006-03-30
Time period: 1977-05-01--1977-08-01
The data for this study were collected in order to examine the delivery of police services in selected neighborhoods. Performances of police agencies organized in different ways were compared as they delivered services to different sets of comparable neighborhoods. For Part 1, Citizen Debriefing Data, data were drawn from telephone interviews conducted with citizens who were involved in police-citizen encounters or who requested police services during the observed shifts. The file contains data on the citizens involved in observed encounters, their satisfaction with the delivered services, and neighborhood characteristics. This file includes variables such as the type of incident, estimated property loss, police response time, type of action taken by police, citizen satisfaction with the handling of the problem by police, reasons for dissatisfaction, the emotional state of the citizen during the encounter, whom the officers referred the citizen to for help, the citizen's prior contacts with police, and the citizen's education, age, sex, and total family income. Part 2, General Shift Information, contains data describing the shift (i.e., the eight-hour tour of duty to which the officers were assigned), the officers, and the events occurring during an observed shift. This file includes such variables as the total number of encounters, a breakdown of dispatched runs by type, the number of contacts with other officers, the number of contacts with non-police support units, officer discretion in taking legal action, and officer attitudes on patrol styles and activities. Part 3, Police Encounters Data, describes police encounters observed by the research team during selected shifts. It consists of information describing the officers' role in encounters with citizens observed during a shift and their demeanor toward the citizens involved. The file includes variables such as the type of encounter, how the encounter began, whether the citizens involved possessed a weapon, the encounter location, what other agencies were present during the encounter and when they arrived, police actions during the encounter, the role of citizens involved in the encounter, the demeanor of the officer toward the citizens during the encounter, actions taken by the citizens, which services were requested by the citizens, and how the observer affected the encounter. Part 4, Victimization Survey Data, examined citizen attitudes about the police and crime in their neighborhoods. The data were obtained through telephone interviews conducted by trained interviewers. These interviews followed a standard questionnaire designed by the project leaders. Variables include perceived risk of victimization, evaluations of the delivery of police services, household victimization occurring in the previous year, actions taken by citizens in response to crime, and demographic characteristics of the neighborhood.
Curated
Reactions to Crime in Atlanta and Chicago, 1979-1980 (ICPSR 8215)
Released/updated on: 2005-11-04
Geographic coverage: United States, Chicago, Atlanta, Illinois, Georgia
Two previously released data collections from ICPSR are
combined in this dataset: CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH AND LOW CRIME
NEIGHBORHOODS IN ATLANTA, 1980 (ICPSR 7951) and CRIME FACTORS AND
NEIGHBORHOOD DECLINE IN CHICAGO, 1979 (ICPSR 7952). Information for
ICPSR 7951 was obtained from 523 residents interviewed in six selected
neighborhoods in Atlanta, Georgia. A research team from the Research
Triangle Institute sampled and surveyed the residents. ICPSR 7952
contains 3,310 interviews of Chicago residents in eight selected
neighborhoods. The combined data collection contains variables on
topics such as residents' demographics and socioeconomic status,
personal crime rates, property crime rates, neighborhood crime rates,
and neighborhood characteristics. The documentation contains three
pieces of information for each variable: variable reference numbers
for both the Atlanta and Chicago datasets, the complete wording of the
questions put to the respondents of each survey, and the exact wording of
the coding schemes adopted by the researchers.
Curated
Reexamining the Minneapolis Repeat Complaint Address Policing (RECAP) Experiment, 1986-1987 (ICPSR 6172)
Released/updated on: 2006-01-12
Geographic coverage: Minneapolis, United States, Minnesota
Time period: 1986-01-01--1987-01-01
This study reexamines REPEAT COMPLAINT ADDRESS POLICING: TWO FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN MINNEAPOLIS, 1985-1987 (ICPSR 9788). The original Repeat Complaint Address Policing (RECAP) experiment was a field study of the strategy of problem-oriented policing, which used control and treatment groups consisting of specific addresses in the city of Minneapolis. The impact of problem-oriented policing was measured by comparing the number of 911 calls received for each address during a baseline period to the number received during a period when experimental treatments were in effect. Several features of the original data distort the one-to-one correspondence between a 911 call and an event, such as the occurrence of multiple versions of the same call in the databases. The current study identifies and attempts to correct these occurrences by applying multiple levels of data cleaning procedures to the original data to establish a better one-to-one call-to-event correspondence.
Curated
Reporting of Drug-Related Crimes: Resident and Police Perspectives in the United States, 1988-1990 (ICPSR 9925)
Released/updated on: 2005-11-04
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1988-01-01--1990-01-01
This data collection investigates the ways in which police use reports of drug-related crimes provided by residents of high drug/crime areas and how willing residents of these areas are to report such crimes to the police. Structured interviews were conducted by telephone with police representatives in most of the nation's 50 largest cities and in person with residents and police officers in high drug/crime districts in each of four major cities: Newark, Chicago, El Paso, and Philadelphia. Police department representatives were queried about the usefulness of citizen reports, reasons for citizens' reluctance to make reports, how the rate of citizen reports could be improved, and how citizen reports worked with other community crime prevention strategies. Residents were asked about their tenure in the neighborhood, attitudes toward the quality of life in the neighborhood, major social problems facing the neighborhood, and quality of city services such as police and fire protection, garbage collection, and public health services. Additional questions were asked about the amount of crime in the neighborhood, the amount of drug use and drug-related crime, and the fear of crime. Basic demographic information such as sex, race, and language in which the interview was conducted is also provided.