National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Parks by Census Tract and ZIP Code Tabulation Area, United States, 2018 and 2022 (ICPSR 38586)
Version Date: Nov 29, 2023 View help for published
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s)
Robert Melendez, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research;
Longrong Pan, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research;
Mao Li, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research;
Anam Khan, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research;
Iris Gomez-Lopez, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research;
Philippa Clarke, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research;
Megan Chenoweth, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research;
Lindsay Gypin, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research;
Birch Chemberlin, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research
Series:
https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR38586.v2
Version V2 (see more versions)
Summary View help for Summary
Prior research has demonstrated that access to parks and greenspace can have a positive impact on many aspects of and contributors to health, including physical activity levels (Kaczynski et al., 2007), healthy aging (Finlay, 2015), and sense of well-being (Larson et al., 2016). Neighborhood parks can also contribute to sense of community (Gómez, 2015). These datasets describe the number and area of parks in each census tract or each ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA) in the United States. Measures include the total number of parks, park area, and proportion of park area within each census tract or ZCTA.
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Funding View help for Funding
Subject Terms View help for Subject Terms
Geographic Coverage View help for Geographic Coverage
Smallest Geographic Unit View help for Smallest Geographic Unit
census tract and ZIP code tabulation area
HideTime Period(s) View help for Time Period(s)
Date of Collection View help for Date of Collection
Data Collection Notes View help for Data Collection Notes
- The data and documentation for data file 1 (Parks by Census Tract Data (2010 Census)) (National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Parks by Census Tract, United States, 2018) and data file 2 (Parks by ZIP Code Tabulation Area Data (2010 Census)) (National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Parks by ZIP Code Tabulation Area, United States, 2018) were originally deposited in openICPSR.
- A ZIP code to ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA) crosswalk must be used to combine this dataset with ZIP code geocoded data. A crosswalk and sample code for merging the crosswalk with National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA) datasets are available in the ICPSR Linkage Library.
- For additional information see the National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA).
Study Purpose View help for Study Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the number and density of publicly accessible parks within census tracts and ZIP code tabulation areas within the United States.
Study Design View help for Study Design
The research team projected the TIGER/Line shapefiles for census tracts/ZIP code tabulation areas (ZCTA) to the North American Albers equal-area conic projection in ArgGIS Pro, then performed a pairwise intersect between the ParkServe and TIGER/Line shapefiles.
To obtain the total number of parks in each tract/ZCTA, the team counted the number of unique ParkIDs of open parks fully or partially overlapping the tract. Parks were defined as open if they had both open status and access (ParkStatus = Open; ParkAccess = Open). Additional parks for which park status was open but access was unknown were treated as open. Some areas had a very high number of parks, so count variables were top-coded at three, five, and ten parks to control for this (COUNT_OPEN_PARKS_TC3, COUNT_OPEN_PARKS_TC5, COUNT_OPEN_PARKS_TC10).
Finally, the team calculated the total area of each tract/ZCTA in square meters and square miles, the total park area within each tract/ZCTA in square meters and square miles, and the proportion of park area to tract/ZCTA area.
Time Method View help for Time Method
Universe View help for Universe
Census tract and ZIP code tabulation areas in the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii (excluding island territories).
Unit(s) of Observation View help for Unit(s) of Observation
Data Source View help for Data Source
Data files 1 (Parks by Census Tract Data (2010 Census)) and 2 (Parks by ZIP Code Tabulation Area Data (2010 Census)): United States Census Bureau. "TIGER/Line Shapefiles, 2010 Census Tracts (2010 Version)," 2010. https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2010/TRACT/2010/tl_2010_01_tract10.zip
Data file 2 (Parks by ZIP Code Tabulation Area Data (2010 Census)): ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA) boundaries are based on the 2019 version of the US TIGER/Line shapefiles.
Data files 3 (Parks by Census Tract Data (2020 Census)) and 4 (Parks by ZIP Code Tabulation Area Data (2020 Census)): Trust for Public Land. "Parkserve Shapefiles," 2023.
Data file 3 (Parks by Census Tract Data (2020 Census)): Census tracts are taken from the U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 TIGER/Line census tract shapefiles.
Data files 1 (Parks by Census Tract Data (2010 Census)) and 2 (Parks by ZIP Code Tabulation Area Data (2010 Census)): Trust for Public Land. "Parkserve Shapefiles," October 8, 2018. ParkServe is a database of parks in 14,000 United States communities (https://www.tpl.org/park-data-downloads). The Trust for Public Land based ParkServe on GIS data obtained directly from local communities and from publicly accessible websites and satellite imagery. ParkServe includes publicly owned local, state, and national parks; certain school parks; and privately owned parks that are publicly accessible. Parks in gated communities, golf courses, and private cemeteries are excluded (https://www.tpl.org/parkserve/about).
Data file 4 (Parks by ZIP Code Tabulation Area Data (2020 Census)): ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) are taken from the U.S. Census Bureau's (2020) TIGER/Line ZCTA shapefiles.
Data Type(s) View help for Data Type(s)
HideOriginal Release Date View help for Original Release Date
2022-12-15
Version History View help for Version History
2023-11-29
The years in the study title have been updated from "2018" to "2018 and 2022".
The file names for data files 1 and 2 have been updated to include the census year.
Data files 3 (Parks by Census Tract Data (2020 Census)) and 4 (Parks by ZIP Code Tabulation Area Data (2020 Census)) have been added.
2022-12-15 ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:
- Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.
Notes
The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.