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This study contains data on the transfer of arms to 52 developing nations in the period 1945-1968. The Arms Transfers data (Part 1) provide information on donor and recipient, date and site of transfer, quantity, system classification (e.g., aircraft, helicopters, missiles, artilleries, small arms, or naval systems), and date production began and ended. The Weapons Systems data (Part 2) contain detailed coded information about each weapons system.

These time series data provide information on the balance of payments among countries and geographical areas of the world. Detailed tabulations included in this collection describe (1) transactions in goods, services, and income between an economy and the rest of the world, (2) changes of ownership and other changes in that country's monetary gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), and claims and liabilities to the rest of the world, and (3) unrequited transfers and counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense, any entries for previous transactions and changes that are not mutually offsetting. Aggregated and detailed presentations show data for items such as investments, short- and long-term capital, reserves, and changes in reserves.

This paper explores the impact of adolescent peers who are central in their social network on the formation of social skills and the academic performance of fellow students. I study a large-scale field experiment at selective public boarding schools in Peru that varies the type of peer defined by the median of social centrality and academic achievement. Students are assigned to (i) more socially central versus less socially central peers and (ii) higher-achieving versus lower-achieving peers. Peer effects are more pronounced for social skills than academic performance, and both vary by gender. While socially central peers lead boys to better social skills and improve their later-life outcomes, there are no effects for girls. Meanwhile, higher-achieving peers do not affect boys' academic performance but decrease girls' test scores. Gender differences in how beliefs about one's abilities respond to peer interactions explain both findings, revealing the importance of self-confidence in peer allocation policies.

This study contains data on national attributes and international interactions for 114 nations in the 1960s. Containing data originally collected by the International Relations Program at Syracuse University, this learning package was developed to provide an introduction to comparative foreign policy analyses and a discussion of how to employ rigorous techniques to develop ideas about the causes and consequences of foreign policy. Data are provided for economic, political, domestic, and international interaction indicators. Included for each nation is information on the gross national product (GNP), level of trade, military expenditures, type of political system, character of political regime, size of diplomatic missions, population size, sociocultural classifications, alliance bloc memberships, number of contiguous countries, voting agreements with the United States, the Soviet Union, and India, the degree of support for the United Nations, and the number of cooperative or conflictual acts sent to and received from the United States, the Soviet Union, the region, and outside the region.

This data collection contains the observed characteristics of 158 diverse political parties operating in 53 countries between 1950 and 1962. The variables consist of both substantive coding of party characteristics and data quality measures. A base of 111 variables place party characteristics in a conceptual framework of 11 categories: institutionalization, governmental status, social attraction, social concentration, social reflection, issue orientation, goal orientation, autonomy, degree of organization, centralization of power, coherence, and involvement. Every variable that was coded was selected because of its relevance to a concept in the framework. The remaining variables are derived measures of the quality of those data.

This study is the first module of an ongoing collaborative program of crossnational research among national election studies designed to advance the understanding of electoral behavior across polities. The data project, carried out in over 50 consolidated and emerging democracies, was coordinated by social scientists from around the world who cooperated to specify the research agenda, the study design, and the micro- and macro-level data that native teams of researchers collected within each polity. This collection currently comprises data from surveys conducted during 1996-2001 in Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine, and the United States. The format includes a common questionnaire module and background (demographic) characteristics of respondents, coded to agreed-upon standards. These data have been merged into a single crossnational dataset with a companion supplementary weighted data file. Measures included in the study focus on three main issues. The first topic explored is the impact of electoral institutions, with questions about parliamentary versus presidential systems of government (levels of accountability, responsiveness), the electoral rules on casting/counting of votes (issues of fairness, impact of voting), and political parties (identification, ideological distinction). The second major issue covered is the nature of political and social cleavages and alignments explored by questions such as left-right issue orientation of respondents vs. political parties. Lastly, the collection covers the evaluation of democratic institutions and processes through measures such as efficacy in political parties, elected officials, and respondents' satisfaction with democracy. Additionally, data were collected on voter turnout, voter choice, and respondents' age, sex, education, employment, and income.

This study is the full release of 2001-2006 data from Module 2 of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems is an ongoing collaborative program of crossnational research among national election studies designed to advance the understanding of electoral behavior across polities. The project, which is being carried out in over 50 consolidated and emerging democracies, was coordinated by social scientists from around the world who cooperated to specify the research agenda, the study design, and the micro- and macro-level data that native teams of researchers collected within each polity. This collection currently comprises data from surveys conducted in the countries of Albania, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States. Module 2 focuses on electoral institutions and political behavior, particularly on the fundamental principles of democratic governance: representation and accountability. It aims to examine how well different electoral institutions function as mechanisms by which citizens' views are represented in the policymaking process, and by which citizens hold their elected representatives accountable. This is accomplished by explicitly linking individual attitudes and behaviors to the political context across a variety of settings. The module added a new set of items on citizen engagement and cognition across demographic polities, and expanded the analyses of the first module to examine how voters' choices are affected by the institutional context within which those choices are made. The survey results have been compiled and supplemented with district-level information that provides insight into the respondent's political context, and macro-level data that detail the respondent's political system as a whole. At each level of data collection, the measurements used have been standardized to promote comparison. Demographic variables include age, sex, race, ethnicity, education level, marital status, employment status, occupation, household union membership, language, socioeconomic status, political party affiliation, political orientation, religious preference, frequency of religious attendance, household income, number of children and other members of the household, and type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural).

This data collection contains information gathered in five annual surveys that assessed the degree of freedom in 218 nations and dependencies from 1972-1976. The study was carried out under the auspices of Freedom House, New York City. The number of cases with data varies from year to year, due to annexation, amalgamation, or the addition of further territories to the roster. The data include assessments of the political and civil rights of the general population (using a seven-point scale, i.e., 1, most freedom, to 7, least freedom), an overall freedom rating for the country (using a three-point scale, i.e, free, partly free, and not free), and the direction in which this rating appeared to be moving. Surveys after 1972 have added variables that indicate whether a change in the evaluation since the previous survey was due to internal events in the country or to new information about existing conditions. Before 1973, only the presence or absence of change is noted. Thereafter, an increase in the number of coding categories enables the direction of the change to be recorded. The 1976 data include four additional variables applicable to 142 cases and provide information about the system of government and the economy of most of the nations studied. The rationale used in assigning the seven categories on the continuum of most to least freedom can be found in Appendix III of the codebook, including which civil and political rights were considered critical in order for a nation to garner each rating.

This teaching package contains data on the national characteristics of 136 nations with populations of one million or more in 1965 and smaller countries that had become members of the United Nations by 1968 in the period 1965-1968. Data are provided for the political, economic, and demographic characteristics of each nation. Political variables provide information on the type of regime, representative character of the regime, government stability, party fractionalization, degree of freedom of group opposition and of the press, communist bloc membership, government action against specific groups, political violence profile, political participation of the military, and anti-government demonstrations. Economic variables provide information on the gross national product (GNP), expenditures on defense and education as a percentage of the GNP, trade, and total United States and Soviet aid received. Variables on population characteristics include total population, urban population, literacy rates, and ethno-linguistic fractionalization. Other variables provide information on the number of diplomats sent abroad, the nation's voting agreements with the United States in the United Nations, and the degree of the nation's westernization.

The International Trade (v2.01) data compiled by the Correlates of War Project is the result of the effort to code trade flows between states (as defined by the Project) for the period 1870-2006. The data include information on both bilateral trade flows and total national imports and exports. Four data files are included with this collection: (1) dyadic trade statistics, (2) national trade statistics, and (3) and (4) supplementary information about dyadic and national trade statistics.

The Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) (v3.10) data, compiled by the Correlates of War Project, provides information about conflicts in which one or more states threaten, display, or use force against one or more other states between 1816 and 2001. Five datasets are included with this collection. The first dataset comprises essential attributes of each militarized interstate dispute from January 1, 1816, through December 31, 2001, while the second dataset includes participants in each of these disputes. The third dataset comprises essential elements of each militarized interstate incident from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 2001, including incidents that belong to disputes that began in 1992 and continued into 1993, while the fourth dataset includes participants in each of these incidents. The fifth dataset contains dyadic militarized interstate disputes, of which each dyadic MID has exactly two states involved, on opposite sides of the MID. Generated from the incident-level data, these data are from the years 1993 through 2001, and additionally are provided for MIDs that were ongoing as of December 31, 1992.

A listing of organizational memberships by country and year between 1955 and 2010.

This study contains cross-sectional data on the economic, political, and population characteristics of 108 independent nations in the period 1961-1970. Also included are limited longitudinal data for 60 nations in the period 1919-1970. The dataset was developed to introduce students to cross-national political data analyses. Economic variables provide information on the gross national product (GNP), government revenues and expenditures, foreign aid, imports and exports per capita, each nation's proportion of world trade, defense and educational expenditures as percentage of the GNP, energy, electric, steel, and cement production and consumption per capita, and the percentage of the workforce in industry and in agriculture. Data on political regimes and systems include the type of regime, effectiveness of the executive and legislative branches, size of the legislature, polyarchy index of democratic performance, press freedom, political and civil rights, number of coups d'etat, major constitutional and cabinet changes, legislative elections, and dates of independence. Population characteristics variables include population density, urbanization index, internal security forces and the size of the military as proportion of the adult population, and infant mortality rate as proportion of live births. Demographic variables include religion, ethnicity, literacy, and languages.

This data collection contains demographic statistics for the populations of 171 countries or areas throughout the world between 1966 and 1974. The data were prepared by the Statistical Office of the United Nations using as primary source a set of questionnaires sent monthly and annually to statistical services and other appropriate government offices. Data include total population by country or area for the years 1966-1974, for males and females, divided into 18 age groups. Other data include ethnic group, urban/rural code, and year, type, and reliability of source document.

These data are a collection of demographic statistics for the populations of 125 countries or areas throughout the world, prepared by the Statistical Office of the United Nations. The units of analysis are both country and data year. The primary source of data is a set of questionnaires sent monthly and annually to national statistical services and other appropriate government offices. Data include statistics on approximately 50 types of causes of death for the years 1966 through 1974 for males, females, and total populations.

What are the short-term effects of an import-competition shock on capital reallocation and aggregate productivity? To address this question, we develop a quantitative model with heterogeneous firms and capital-reallocation frictions. We discipline the model with micro data on investment dynamics of Peruvian manufacturing firms and trade flows between China and Peru. Because of large frictions in firm downsizing and exit, an import-competition shock induces a temporary aggregate-productivity loss and larger dispersion in marginal products, due to investment inaction and exit of some productive firms. Empirical evidence on the effects of trade shocks on capital reallocation supports the model mechanism.

 This paper examines how subsistence farmers respond to extreme heat. Using micro-datafrom Peruvian households, we find that high temperatures reduce agricultural productivity, increasearea planted, and change crop mix. These findings are consistent with farmers using inputadjustments as a short-term mechanism to attenuate the effect of extreme heat on output. Thisresponse seems to complement other coping strategies, such as selling livestock, but exacerbatesthe drop in yields, a standard measure of agricultural productivity. Using our estimates, weshow that accounting for land adjustments is important to quantify damages associated withclimate change.

We investigate the impacts of school-based internet access on second graders' test scores, using over 2 million student observations from a panel of Peruvian public primary schools. We identify effects up to 6+ years after installation on different cohorts of second-grade students, exploiting variation in the timing of internet access induced by the rollout of a national program. We find positive but modest short-run impacts, but importantly, these effects grow for subsequent cohorts. Indeed, short-run estimates alone would have led to different conclusions. These dynamics underscore the value of extended evaluation windows to allow benefits of educational technology to materialize

One billion people live more than 2kilometers from an all-weather road, and 1.2 billion have no access to electricity.In 2015, the World Bank claimed that rich-country private capital could: (i) closethe infrastructure services gap in poor countries, (ii) achieve the sustainabledevelopment goals, and (iii) make money by moving from “billions to trillions” ofinvestment in poor-country infrastructure. We introduce a simple framework thatdistinguishes those poor countries in which the Bank’s three-fold claim istenable from those where it is not. For a given poor country, the frameworkreveals that investing a dollar in infrastructure is efficient if the social rate of return oninfrastructure in the poor country clears two hurdles: (a) the social rate ofreturn on private capital in the poor country, and (b) the social rate ofreturn on private capital in rich countries. Applying the framework to the only comprehensive, cross-country data set of social rates ofreturn on infrastructure indicates that in 1985 just 7 of 53 poor countriescleared the dual hurdles in both paved roads and electricity generatingcapacity. Where it was efficient to invest in infrastructure, however, thepotential for excess social returns was significant—seven times larger, on average,than the excess financial returns that existed in publicly tradedemerging-market stocks before foreigners were permitted to own shares. Theseresults suggest that the dual-hurdle framework provides a template whichsavers, investors, and policymakers can use to prioritize poor-countryinfrastructure investments with maximal potential to drive greater growth,asset returns, and sustainability, even as new data become available.

This is data and code repository for the paper summarize below:
Job applicants use resumes to send signals to potential employers. Applicants are free to select the items that go in their resumes and are expected to include signals they perceive will help them achieve their goals and avoid those that they anticipate could hurt them. We show that 92% of beneficiaries of a highly selective scholarship for poor and talented students avoid listing this award when applying for jobs. This is consistent with beneficiaries perceiving a negative labor market return from sending that signal. A correspondence study shows instead that listing the scholarship increases call back rates by 20%.

We study a large-scale family planning intervention in which more than 260,000 Peruvian women were sterilized. Many of these medical procedures are alleged to have been performed without patient consent. The subsequent disclosure of alleged illegal sterilizations caused reductions in the usage of contraceptive methods, prenatal and birth delivery services, and –more generally– the demand for medical services in affected areas. As a result, child health worsened. The results persist for at least 17 years after the information disclosure and are driven by disappointed supporters of the implementing government. Learning about the government’s malpractices undermined trust in institutions. We provide the data and code to replicate our findings.

This study contains data on 409 assassination events that occurred in 84 countries in the period 1948-1967. The data cover plotted, attempted, or actual assassinations of prominent public figures, such as top government officeholders and military figures, leaders of large trade unions or religious movements, and leaders of minority groups. For each event, information is provided on the country, date, and location of occurrence, the issue involved, the identity of the assassin and of the target, such as the type of group to which the assassin belonged and the political and social position of the target, and the outcome of the event.

This study contains data on conflict events between ethnic, racial, linguistic, and religious minority groups and predominant groups within society in 84 nations in the period 1955-1965. For each event, data are provided for the type of event, number and type of initiator and target of event, nature of minority tension, issues involved, date, location and duration of event, presence of violence, outcome of the event, number of initiators, targets, and mediators injured, arrested, or killed, and number of significant persons involved in the event as initiators, targets, or mediators that were injured, killed, or arrested. A summary scale was developed to measure the different intensity levels of aggressive behavior as well as the degree of friendliness signified by an event in minority tensions.

This data collection focuses on elections and election monitoring throughout the world. Dataset 1, Data on International Election Monitoring (DIEM), codes the assessement and activities of international election monitoring organizations to national-level legislative and presidential elections in 108 countries from 1980-2004. Dataset 2, Quality of Elections Data (QED), codes the quality of national-level legislative and presidential elections in 172 countries from 1978 to 2004. Dataset 3, Supplementary Election Data, includes supplementary information on all direct presidential and legislative elections in 182 countries from 1975-2004.

The authors estimate the responsiveness of aid to recipient countries' economic and physical needs, civil/political rights, and government effectiveness. They look exclusively at the post-Cold War era and use fixed effects to control for the political, strategic, and other considerations of donors. They find that aid and per capita income have been negatively related, while aid has been positively related to infant mortality, rights, and government effectiveness.

This study contains data on conflict behavior among a selected sample of 1,557 nation dyads in the years 1950, 1955, 1960, 1963, and 1965. Originally collected by the Dimensionality of Nations (DON) Project at the University of Hawaii, these data provide information on the behavioral dimensions of the interactions between the nations in the dyads. The dyads represent all of the paired relationships for 113 nations. The conflict variables are coded for actor and target, date of conflict, and frequencies of occurrence. The violent action variable is coded only for the presence or absence of violent conflicts. Conflictual interactions are described through variables such as warning or defensive acts, number of wars, negative behavior, severance or suspension of diplomatic relations, expulsion or recall of diplomats, boycott of another country or embargo on commerce with another country, aid to subversive or rebellious groups of another country, negative communication, accusations, protests, unofficial acts of violence, and attacks on embassy of one nation by the other. Included also is one record each year for all non-conflict dyads. The variables are arranged by year, within year by actor and within actor by target.

This study contains data on the political, economic, religious, ecological, and demographic characteristics of 113 nations in the years 1950, 1955, 1960, 1963, and 1965. Originally collected by the Dimensionality of Nations (DON) Project at the University of Hawaii, these data provide information on political regime characteristics, such as the number of political parties, electoral system, political leadership, the nature of the political system, horizontal power distribution, communist party membership, the legitimacy of present government, the legality of government change, freedom of opposition, major government crises, bureaucracy, and the occurrence of assassinations, riots, general strikes, protests, domestic violence, demonstrations, threats and accusations, and purges. Economic variables focus on gross national product (GNP), aid received from the United States and Russia, national income, government expenditures, government balance of payment, investments, imports and exports, energy production and consumption, agricultural production, and the economically active population. Demographic variables include age, education, literacy, religion, ethnicity, marital status, immigrants, and migrants. Other variables provide information on the nations' bloc memberships, United Nations' assessment of the nations, air distance of the nations from the United States, number of nongovernmental organizations, number of the nations' diplomats expelled or recalled, age of the nations, and the nations' geography.

These data focus on the dimensions of domestic and foreign conflict behavior of nations in the period 1955-1960. The product of two separate studies conducted by Rudolph J. Rummel and Raymond Tanter utilizing identical variables for the time periods 1955-1957 and 1958-1960, respectively, this dataset gauges domestic conflict behavior with measures such as number of assassinations, general strikes, major government crises, purges, riots, anti-government demonstrations, revolutions, domestic violence deaths, and the presence or absence of guerilla warfare. Other variables such as the number of anti-foreign demonstrations, negative sanctions, protests, countries with which diplomatic relations were severed, expulsion or recall of ambassadors, threats, mobilizations, accusations, troop movements, deaths in foreign violence, presence or absence of military action, and war measure foreign conflict behavior.

This data collection comprises one of four companion datasets produced by the Correlates of War Project at the University of Michigan. For each international system member, data are provided at approximately five-year intervals for the number of missions received, the particular nations sending missions, and the rank of mission received (e.g., visit from ambassador, minister, or charge d'affaires) in the period 1817-1970.

These time series data supply detailed information on imports and exports for various countries and geographical areas of the world. Countries are grouped into three main categories: (1) Industrial Countries, (2) Developing Countries, and (3) USSR, Eastern Europe, etc. Along with data from reporting countries, estimates are provided by partner countries for nonreporting countries or for those that are slow to report. A subset of these data (Part 4), containing annual data from 1948 to 1978, is available as well.

The data for this study were collected to provide information on patterns of domestic conflict behavior in 111 independent countries for the years 1919-1966. The variables record the occurrence of riots, anti-government demonstrations, purges, major government crises, strikes, coups, revolutions, assassinations, and guerrilla war. Data exist for the full 42 years for 52 of the countries, but for the other 59 countries data exist for less than 42 years. Data may be obtained in either of two formats: nations as cases or nation/years as cases. In the first format one case would be "Canada" and possible variables would be "riots-1919," etc. In the second format, "Canada-1919" and "Canada-1920" would be possible cases, and "riots" would appear as a variable.

The data for this collection were merged from four other ICPSR studies: COMPARATIVE FOREIGN POLICY LEARNING PACKAGE (ICPSR 5703), WORLD HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INDICATORS II: CROSS-NATIONAL AGGREGATE DATA, 1950-1965 (ICPSR 5027), WORLD HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INDICATORS II: ANNUAL EVENTS DATA, 1948-1967 (ICPSR 5028), and the World Military Expenditures data series. Data are provided on the international and domestic conflict behavior and national attributes of 85 developing nations (as defined by the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency) in the period 1962-1967. Included are data on cooperative and conflict events received and sent, various socioeconomic indicators (all for mid-1960s), and various yearly domestic conflict data aggregated to the period 1962-1964 and 1965-1967. Yearly frequencies for each type were aggregated into three-year scores. Domestic conflict behavior variables measure the occurrences of riots, armed attacks, demonstrations, government sanctions and executions, assassinations, irregular power transfers, political strikes, interventions, and deaths from domestic violence. Socioeconomic variables itemize gross national product (GNP), military, educational, and health expenditures, United States' economic aid per capita, population growth rates, energy consumption per capita, literacy rates, and ethno-linguistic fractionalization.

This study contains a subset of the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators II data on national attributes and domestic violence for 136 nations in the period 1955-1964. The teaching package is intended to provide data for examining current theories of domestic violence and to introduce students to a number of topics in quantitative aggregate analyses. Data are provided in five-year periods for the economic, political, and social characteristics of the nations. Economic variables provide information on the gross national product (GNP), energy consumption per capita, sectorial income inequality, land inequality, and calories intake per capita. Political variables provide information on government sanctions, political executions, deaths from political violence, armed attacks, anti-government demonstrations, riots, political strikes, and the relaxation of government restrictions. Variables on social characteristics include population density, literacy rates, and the number of physicians per one million population.

This data collection contains economic, social, and demographic information for 18 Latin American nations in the period 1960-1971. Data are provided for gross national product (GNP), gross investment, domestic revenues, tax revenues, expenditures, price index, electric power production, agricultural production, and membership in consumer, credit, and agricultural cooperatives. Data are also provided for population characteristics, such as total population, school enrollment, student-teacher ratio, persons-physician ratio, persons-nurse ratio, and persons-hospital bed ratio.

This research project developed and fully documented a method to estimate the number of females and males trafficked for the purposes of sexual and labor exploitation from eight countries (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela) into the United States at the Southwest border. The model utilizes only open source data. This research represents the first phase of a two-phase project and Provides a conceptual framework for identifying potential data sources to estimate the number of victims at different stages in trafficking Develops statistical models to estimate the number of males and females at risk of being trafficked for sexual and labor exploitation from the eight countries, and the number of males and females actually trafficked for sex and labor Incorporates into the estimation models the transit journey of trafficking victims from the eight countries to the southwest border of the United States Designs the estimation models such that they are highly flexible and modular so that they can evolve as the body of data expands Utilizes open source data as inputs to the statistical model, making the model accessible to anyone interested in using it Presents preliminary estimates that illustrate the use of the statistical methods Illuminates gaps in data sources. The data included in this collection are the open source data which were primarily used in the models to estimate the number of males and females at risk of being trafficked.

The World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys series was designed to enable a crossnational, crosscultural comparison of values and norms on a wide variety of topics and to monitor changes in values and attitudes across the globe. This data collection contains the survey data from the four waves of the World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys, carried out in 1981-1984, 1990-1993, 1995-1997, and 1999-2004. These survey responses have now been integrated into one dataset, to facilitate time series analysis. The surveys provide data from representative national samples of the publics of approximately 81 societies (covering 60 countries) that contain 85 percent of the world's population and cover a full range of variation, from societies with per capita incomes below 300 dollars per year, to societies with per capita incomes of more than 35,000 dollars per year, from long-established democracies to authoritarian states, and from societies with market economies to societies that are in the process of emerging from state-run economies. The surveys cover societies that were historically shaped by a wide variety of religious and cultural traditions, from Christian to Islamic to Confucian to Hindu. The societies covered range from those whose culture emphasizes social conformity and group obligations to societies in which the main emphasis is on human emancipation and self-expression. Broad topics covered in the integrated file include perception of life, family, work, traditional values, personal finances, religion and morale, the economy, politics and society, the environment, allocation of resources, contemporary social issues, national identity, and technology and its impact on society. Specifically, respondents were asked whether the following acts were ever justifiable: suicide, cheating on taxes, lying, euthanasia, divorce, and abortion. Respondents were also asked about the groups and associations they belonged to, which ones they worked for voluntarily, the ethnic group(s) they would not want as neighbors, their general state of health, and whether they felt they had free choice and control over their lives. A wide range of items was included on the meaning and purpose of life, such as respondents' views on the value of scientific advances, the demarcation of good and evil, and religious behavior and beliefs. Respondents were also queried about their attitudes toward morality, politics, sexual freedom, marriage, single parenting, child-rearing, and the importance of work, family, politics, and religion in their lives. Questions relating to work included what financial and social benefits were most important to them in a job, how much pride they took in their work, if they were happy with their current position, and their views on owner/state/employee management of business. Questions pertaining to the stability of the world economy and whether respondents were happy with their financial situation were also asked. Respondents' opinions on various forms of political action, the most important aims for their countries, confidence in various civil and governmental institutions, and whether they would fight in a war for their country were also elicited. Demographic information includes family income, number of people residing in the home, size of locality, region of residence, occupation of the head of household, and the respondent's age, sex, occupation, education, religion, religiosity, politic,al party and union membership, and left-right political self-placement.

This dataset presents information on historical central government revenues for 31 countries in Europe and the Americas for the period from 1800 (or independence) to 2012. The countries included are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany (West Germany between 1949 and 1990), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In other words, the dataset includes all South American, North American, and Western European countries with a population of more than one million, plus Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico. The dataset contains information on the public finances of central governments. To make such information comparable cross-nationally the researchers chose to normalize nominal revenue figures in two ways: (i) as a share of the total budget, and (ii) as a share of total gross domestic product. The total tax revenue of the central state is disaggregated guided by the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides a classification of types of revenue, and describes in detail the contents of each classification category. Given the paucity of detailed historical data and the needs of our project, researchers combined some subcategories. First, they were interested in total tax revenue, as well as the shares of total revenue coming from direct and indirect taxes. Further, they measured two sub-categories of direct taxation, namely taxes on property and income. For indirect taxes, they separated excises, consumption, and customs.

This study contains data on over 13,000 foreign conflict acts of 113 nations in the period 1950-1968. Data are provided for actor and object, either of which may refer to nations, colonies, international organizations, or groups in rebellion against national authority and involved in international relations. Data are also provided for official and unofficial acts, which are categorized into violent and nonviolent acts. Violent acts are further categorized into planned and unplanned acts, as well as unclassified acts. These include warning or defensive acts related to a developing conflict situation, threat, war, clash, or negative behavior such as blockade, embargo, or diplomatic rebuff of one nation by another. Nonviolent acts include boycott and anti-foreign demonstrations. The source of the data as well as measures of its reliability is also coded.

This collection was created by the United Nations from information collected from individual countries regarding their industrial production. The collection contains, for each reporting country, data on the type and amount of industrial production for the years 1963-1979. There are statistics on production for various industries including mining, manufacturing, construction, financing, and community and personal services. Production quantities are indicated in the basic units of that particular industry (e.g., number, man-hours, kilowatt hours, etc.). The data are organized by country, industry, and year, and thus, multiple country records may exist for each industry depending on the data years available. Part 1 contains information for the years 1967-1979, and Part 2 contains data for the years 1963-1966 (with some instances of overlapping data in the files). The data collected for these files was used as the master file input for the YEARBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS, VOLUME 1. The files have 19 variables (17 are alphanumeric, 2 are double precision floating point).

The Global Digital Activism Data Set (GDADS), released February 2013 by the Digital Activism Research Project (DARP) at the University of Washington in Seattle, features coded cases of online digital activism from 151 countries and dependent territories. Several features from each case of digital activism were documented, including the year that online action commenced, the country of origin of the initiator(s), the geographic scope of their campaign, and whether the action was online only, or also featured offline activities. Researchers were interested in the number and types of software applications that were used by digital activists. Specifically, information was collected on whether software applications were used to circumvent censorship or evade government surveillance, to transfer money or resources, to aid in co-creation by a collaborative group, or for purposes of networking, mobilization, information sharing, or technical violence (destructive/disruptive hacking). The collection illustrates the overall focus of each case of digital activism by defining the cause advanced or defended by the action, the initiator's diagnosis of the problem and its perceived origin, the identification of the targeted audience that the campaign sought to mobilize, as well as the target whose actions the initiators aimed to influence. Finally, each case of digital activism was evaluated in terms of its success or failure in achieving the initiator's objectives, and whether any other positive outcomes were apparent.

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide comparisons among countries related to participation of adults in the firm creation process. The initial data was assembled as a pretest of five countries in 1998 and by 2012 over 100 countries had been involved in the program. The initial design for the GEM initiative was based on the first US Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, and by 2012 data from 1,827,513 individuals had been gathered in 563 national samples and 6 specialized regional samples. This dataset is a harmonized file capturing results from all of the surveys. The procedure has been to harmonize the basic items across all surveys in all years, followed by implementing a standardized transform to identify those active as nascent entrepreneurs in the start-up process, as owner-managers of new firms, or as owner-managers of established firms. Those identified as nascent entrepreneurs or new business owners are the basis for the Total Entrepreneurial Activity [TEA] or Total Early-Stage index. This harmonized, consolidated assessment not only facilitates comparisons across countries, but provides a basis for temporal comparisons for individual countries. Respondents were queried on the following main topics: general entrepreneurship, start-up activities, ownership and management of the firm, and business angels (angel investors). Respondents were initially screened by way of a series of general questions pertaining to starting a business, such as whether they were currently trying to start a new business, whether they knew anyone who had started a new business, whether they thought it was a good time to start a new business, as well as their perceptions of the income potential and the prestige associated with starting a new business. Demographic variables include respondent age, sex, and employment status.

These time series present combined statistics on detailed revenues and expenditures for all levels of government. Topics covered include deficit/surplus or total financing, revenues or grants, expenditures, lending minus repayments, domestic financing, foreign financing, domestic debt or total debt, and foreign debt. Annual data are supplied for central government accounts and different levels of government in these categories: (1) central government budgetary accounts, (2) central government consolidated accounts, (3) central government extra budgetary accounts, (4) central government Social Security Funds, (5) state or province governments, (6) local governments, and (7) general governments.

This data collection contains 12 statistical tables that were published in the HISTORICAL SUPPLEMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS DEMOGRAPHIC YEARBOOK, issued in 1980 to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the publication of the DEMOGRAPHIC YEARBOOK. It presents time series data on population size, age, sex, urban/rural residence, natality, mortality, and nuptiality as well as selected derived measures concerning these components of population change for countries of the world over a 30-year time period. The unit of analysis is ethnic group within a country, by year. Parts 1 and 2 contain tables (labeled 1-12, in non-chronological order) stratified by ethnicity, urbanicity, and/or sex. Part 1 contains six tables: (1) estimates of mid-year population and vital statistics summary, 1948-1978, (2) population by sex, urbanicity, and intercensal rates of increase for total population, each census, 1948-1978, (4) selected derived measures of natality, 1948-1977, (7) female population by age, total number of children born alive, and total number of children living, each census, 1948-1978, (8) life expectancy by sex and age, 1948-1977, and (11) selected derived measures of marriage and divorce. The six tables in Part 2 are: (3) population by age, sex, and urban/rural residence, each census, 1948-1977, (5) live births by age of mother and sex of infant, 1948-1977, (6) live-birth rates specific for age of mother, 1948-1977, (9) deaths by age and sex, 1948-1977, (10) death rates specific for age and sex, 1948-1977, and (12) population by marital status, age, and sex, each census, 1948-1977. The records in Part 3 are text and correspond to the footnotes for the tables in the other two files.

This dataset covers the years 1990 through 2007 and contains two types of indicators for the global distribution of information, communication and technology (ICT) resources. The data includes gini coefficients for the distribution of Internet access within countries, and a technology diffusion index that weights the distribution of broadband subscribers, personal computers, mobile phones, Internet users, and international Internet bandwidth by economic output. The data are secondary source data, based on the analysis of primary data from 204 surveys fielded in 47 countries.

The International Civic and Citizenship Education Study, 2016 (ICCS) is an international assessment of the ways in which young people are prepared to undertake their roles as citizens. It investigated student knowledge and understanding of civics and citizenship as well as students' perceptions, attitudes, and activities related to civics and citizenship. It also examined differences among countries in these outcomes and the relationship of these outcomes to students' individual characteristics and family backgrounds, to teaching practices, and to school and broader community contexts. Like its predecessor IEA Civic Education Study, 1999 (CIVED), ICCS 2016 included a student test of civic knowledge and understanding, as well as questionnaires for students, teachers, and school principals. The comprehensive core assessment was complemented by regional modules for Europe and Latin America, designed to flexibly recognize regional interests and investigate related aspects of civic and citizenship education. The survey data were supplemented by information about the national contexts for civic and citizenship education gathered by the national research centers of the participating countries. Data were collected in 2015-2016 under the auspices of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) headquartered in Amsterdam. ICCS collected data from more than 94,000 eighth grade (or equivalent) students in about 3,800 schools from 24 countries. These student data were augmented with data from more than 37,000 teachers in those schools and further contextual data collected from school principals and national research centers.

Detailed tabulations of international and domestic finance data are presented in this data collection. These time series data summarize each country's balance of payments, with collateral data on major financial components such as trade and reserves, and data on exchange rates, international liquidity, money and banking, international transactions, prices, production, government finance, and interest rates. A subset of these data, containing annual data from 1948 to 1978, is available as well.

Latin American Migration Project is a study to advance understanding of the complex processes of international migration and immigration to the United States. In addition to basic demographic data, the survey gathers information on family composition, fertility, infant mortality, household head marital history, labor history of the household head and his/her spouse, and ownership history of properties and businesses. Furthermore, detailed data on internal migration, migration to the mainland United States, and multiple aspects of key United States trips (work experience, income, social networks, remittances, welfare use, etc.) are also collected.