Understanding the Organizational Factors that Impact Police-Community Relations, United States, 2003-2015 (ICPSR 39082)

Version Date: Sep 29, 2025

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Principal Investigator(s):
Andrea M. Headley, University of California-Berkeley; Ohio State University

https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR39082.v1

Version V1

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Summary

This study looks at the impact of police departments' organizational and managerial characteristics on police-community relations. Particular attention is paid to communities of color in the analysis. The dataset merges variables from various data sources. These include the following series housed within ICPSR:

  • Two sub-series within the The Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data Series: Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA), and Offenses Known and Clearances by Arrest
  • The Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) Series

Additionally, the following sources are also contained in the final dataset and available online:

  • The Fatal Encounters and Police Violence Project, both of which track the number of people killed by police.
  • The American Community Survey, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Variables include officer counts, demographics, weapons used, technologies, duties performed, salary figures, department units, qualifications, training structure, budgets, states, and addresses by department. Total crimes for each jurisdiction are collected. The presence of officer foot patrols, civilian review boards, and other community policing initiatives are measured. Violence committed against officers and civilians are included. Demographic variables of residents of jurisdictions including poverty, housing status, race, marital status are collected as well.

Citation

Headley, Andrea M. Understanding the Organizational Factors that Impact Police-Community Relations, United States, 2003-2015. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2025-09-29. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR39082.v1

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Funding

United States Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2015-R2-CX-K030)

Subject Terms

Geographic Coverage

Smallest Geographic Unit

address

Distributor(s)

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
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Time Period(s)

2003 -- 2015

Data Collection Notes

  1. This collection is related to the following studies:

    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Police Employee (LEOKA) Data, 2011, ICPSR 34584
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Police Employee (LEOKA) Data, 2012, ICPSR 35020
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Police Employee (LEOKA) Data, 2013, ICPSR 36119
    • Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS), 2007, ICPSR 31161
    • Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS), 2013, ICPSR 36164
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data [United States]: Offenses Known and Clearances by Arrest, 2006, ICPSR 22400
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data [United States]: Offenses Known and Clearances by Arrest, 2007, ICPSR 25101
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data [United States]: Offenses Known and Clearances by Arrest, 2008, ICPSR 27648
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Offense Known and Clearances by Arrest, 2011, ICPSR 34586
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Offenses Known and Clearances by Arrest, 2012, ICPSR 35021
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Offenses Known and Clearances by Arrest, 2013, ICPSR 36122

    For similar study information and characteristics, please refer to these studies.

  2. For additional information on the Fatal Encounters project, please visit the Fatal Encounters website.
  3. For additional information on the Mapping Police Violence project, please visit the Mapping Police Violence website.
  4. For additional information on the American Community Survey, please visit the U.S. Census Bureau website.
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Time Method

Cross-sectional

Universe

United States police departments operating between 2003 and 2015.

Unit(s) of Observation

organization

Data Type(s)

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Original Release Date

2025-09-29

Version History

2025-09-29 ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:

  • Created variable labels and/or value labels.
  • Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.

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Notes

  • The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.