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The objective of this study is to validate the Institutional Medical Mistrust Scale (IMMS) using a large, national population to better understand issues of public trust in healthcare and government organizations. The aims of this study are: (1) conduct a national population survey using the IMMS; (1a) examine the influence that healthcare organizations and governing institutions at the local, state, and federal level have on medical mistrust during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States; (1b) test the psychometrics of the IMMS in a large national survey; (2) test the IMMS in a national population with intentional oversampling of African American/Black, Latinx, and chronic disease respondents in the United States.

The endpoints for this study are divided into psychosocial measures as well as physical measures including: (1) measurement of institutional medical mistrust among health care and local/state and federal government organizations; (2) mental and physical health; (3) vaccine uptake or hesitation; (4) factors associated with vaccine uptake or hesitation.

This study explores whether perinatal telehealth uptake has mitigated the pandemic's effects on disparities in maternal care access, quality, and outcomes by race, ethnicity, and rural or urban residence. Research to date has approached this question in several ways. First, researchers have utilized census data to assess whether community-wide broadband infrastructure exists to support the use of telehealth services in areas with high travel times to maternal care units. Findings suggest that socioeconomically disadvantaged communities face significant barriers to maternity care access, both with substantial travel burdens and inadequate digital access to facilitate telehealth services. Second, to examine maternal care quality, researchers have employed South Carolina hospital-based claims data and vital statistics to identify racial, ethnic, and urban/rural disparities in rates of cesarean delivery before and during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Results indicate that cesarean rates differed by rural vs. urban facility locations and racial and ethnic groups but observed disparities were not significantly exacerbated by the pandemic. Third, using South Carolina hospital-based claims data and COVID-19 testing data, researchers found significant racial, ethnic, and rural disparities in postpartum readmissions involving mental health and substance use disorders from childbirth discharge through one year postpartum during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, drawing on data from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C), research has shown that hybrid care increased substantially during the COVID-19 public health emergency, but pregnant people living in rural areas had lower levels of hybrid care than urban people, and individuals who belonged to racial and ethnic minority groups were more likely to have hybrid care than White individuals.

Future research will investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and perinatal telehealth uptake on additional maternity care and birth outcomes by race, ethnicity, and urbanicity. The study also aims to assess how state-level telehealth policies relate to perinatal telehealth uptake by race, ethnicity, and urbanicity, and to develop a model to predict long-term changes in maternal care access, quality, outcomes, and expenditures, with and without state telehealth policies.

The ICPSR provides variable-level metadata for the data associated with this study. The actual data may only be available from the Principal Investigator directly. The variable descriptions available through ICPSR also include information regarding the source of each variable listed, as does the Data Source field of these metadata.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, certain occupations and industries were deemed "essential", and typically included individuals who worked in healthcare, food service, public transportation, etc. However, early on in the pandemic, while these workers faced disproportionately higher risks, they often did not receive adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), were unable to work from home, and were limited in their ability to take other precautions to safeguard their health (Chen et al., 2021). As a result, previous studies have documented higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and death among essential workers compared to their non-essential worker counterparts (Selden & Berdahl, 2021; Wei et al., 2022). This dataset provides users with information on the number and proportion of essential workers in census tracts or ZIP Code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) in the United States over the 2016-2020 period.

The National Wellbeing Survey (NWS) is an annual population-based cross-sectional survey of adults aged 18 to 64 in the United States first collected in 2021. The 2023 NWS was administered online from June 23 to September 14,2023. The 2023 sample includes 7,105 respondents. The sample frame included non-institutionalized adults in the United States who ranged in age from 18 to 64 years old and who were able to read English. NWS sample participants were recruited online through Qualtrics Panels. The sample design included an oversample of rural residents; 26% of respondents (N=1,862) reside in a non-metropolitan county. Survey topics include psychosocial wellbeing, social relationships and support, participation in social activities, physical health, mental health, health behaviors, health care use, employment quality and experiences, COVID-19 experiences, socioeconomic measures, political orientation, and demographic measures. The restricted use version of the data includes geographic identifiers for states (N=51) and counties (N=1,746).

The PSID is the world's longest-running nationally representative household panel survey. With over 50 years of data on the same families and their descendants, the PSID is a cornerstone of the data infrastructure for empirically based social science research in the U.S. PSID gathers data on the family as a whole and on individuals residing within the family, emphasizing the dynamic and interactive aspects of family economics, demography, and health. PSID data were collected annually from 1968-1997 and biennially after 1997.

In the Main Interview, one person per family is interviewed on a regular basis. Information about each family member is collected, but much greater detail is obtained about the reference person and, if married/cohabitating, the spouse or long-term cohabitor. Survey content changes to reflect evolving scientific and policy priorities, although many content areas have been consistently measured since 1968. Information includes employment, income, wealth, expenditures, time use, health, dementia screener, insurance, education, marriage, childbearing, philanthropy, and numerous other topics. Additional types of PSID data are available only under a restricted contract. These include but are not limited to: geospatial data below the level of state; mortality data; Medicare claims; and educational characteristics from the National Center for Education Statistics.

With low attrition and high success in following young adults as they form their own families, the sample size has grown from roughly 5,000 families in 1968 to more than 9,000 families and 24,000 individuals by 2021. Over the course of the study, the PSID has distributed data on more than 84,000 individuals. The long panel, genealogical design, and broad content of the data offer unique opportunities to conduct generational and life-course research.

The PSID now contains thousands of inter- and intragenerational relationships over 50 years of data, including (as of the 2021 wave):

• "Paired" generational relationships, with each family in the pair providing independent interviews
  • Parent-Adult Child pairs: ~4,300
  • Sibling pairs: ~5,200
  • Cousin pairs: ~5,400
• "Tripled" generational relationships, with all three generations providing independent interviews
  • Grandparent-Parent-Adult Child triplets: ~1,000

For information about earlier data collections, see Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID): Main Interview, 1968-2015.

In 2021, the main interview was updated to include questions about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including: loss of earnings, US government stimulus payments, charitable giving, participants' exposure to COVID-19, and vaccination status.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via PSID) directly for details on obtaining the data.

The Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS), started in 2005 and collected biennially through 2021, captures data on the development pathways and outcomes of children who participated in the 1997 PSID Child Development Supplement as they transition into young adulthood. Beginning in 2017, all PSID sampled children entering early adulthood are eligible to participate in the TAS. For information about these earlier data collections, see Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID): Transition into Adulthood Supplement, 2005-2019.

In 2021, the TAS was updated to include information about COVID-19 incidence and the effects of the pandemic.

This study's objective is to assess how state-level COVID-19 mitigation policies have affected psychological health and related mortality from drug overdose and suicide among working age and older adults. Research to date has investigated how state-level COVID-19 policies in the United States--specifically those limiting in-person activities (e.g., stay-at-home orders, school closures) and those providing economic support (e.g., direct cash payments, eviction moratoria)--were associated with drug overdose mortality rates among U.S. working-age adults (25-64 years) during 2020 (Wolf et al., 2024). Research has also identified shifts in the predictive importance of key contextual variables--including socioeconomic conditions, racial-ethnic composition, population health profiles, and physician supply--for all-cause mortality, drug poisoning, and COVID-19-related deaths (Montez et al., 2024).

The ICPSR provides variable-level metadata for the data associated with this study. The actual data may only be available from the Principal Investigator directly. The variable descriptions available through ICPSR also include information regarding the source of each variable listed, as does the Data Source field of these metadata.

This study features Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) policy and enrollment data organized in three datasets. The data were originally collected for a companion paper, Pukelis, K. (2024). "SNAP Policies and Enrollment following the COVID-19 Pandemic."

The SNAP COVID Policy Data (DS1) provides monthly data on states' adoption of policies to adjust SNAP enrollment requirements and benefits during the COVID-19 federal public health emergency, from March 2020 through June 2023. This dataset features information from all 50 states regarding policy waivers that were requested to simplify SNAP application and recertification requirements, temporarily waive recertification requirements, and provide emergency supplemental benefits. SNAP implementation procedures data from 2019 are also available for comparison.

The SNAP County Enrollment Data (DS2) contains county-month level data on SNAP enrollment numbers, total benefits issued, applications, and recertifications, as well as a handful of measures on the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program and Medicaid.

The SNAP State Enrollment Detail Data (DS3) includes state-month level data on SNAP enrollment details, including applications, recertifications, enrollment by demographic group, and information about office walk-in visits and calls to the assistance line. TANF and Medicaid state-month level data is also provided. The state enrollment file also features 62 variables detailing Louisiana case closures.

County and state enrollment files contain demographic information for a limited number of states, including SNAP, TANF, and Medicaid enrollment by age group, and state-month SNAP enrollment by gender, race, and ethnicity.

This study examines experiences of health and economic challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic across generations of American families and how families responded to these challenges. To do so requires knowledge of each family member's characteristics and the contexts they experienced over the pandemic. Accordingly, researchers are creating a unique dataset that enhances the rich population-representative panel data in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) by linking comprehensive contextual data to multiple life domains of each generation.

Research to date has investigated the health, economic, and wellbeing impacts of essential work on couples using employment, occupation, and industry data from PSID. For additional information and code, see Measuring Essential/Frontline Work Using PSID (ICPSR 199304).

The ICPSR provides variable-level metadata for the data associated with this study. The actual data may only be available from the Principal Investigator directly. The variable descriptions available through ICPSR also include information regarding the source of each variable listed, as does the Data Source field of these metadata.