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Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Series

Investigator(s): U.S. Bureau of the Census

The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) program, initiated in 1983, is a longitudinal, multi-panel survey primarily of adults in households in the United States, interviewed at least nine times at four-month intervals and followed over the life of the panel. The SIPP fills the gaps that the Current Population Survey (CPS) leaves by providing data that afford a better understanding and analyses of the distribution of income, wealth, and poverty in the society, and of the effects of federal and state programs on the well-being of families and individuals. SIPP information falls into two categories: the core information, and other questions (found in "topical modules") that produce in-depth information on specific subjects and are asked at only one or two interviews. The core questions cover demographic characteristics, labor force participation, program participation, amounts and types of earned and unearned income received, including transfer payments and noncash benefits from various programs, and asset ownership. The goals of SIPP are to improve the measurement of the economic situation of persons, families, and households in the U.S., and to provide a tool for managing and evaluating government transfer and service programs. SIPP collects more detailed data than any other national survey on program eligibility, access and participation, transfer income, and in-kind benefits. It provides critical data for employed and unemployed persons on cash and noncash incomes, assets component of wealth, subannual program participation patterns, and the dynamics of household relationships. SIPP aims to: improve the accuracy in reporting and classifying income sources, obtain subannual information on income recipiency and program participation, examine interactions among transfer programs, labor participation, and living arrangements, obtain sufficient information to improve the simulation of eligibility under the major means-tested cash and in-kind transfer programs, and obtain improved measures of assets and liabilities. After 1996, a new data series, Survey of Program Dynamics, was established to investigate the effects of welfare reform on recipient families and children. Two retired SIPP panels (1992 and 1993), which represent the pre-welfare reform situation of households, were chosen as one of the important samples for the Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) panels created after the SIPP. These SIPP panels provide extensive baseline (background) information from which to determine the effects of welfare reform that the SPD program surveys. By interviewing the same households as SIPP in the SPD, analysts are provided with data for the baseline pre-reform period, along with data for the reform implementation period, and the medium-term post-reform period, enabling researchers access to data to assess short-term and medium-term consequences and outcomes for families and individuals. The use of the SIPP panels doubles the sample size for certain groups of interest. Interviews carried out with the same households in both the SIPP and the SPD panels expand the range of information on the same population and provide panels data necessary to effectively evaluate the impact of the law.

For data files from 1984 to 2001 (SAS, SPSS, and Stata, in addition to documentation), please visit the National Bureau of Economic Research Web site.

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2005
Almond, Douglas, Mazumder, Bhashkar 1918 influenza pandemic and subsequent health outcomes: An analysis of SIPP data. American Economic Review. 95 , (2), 258-262.
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1995
Iams, Howard M. The 1993 SIPP and CPS pension surveys. Social Security Bulletin. 58, (4), 125-130.
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1994
Poterba, James M., Venti, Steven F., Wise, David A. 401(k) plans and tax-deferred savings. Studies in the Economics of Aging. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, .
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1992
Poterba, James M., Venti, Steven F., Wise, David A. 401(k) Plans and Tax-Deferred Savings, Working Paper. 92-14, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics.
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2005
Copeland, Craig 401(k)-type plan and IRA ownership. EBRI Notes. 26, (1), 1-8.
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2007
Copeland, Craig 401(k)-type plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). EBRI Notes. 28, (10), 2-13.
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1996
Hobbs, Frank B., Damon, Bonnie L. 65+ in the United States. Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
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1993
Goodman, John L., Ittner, John B. The Accuracy of Home Owners' Estimates of House Value, Working Paper. 131, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Economic Activity Section.
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2000
Weaver, David A. The accuracy of survey-reported marital status: Evidence from survey records matched to Social-Security records. Demography. 37, (3), 395-399.
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1994
Rizzo, L., Kalton, G., Brick, M., Petroni, R. Adjusting for Panel Nonresponse in the Survey of Income and Program Participation. American Statistical Association Meeting, Section on Survey Research Methods. .
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2023
Olender, Michael, Riegel, Lisa Aging has economic costs to North Carolina workers, taxpayers, and small business owners. North Carolina Medical Journal. 84, (2), .
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2001
Fishman, Eliot Aging out of coverage: Young adults with special health needs. Health Affairs. 20, (6), 254-266.
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1998
Betson, David M., Warlick, Jennifer L. Alternative historical trends in poverty. American Economic Review. 88, (2), 348-351.
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1992
David, Martin H. Alternative scientific designs for the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement. 18, (1-4), 5-23.
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2008
Brault, Matthew W. Americans With Disabilities: 2005. Household Economic Studies, Report No. P70-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.
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2009
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2009. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.
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2011
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2011. National Center for Health Statistics. Washington, DC: .
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1998
Zabel, Jeffrey E. An analysis of attrition in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Survey of Income and Program Participation with an Application to a Model of Labor Market Behavior. Journal of Human Resources. 33, (2), 479-506.
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1994
Zabel, Jeffrey E. An Analysis of Attrition in the PSID and SIPP with an Application to a Model of Labor Market Behavior. Conference on Attrition in Longitudinal Surveys. .
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2006
Reese, Kanin L. An Analysis of the Characteristics of Multiple Program Participation Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Working Paper No. 246. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.
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1999
Czajka, J.L. Analysis of Children's Health insurance Patterns: Findings from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research.
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1990
Wanne, Yuwei An Analysis of Interactions and Their Consequences of Old Age Insurance and Other Means/Non-Means Test Programs for the Elderly. University of Minnesota. [dissertation]
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2021
Zambrana, Ruth, Amaro, Gabriel, Butler, Courtney, DuPont-Reyes, Melissa, Parra-Medina, Deborah Analysis of Latina/o sociodemographic and health data sets in the United States from 1960 to 2019: Findings suggest improvements to future data collection efforts. Health Education and Behavior. 48, (3), 320-331.
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1991
Belanger, Alain Analysis of Sequences of Household Migration in the United States. University of Colorado at Boulder. [dissertation]
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1992
Williams, Roberton Analyzing the dynamics of program participation with data from the SIPP. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement. 18, (1-4), 285 -.
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2001
Iceland, John, Short, Kathleen, Garner, Thesia I., Johnson, David Are Children Worse Off? Evaluating Well-Being Using a New (and Improved) Measure of Poverty. Journal of Human Resources. 36, (2), 398-412.
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2010
Butrica, Barbara A., Zedlewski, Sheila R., Issa, Philip Are Early Withdrawals from Retirement Accounts a Problem?. Brief Series No. 27. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
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2013
Tamborini, Christopher R., Kim, ChangHwan Are proxy interviews associated with biased earnings reports? Marital status and gender effects of proxy. Social Science Research. 42, (2), 499-512.
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1999
Zick, C.D., Holden, K. An assessment of the wealth holdings of recent widows. Consumer Interests Annual. 45, 41-46.
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2000
Zick, Cathleen D., Holden, Karen An assessment of the wealth holdings of recent widows. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 55B, (21), S90-S97.
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2001
Carney, Stacie, Gale, William G. Asset accumulation among low-income households. Assets for the Poor: The Benefits of Spreading Asset Ownership. New York, NY: Russell Sage, .
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1990
Stadlinger, Christian Karl Asset Choice, Liquidity Constraints, Labor Supply, and Unemployment Duration. Northwestern University. [dissertation]
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2008
Grinstein-Weiss, Michal, Yeo, Yeong Hun, Zhan, Min, Charles, Pajarita Asset holding and net worth among households with children: Differences by household type. Children and Youth Services Review. 30, (1), 62-78.
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2004
Neumark, David, Kawaguchi, Daiji Attrition bias in labor economics research using matched CPS files. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement. 29, (4), 445-472.
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1996
Spain, Daphne, Bianchi, Suzanne M. Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women. New York: Russell Sage, .
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2002
Grogger, Jeffrey The behavioral effects of welfare time limits. American Economic Review. 92, (2), 385-389.
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2007
Rupp, Kalman, Strand, Alexander, Davies, Paul, Sears, Jim Benefit adequacy among elderly social security retired-worker beneficiaries and the SSI Federal Benefit Rate. Social Security Bulletin. 67, (3), 29-51.
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1995
Bennett, Claudette E. Black population in the United States: March 1994 and 1993. Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,.
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2010
Tin, Jan The buffer stock model of money demand: Evidence from panel data. Applied Economics Letters. 17, (4), 357-360.
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2003
Martin, Teran, Davies, Paul Changes in the Demographic and Economic Characteristics of SSI and DI Beneficiaries. Population Association of America 2003 Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, MN.
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2005
Gottschalk, Peter, Huynh, Minh Changes in the Distribution of Long-Run Earnings and Retirement Incomes--Have Recent Cohorts Fallen Behind? . CRR WP 2004-34, Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
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1999
Gottschalk, Peter, Moffitt, Robert Changes in Job Instability and Insecurity Using Monthly Survey Data. Journal of Labor Economics. 17, (4, part 2), S91-S126.
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1997
Gottschalk, Peter, Moffitt, Robert A. Changes in the structure of earnings in three longitudinal data sets. .
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2007
Moore, Jeffrey C. Changes to the SIPP 2004 Panel Wave 1 Recipiency History Topical Module and Their Impacts on Survey Estimates and Data Quality. Research Report Series, No. 2007-8. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
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2013
Piatak, Jaclyn Schede The Changing Face of Public Service: Understanding the Dedication, Altruism, and Career Choices of Government and Nonprofit Employees. American University. [dissertation]
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2010
Todd, Jessica E., Newman, Constance, Ver Ploeg, Michele Changing Participation in Food Assistance Programs Among Low-Income Children After Welfare Reform. Economic Research Report No. 92. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
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2001
Meiners, Mark R., McKay, Hunter, Goss, Steven Chapter 3: National Program Office. Who Will Pay for Long Term Care: Insights from the Partnership Programs. Chicago: Health Administration Press, .
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2001
Alecxih, Lisa Marie B., Zeruld, Sharon, Olearczyk, BrieAnne Characteristics of Caregivers Based on the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging.
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2007
Bernal, Raquel, Hu, Luojia, Moriguchi, Chiaki, Nagypal, Eva Child Adoption in the United States: Historical Trends and the Determinants of Adoption Demand and Supply, 1951-2002. .
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1991
Gonzalez, Juan, III Child Care and Female Labor Supply: The Influence of Quality and Price on Mothers' Work Decisions. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [dissertation]
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