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Showing 1 – 17 of 17 results.
Curated

Citizen Attitude Survey: Urban Problems in Ten American Cities, 1970 (ICPSR 7340)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: Milwaukee, United States, Tennessee, Albuquerque, Kansas City (Kansas), Kansas City (Missouri), Nashville, California, Kansas, San Diego, Baltimore, Atlanta, New Mexico, Massachusetts, Colorado, Missouri, Denver, Georgia, Maryland, Wisconsin, Boston
This study was a joint project of ten major United States cities participating in the Urban Observatory Program: Atlanta, Albuquerque, Baltimore, Boston, Denver, Kansas City, Kansas, Kansas City, Missouri, Milwaukee, Nashville, and San Diego. The survey focused on citizens' perceptions of the problems of urban life. Citizens' attitudes toward local government services and their opinions about local problems in the areas of schooling, housing, public transportation, controlled drugs, law and order, and taxes were assessed in all ten cities. Information on the socioeconomic status of the respondents, and on household composition was also elicited. Demographic data include sex, age, marital status, race, ethnicity, birthplace, level of education, and family income. Each city may be analyzed separately or may be treated as an integral part of the comparative study.
Curated
Simple Crosstabs

Current Population Survey, September 2011: Volunteer Supplement (ICPSR 33881)

Released/updated on: 2015-02-20
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2010-09-01--2011-09-01

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey on the topic of volunteer service, which was administered as a supplement to the September CPS questionnaire. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Corporation for National and Community Service jointly sponsored the volunteer service supplemental questions.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

The volunteer supplement questions were asked of persons age 15 years old or older. Altogether, 152,531 interviews were conducted during the period of September 18-27, 2011. Proxy responses were allowed if attempts for a self-response were unsuccessful. The supplement contained questions about the household member's participation in volunteer service from September 1, 2010, to the date of the interview. Household members were queried on their involvement in their community, about the frequency of volunteer activity, types of organizations they volunteered for, the types of activities they chose, whether any volunteering was done in a foreign country or more than 120 miles from home. Data are also provided on whether or not donations of money, assets, or property valued at 25 dollars or more were made in the past year to charitable or religious organizations.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

Curated
Simple Crosstabs

Current Population Survey, September 2012: Volunteer Supplement (ICPSR 35526)

Released/updated on: 2015-02-20
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2011-09-01--2012-09-01

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey on the topic of volunteer service, which was administered as a supplement to the September CPS questionnaire. The Corporation for National and Community Service jointly sponsored the supplemental questions for September.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

All persons eligible for the labor force items of the basic CPS were also eligible for the volunteer supplement. Altogether, 151,121 interviews were conducted during the period of September 16-25, 2012. Proxy responses were allowed if attempts for a self-response were unsuccessful. The supplement contained questions about the household member's participation in volunteer service from September 1, 2011, to the date of the interview. Household members were queried about the frequency of volunteer activity, the kinds of organizations they volunteered with, the types of activities they chose, whether any volunteering was done in a foreign country, and involvement in their community.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

Curated
Simple Crosstabs

Current Population Survey, September 2013: Volunteer Supplement (ICPSR 36035)

Released/updated on: 2015-02-20
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2012-09-01--2013-09-01

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey on the topic of volunteer service, which was administered as a supplement to the September CPS questionnaire. The Corporation for National and Community Service jointly sponsored the supplemental questions for September.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

All persons eligible for the labor force items of the basic CPS were also eligible for the volunteer supplement. Altogether, 149,961 interviews were conducted during the period of September 15-24, 2013. Proxy responses were allowed if attempts for a self-response were unsuccessful. The supplement contained questions about the household member's participation in volunteer service from September 1, 2012, to the date of the interview. Household members were queried about the frequency of volunteer activity, the kinds of organizations they volunteered with, the types of activities they chose, whether any volunteering was done in a foreign country, and involvement in their community.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

Curated

Detroit Area Study, 1994: Impact of Education on Attitudes (ICPSR 2852)

Released/updated on: 2003-07-25
Geographic coverage: Detroit, United States, Michigan

This survey focused on the influence of education on respondents' attitudes toward a variety of issues, including crime, city services, police protection, neighborhoods, health-care coverage, taxes, public schools, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and government involvement in correcting class, gender, and race disparities. The survey also sought respondents' opinions on issues such as race relations, discrimination against women, racial balance in schools, laws against interracial marriages, housing discrimination law, racial profiling, and voting for a Black presidential candidate. Respondents were questioned on the comparative differences between Blacks and Whites in types of jobs held, housing, and level of income, and why Blacks were worse off than whites, the effects on property values of Blacks moving into White neighborhoods, and the high rate of unemployment and crime among Blacks as compared to Whites. Also explored were respondents' feelings about the death penalty, immigrants, other races, poor people, minority groups, affirmative action, homosexuality, television violence, censorship, and abortion. Questions on the respondents' educational background covered the types of elementary and secondary schools they attended and grades earned, level of education and degrees earned, and types of college(s) attended. Additional information gathered by the survey includes respondents' duration of residence in the tri-county area and at the current residence, place of previous residence, employment status, social class stratification, religious denomination, party preference, participation in social and political life, and knowledge of current affairs. Demographic information includes respondents' gender, age, marital status, race, and ethnicity.

Curated

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study [United States]: Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ICPSR 3676)

Released/updated on: 2013-08-08
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1998-01-01--1999-01-01
The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) program provides national data on children's status at birth and at various points thereafter, children's transition to nonparental care, early education programs, and school, and children's experiences and growth through the fifth grade. ECLS also provides data to test hypotheses about the effects of a wide range of family, school, community, and individual variables on children's development, early learning, and early performance in school. The Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 addresses four key issues: (1) school readiness, (2) children's transitions to kindergarten, first grade, and beyond, (3) the relationship between children's kindergarten experience and their elementary school performance, and (4) children's growth in math, reading, and general knowledge (i.e., science and social studies), and their progress through elementary school.
Curated

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study [United States]: Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999, Third Grade (ICPSR 4075)

Released/updated on: 2013-08-12
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2001-01-01--2002-01-01
The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K) focuses on children's early school experiences beginning with kindergarten through fifth grade. It is a nationally representative sample that collects information from children, their families, their teachers, and their schools. ECLS-K provides data about the effects of a wide range of family, school, community, and individual variables on children's development, early learning, and early performance in school. This data collection contains the wave of data collected in the spring of third grade (2002). The third-grade data collection includes information about the diversity of the study children, the schools they attended, and their academic progress in the years following kindergarten. Other variables include child gender, child race, family background, childcare, childcare arrangements, food security, hours per week in child care, socioeconomic status, household income, highest level of education for parents and students, parents' employment status, teachers' evaluation practice, and usefulness of different activities in the classroom.
Curated

Health Behavior in School-Aged Children, 1995-1996: [United States] (ICPSR 3154)

Released/updated on: 2008-04-23
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1995-01-01--1996-01-01
Since 1982, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe has sponsored a cross-national, school-based study of health-related attitudes and behaviors of young people. These studies, generally known as Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC), are based on nationally independent surveys of school-aged children in as many as 30 participating countries. The HBSC studies were conducted every four years since the 1985-1986 school year. The United States was one of three countries chosen to implement the survey out of cycle. The data available here are the results of the United States study from the 1995-1996 school year. The study results can be used as stand-alone data, or to compare to the other countries involved in the international HBSC. The HBSC study has two main objectives. The first objective is to monitor health-risk behaviors and attitudes in youth over time to provide background and identify targets for health promotion initiatives. The second objective is to provide researchers with relevant information to understand and explain the development of health attitudes and behaviors through early adolescence. The study contains variables dealing with many types of drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens, and over-the-counter medications. The study also examines a person's health and health behaviors such as eating habits, depression, injuries, anti-social behavior including questions concerning bullying, fighting, using weapons, and how one deals with anger. There are also questions concerning problems with attention span at school and opinions about school itself.
Curated

Health Behavior in School-Aged Children, 1997-1998 [United States] (ICPSR 3522)

Released/updated on: 2008-04-23
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1997-01-01--1998-01-01
Since 1982, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe has sponsored a cross-national, school-based study of health-related attitudes and behaviors of young people. These studies, generally known as Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC), are based on independent national surveys of school-aged children in as many as 30 participating countries. The HBSC studies were conducted every four years since the 1985-1986 school year. The data available here are from the results of the United States survey conducted during the 1997-1998 school year. The study results can be used as stand-alone data, or to compare with the other countries involved in the international HBSC. The HBSC study has two main objectives. The first objective is to monitor health-risk behaviors and attitudes in youth over time to provide background data and to identify targets for health promotion initiatives. The second objective is to provide researchers with relevant information in order to understand and explain the development of health attitudes and behaviors through early adolescence. The study contains variables dealing with many types of drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens, and over-the-counter medications. The study also examines a person's health and other health behaviors such as eating habits, body image, health problems, family make-up, feelings, bullying, fighting, bringing weapons to school, personal injuries, and opinions about school.
Curated

Jewish School Study, 2001 [United States] (ICPSR 4550)

Released/updated on: 2009-06-11
Geographic coverage: United States, Chicago, Illinois
The Jewish School Study was undertaken to determine the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of Jewish education, how Jewish day schools are formed and organized, how Jewish schools contribute to the maintenance of continuity of a 400-year tradition, how adolescent Jews develop their identity, and what role religious education plays in this development. Questions also asked how Jewish adolescents and their parents participate in Jewish life, express their feelings about being Jewish, the role of spirituality in their lives, how they learn about Jewish life, and their relationship/ties with Israel and the Jewish people. Part 1, the Parent Survey, asked parents of students in Jewish schools about the financial costs of religious education, their religious background, Jewish religious practices of their household, as well as their own religious beliefs and spirituality. The survey also sought answers to questions on the parents' reasons for their choice of Jewish school, how involved and in what ways they were involved in their child's school and education, their involvement in the Jewish community, their level of knowledge on various subjects related to Judaism, and their opinions on their own parenting. Other information collected included marital status, income, family status, family origins, education, and employment. Part 2, the Student Survey, asked students about their religious background, the religious practices and experiences in their household, and their own Jewish practices. Students were then asked about how they spent their free time on Saturdays and weekdays, how they and their parents felt about being Jewish, and what types of rules their parents had for them. Additionally, students were queried about their values, friends, and future plans; knowledge of various subjects relating to Judaism; and their opinions of their school, teachers, and their own academic performance. Background information collected included gender, grade in school, name and types of schools attended, household composition, language spoken in the home, and parents' education and employment. Part 3, the Teacher Survey, asked teachers about the settings they worked in and the salary and benefits of those positions. Respondents also were asked about the classes they taught, the use of various teaching methods and media, and their roles and responsibilities. The survey also asked the teachers about their training and professional development, their perceptions and attitudes about their school, parental involvement, resources and facilities, and school goals. Additionally, teachers were asked about their religious background, Jewish religious practices of their own households, and their personal religious beliefs and spirituality. Background information collected included type of postsecondary education, gender, age, place of birth, marital status, income, and future career plans.
Curated
Simple Crosstabs

Longitudinal Study of American Youth, 1987-1994, 2007-2011, 2014-2017 (ICPSR 30263)

Released/updated on: 2021-06-01
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1987-01-01--1994-01-01, 2007-01-01--2011-01-01, 2014-01-01--2017-01-01

The Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSAY) is a project that was funded by the National Science Foundation in 1985 and was designed to examine the development of: (1) student attitudes toward and achievement in science, (2) student attitudes toward and achievement in mathematics, and (3) student interest in and plans for a career in science, mathematics, or engineering, during middle school, high school, and the first four years post-high school. The relative influence parents, home, teachers, school, peers, media, and selected informal learning experiences had on these developmental patterns was considered as well.

The older LSAY cohort, Cohort One, consisted of a national sample of 2,829 tenth-grade students in public high schools throughout the United States. These students were followed for an initial period of seven years, ending four years after high school in 1994. Cohort Two, consisted of a national sample of 3,116 seventh-grade students in public schools that served as feeder schools to the same high schools in which the older cohort was enrolled. These students were followed for an initial period of seven years, concluding with a telephone interview approximately one year after the end of high school in 1994.

Beginning in the fall of 1987, the LSAY collected a wide array of information including: (1) a science achievement test and a mathematics achievement test each fall, (2) an attitudinal and experience questionnaire at the beginning and end of each school year, (3) reports about education and experience from all science and math teachers in each school, (4) reports on classroom practice by each science and math teacher serving a LSAY student, (5) an annual 25-minute telephone interview with one parent of each student, and (6) extensive school-level information from the principal of each study school.

In 2006, the NSF funded a proposal to re-contact the original LSAY students (then in their mid-30's) to resume data collection to determine their educational and occupational outcomes. Through an extensive tracking activity which involved: (1) online tracking, (2) newsletter mailing, (3) calls to parents and other relatives, (4) use of alternative online search methods, and (5) questionnaire mailing, more than 95 percent of the original sample of 5,945 LSAY students were located or accounted for. In addition to re-contacting the students, the proposal defined a new eligible sample of approximately 5,000 students and these young adults were asked to complete a survey in 2007. A second survey was conducted in the fall of 2008 that sought to gather updated information about occupational and education outcomes and to measure the civic scientific literacy of these young adults, in which to date more than 3,200 participants have responded. A third survey was conducted in the fall of 2009 that sought to gather updated information about occupational and education outcomes and to measure the participants' use of selected informal science education resources, in which to date more than 3,200 participants have responded. A fourth survey was conducted in the fall of 2010 that sought to gather updated information about occupational and education outcomes, as well as provided questions about the participants' interactions with their children, in which to date more than 3,200 participants have responded. Finally, a fifth survey was conducted in the fall of 2011 that sought to gather updated information about education outcomes and included an expanded occupation battery for all participants, as well as an expanded spousal information battery for all participants. The 2011 questionnaire also included items about the 2011 Fukushima incident in Japan along with attitudinal items about nuclear power and global climate change. To date approximately 3,200 participants responded to the 2011 survey.

There were no surveys conducted in 2012 or 2013. Beginning in 2014 the LSAY was funded by the National Institute on Aging for five years. This data release adds the 2017 data to the previous data release that included data through 2016.

The public release data files include information collected from the national probability sample students, their parents, and the science and mathematics teachers in the students' schools. The data covers the initial seven years, beginning in the fall of 1987, as well as the data collected in the 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 questionnaires.

Part 1: LSAY Merged Cohort (Base File) contains student and parent data from both cohorts of the LSAY from 1987-1994 and student follow-up data from 2007-2011 and 2014-2017. Additionally, Parts 2 - 5 contain information gathered from two teacher background questionnaires and two principal questionnaires from 1987-1994.

Curated

New York Times Race Poll, June 2000 (ICPSR 2987)

Released/updated on: 2009-01-16
Geographic coverage: United States
This special topic poll, fielded June 21-29, 2000, queried respondents on their attitudes regarding race. This poll oversampled Black respondents, providing an insight into the demographic characteristics and political perspectives of Blacks or African-Americans. Respondents were asked a series of questions about perceptions of racial relations, attitudes about integration of neighborhoods, the workplace, and schools, experiences with racial discrimination, knowledge of Black history, and the relevance and importance of engaging in race relations dialogues. Respondents were asked to compare the opportunities available to their generation to the opportunities of past and future generations and what was the most important problem for the next generation to solve. In addition, respondents were asked for their views on issues such as racial profiling, interracial relationships, community/law enforcement relationships, and the representation of Blacks in professional and leadership positions. Demographic information includes age, employment status, sex, race, education, household income, religious preference, voter registration and participation history, political party, political orientation, ethnicity, marital status, type of residential area, and whether respondents had any school-age children in the household.
Curated

Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN): School and Day Care Screen, Wave 2, 1997-2000 (ICPSR 13653)

Released/updated on: 2006-04-24
Geographic coverage: United States, Chicago, Illinois
Time period: 1997-01-01--2000-01-01
The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) was a large-scale, interdisciplinary study of how families, schools, and neighborhoods affect child and adolescent development. One component of the PHDCN was the Longitudinal Cohort Study, which was a series of coordinated longitudinal studies that followed over 6,000 randomly selected children, adolescents, and young adults, and their primary caregivers over time to examine the changing circumstances of their lives, as well as the personal characteristics, that might lead them toward or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors. Numerous measures were administered to respondents to gauge various aspects of human development, including individual differences, as well as family, peer, and school influences. The School and Day Care Screen obtained information regarding the subject's current educational situation, parental involvement in school and expectations for the subject, and the characteristics of the childcare setting and provider. This Wave 2 instrument asks some of the same questions which were asked in the Wave 1 version, PROJECT ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN CHICAGO NEIGHBORHOODS (PHDCN): SCHOOL SCREEN, WAVE 1, 1994-1997 (ICPSR 13600).
Curated

Quality of Life in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, 1975 (ICPSR 7986)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: Detroit, United States, Michigan
This study of 1,194 adults in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties in Detroit in 1975 was part of an extensive research project designed to produce important theoretical and operationally useful research results on the urban environment and quality of life. Respondents were either the head, or the spouse of the head, of household. The sample provided adequate representation of both Detroit itself and the surrounding area, and of racial and economic subgroups. It was taken from the geographic area defined as the 1971 Detroit SMSA, which included Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties. Data were gathered on population, housing, and neighborhood characteristics, including percentagized data on age groups, unemployment rate, labor force, occupancy and vacancy rate, tenureship, single family ownership, ownership or rental by racial groups, crime rate, injuries, and ejection. Respondents were asked about the public transportation system, schools, recreational opportunities, public safety, housing, and sanitation in their neighborhood. Other items probed respondents' feelings about their neighborhood, work, the Detroit tri-county area in relative terms, preferred place to live in the United States and reasons for their choice, future unemployment in the Detroit tri-county area, city officials, taxes and the variety of local services taxes were used for, and use of violence to effect social change. Additional items probed respondents opinions about private schools, quality of public schools, the police, neighborhood problems, and integrated neighborhoods, as well as recreational activities. Also probed were respondents' satisfaction with their life, time spent with family, marriage, housing, government's recreational facilities for children in their neighborhood, and the quality and price of foods in supermarkets. Background items specify age, date of birth, education, race, shades of skin color, marital status, personality type, family income, employment, religion, labor union membership, previous residence, household size and composition, home ownership, and length of stay in neighborhood.
Curated
Partially restricted
Simple Crosstabs

Social Capital and Children's Development: A randomized controlled trial conducted in 52 schools in Phoenix and San Antonio, 2008-2015 (ICPSR 35481)

Released/updated on: 2019-08-26
Geographic coverage: San Antonio, United States, Texas, Phoenix, Arizona
Time period: 2008-01-01--2015-01-01

The Social Capital and Children's Development data were collected in a study of the causal effects of social capital on levels and inequalities of children's social and cognitive development during the early elementary years. The study included 52 schools in Phoenix and San Antonio, including 3,084 first graders and their families, and over 200 teachers, with half the schools randomly selected for the intervention and half serving as controls. Children from low-income Latino families were a special focus of the study. The experimental design of this study allowed for testing of the causal role of social capital. Social capital here refers to trust and shared expectations embedded in social networks of parents, teachers, and children. For young children, social capital operates primarily through their relationships with their parents, enhancing development through mechanisms of social support and social control.

The research design was experimental: social capital was manipulated through a well-tested randomized intervention, Families and Schools Together (FAST), that enhanced social capital among parents, teachers, and children through an intensive after-school program and a 2-year follow-up program. FAST is intended to reduce parental isolation, enhance family engagement with schools, and strengthen family functioning; that is, to increase social capital between families and schools, among families, and within families to improve children's education and life-long outcomes. Key aspects of child development were assessed, including (a) social skills and problem behavior from standardized behavioral ratings by parents and teachers, and (b) grade retention, attendance rates, and third-grade reading and mathematics scores from school records. Social capital was measured with repeated surveys of teachers and parents that address the extent of social networks, parent involvement, trust, and shared expectations among parents, between parents and schools, and between parents and children. Demographic variables of this study include native language, years in the United States, date of birth/age, race/ethnicity, gender, and household composition.

Curated
Partially restricted

Violent Incidents Among Selected Public School Students in Two Large Cities of the South and the Southern Midwest, 1995: [United States] (ICPSR 2027)

Released/updated on: 2012-08-22
Geographic coverage: United States
This study of violent incidents among middle- and high-school students focused not only on the types and frequency of these incidents, but also on their dynamics -- the locations, the opening moves, the relationship between the disputants, the goals and justifications of the aggressor, the role of third parties, and other factors. For this study, violence was defined as an act carried out with the intention, or perceived intention, of physically injuring another person, and the "opening move" was defined as the action of a respondent, antagonist, or third party that was viewed as beginning the violent incident. Data were obtained from interviews with 70 boys and 40 girls who attended public schools with populations that had high rates of violence. About half of the students came from a middle school in an economically disadvantaged African-American section of a large southern city. The neighborhood the school served, which included a public housing project, had some of the country's highest rates of reported violent crime. The other half of the sample were volunteers from an alternative high school attended by students who had committed serious violations of school rules, largely involving illegal drugs, possession of handguns, or fighting. Many students in this high school, which is located in a large city in the southern part of the Midwest, came from high-crime areas, including public housing communities. The interviews were open-ended, with the students encouraged to speak at length about any violent incidents in school, at home, or in the neighborhood in which they had been involved. The 110 interviews yielded 250 incidents and are presented as text files, Parts 3 and 4. The interview transcriptions were then reduced to a quantitative database with the incident as the unit of analysis (Part 1). Incidents were diagrammed, and events in each sequence were coded and grouped to show the typical patterns and sub-patterns in the interactions. Explanations the students offered for the violent-incident behavior were grouped into two categories: (1) "justifications," in which the young people accepted responsibility for their violent actions but denied that the actions were wrong, and (2) "excuses," in which the young people admitted the act was wrong but denied responsibility. Every case in the incident database had at least one physical indicator of force or violence. The respondent-level file (Part 2) was created from the incident-level file using the AGGREGATE procedure in SPSS. Variables in Part 1 include the sex, grade, and age of the respondent, the sex and estimated age of the antagonist, the relationship between respondent and antagonist, the nature and location of the opening move, the respondent's response to the opening move, persons present during the incident, the respondent's emotions during the incident, the person who ended the fight, punishments imposed due to the incident, whether the respondent was arrested, and the duration of the incident. Additional items cover the number of times during the incident that something was thrown, the respondent was pushed, slapped, or spanked, was kicked, bit, or hit with a fist or with something else, was beaten up, cut, or bruised, was threatened with a knife or gun, or a knife or gun was used on the respondent. Variables in Part 2 include the respondent's age, gender, race, and grade at the time of the interview, the number of incidents per respondent, if the respondent was an armed robber or a victim of an armed robbery, and whether the respondent had something thrown at him/her, was pushed, slapped, or spanked, was kicked, bit, or hit with a fist or with something else, was beaten up, was threatened with a knife or gun, or had a knife or gun used on him/her.