National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Series

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) series (formerly titled National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) is a major source of statistical information on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco and on mental health issues among members of the U.S. civilian, non-institutional population aged 12 or older. The survey tracks trends in specific substance use and mental illness measures and assesses the consequences of these conditions by examining mental and/or substance use disorders and treatment for these disorders. Examples of uses of NSDUH data include the identification of groups at high risk for initiation of substance use and issues among those with co-occurring substance use disorders and mental illness.

The population of the NSDUH series is the general civilian population aged 12 and older in the United States. Questions include age at first use, as well as lifetime, annual, and past-month usage for the following drugs: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine (including crack), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, tobacco, pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives. The survey covers substance abuse treatment history and perceived need for treatment, and includes questions from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders that allow diagnostic criteria to be applied. Respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, health care access and coverage, illegal activities and arrest record, problems resulting from the use of drugs, perceptions of risks, and needle-sharing. Demographic data include gender, race, age, ethnicity, educational level, job status, income level, veteran status, household composition, and population density.

The questionnaire was significantly redesigned in 1994. The 1994 survey for the first time included a rural population supplement to allow separate estimates to be calculated for this population. Other modules have been added each year and retained in subsequent years: mental health and access to care (1994-B); risk/availability of drugs (1996); cigar smoking and new questions on marijuana and cocaine use (1997); question series asked only of respondents aged 12 to 17 (1997); questions on tobacco brand (1999); marijuana purchase questions (2001); prior marijuana and cigarette use, additional questions on drug treatment, adult mental health services, and social environment (2003); and adult and adolescent depression questions derived from the National Comorbidity Survey, Replication (NCS-R) and National Comorbidity Survey, Adolescent (NCS-A) (2004).

Survey administration and sample design were improved with the implementation of the 1999 survey, and additional improvements were made in 2002. Since 1999, the survey sample has employed a 50-state design with an independent, multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. At this time, the collection mode of the survey changed from personal interviews and self-enumerated answer sheets to using computer-assisted personal interviews and audio computer-assisted self interviews. In 2002, the survey's title was officially changed to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Participants have been given $30 for participating in the study since then. This resulted in an increase in participation rates from the years prior to 2002. Also, in 2002 and 2011, the new population data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial Censuses, respectively, became available for use in the sample weighting procedures. For these reasons, data gathered for 2002 and beyond cannot validly be compared to data prior to 2002.

The NSDUH is sponsored by the Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (formerly Office of Applied Studies), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. For more information, visit the NSDUH Web site.

Reports & Related Sites

Variable Crosswalk

The variable crosswalk displays all variables in the series and their availability by study year.

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Electronic Source
2024
Berger, Mitchell We've Done Away With a Critical Source of Drug Use Data - It's Time to Bring Back the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Survey. New York, NY: MedPage Today. [web article]
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Thesis
2024
Crump, Alisha Ann-Marie Structural Determinants of Cigar Behavior Among Youth and Young Adults. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. [dissertation]
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Journal Article
2024
Rosenblatt, Lucas, Herman, Bernease, Holovenko, Anastasia, Lee, Wonkwon, Loftus, Joshua, McKinnie, Elizabeth, Rumezhak, Taras, Stadnik, Andrii, Howe, Bill, Stoyanovich, Julia Epistemic parity: Reproducibility as an evaluation metric for differential privacy. 53, (1), 65-74.
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Journal Article
2023
Doherty, E.E., Green, K.M. Cohort profile: The Woodlawn Study. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology. 9, (3), .
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Book Section
2023
Flaherty, Brian P., Wang, Liying, Kiff, Cara J. Latent class and latent profile models. APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology: Data Analysis and Research Publication, Vol. 3, 2nd ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, .
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Journal Article
2023
Hollar, Madison K., Brubaker, Michael D., Richardson, George, Alvarez, Jenna Social predictors of marijuana use among African American youth. Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling. .
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2023
Korous, Kevin M., Causadias, Jose M., Bradley, Robert H., Levy, Roy, Cahill, Karina M., Li, Longfeng, Luthar, Suniya S. 'More is better' or 'better near the middle'? A U.S.-based individual participant data meta-analysis of socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms. American Psychologist. 78, (3), 305-320.
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2023
Liang, Wenbin, Chih, HuiJun, Chikritzhs, Tanya Predicting alcohol consumption patterns for individuals with a user-friendly parsimonious statistical model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20, (2581), .
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2023
Rosenblatt, Lucas, Herman, Bernease, Holovenko, Anastasia, Lee, Wonkwon, Loftus, Joshua, McKinnie, Elizabeth, Rumezhak, Taras, Stadnik, Andrii, Howe, Bill, Stoyanovich, Julia Epistemic parity: Reproducibility as an evaluation metric for differential privacy. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment. 16, (11), 3178-3191.
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2023
Steffensmeier, Darrell, Schwartz, Jennifer, Slepicka, Jessie, Zhong, Hua Twenty-first century trends in girls' violence and the gender gap: Triangulated findings from official and unofficial longitudinal sources. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 38, (17-18), 9818-9844.
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Conference Presentation
2022
Curie, Taryn Challenges to the age-crime curve: The impact of the opioid epidemic on crime. American Society of Criminology 2022 Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA.
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2022
Dunkwu, Anthonia Association between school-based mentoring intervention programs and drug abuse among African American aged 10-24 years. 8, 3-13.
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2022
Ghossoub, Elias, Kassir, Ghida, El Bashour, Joseph, Saneh, Wafic Associations between religiosity, aggression and crime: Results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 57, (9), 1829-1838.
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2022
Huth, K.B.S., Luigjes, J., Marsman, M., Goudriaan, A.E., van Holst, R.J. Modeling alcohol use disorder as a set of interconnected symptoms - Assessing differences between clinical and population samples and across external factors. Addictive Behaviors. 125, (107128), .
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2022
Marsman, M., Huth, K., Waldorp, L.J., Ntzoufras, I. Objective Bayesian edge screening and structure selection for Ising networks. Psychometrika. 87, (1), 47-82.
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Conference Presentation
2022
Montgomery, Barrett, Vsevolozhskaya, Olga, Tong, Xiaoran, Anthony, James Using Publicly Available Data to Predict Recreational Cannabis Legalization at the County-level: A Machine Learning Approach. 84th College on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD) Scientific Meeting. Minneapolis, MN.
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Journal Article
2022
Puddephatt, Jo-Anne, Irizar, Patricia, Jones, Andrew, Gage, Suzanne H., Goodwin, Laura Associations of common mental disorder with alcohol use in the adult general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 117, (6), 1543-1572.
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Preprint
2022
Rosenblatt, Lucas, Holovenko, Anastasia, Rumezhak, Taras, Stadnik, Andrii, Herman, Bernease, Stoyanovich, Julia, Howe, Bill Epistemic Parity: Reproducibility as an Evaluation Metric for Differential Privacy. arXiv. [preprint]
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Report
2021
Aldworth, Jeremy, Kott, Phillip, Hedden, Sarra, Gfroerer, Joseph, Beatty, Lauren G. Statistical Models to Predict Mental Illness Among State and Federal Prisoners. NCJ 252633, .
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Journal Article
2021
Azofeifa, Alejandro, Pacula, Rosalie L., Mattson, Margaret E. Cannabis growers in the United States: Findings from a national household survey 2010-2014. Journal of Drug Issues. 51, (3), 518-530.
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2021
Becker, Tara, Babey, Susan H., Dorsey, Rashida, Ponce, Ninez A. Data disaggregation with American Indian/Alaska Native population data. Population Research and Policy Review. 40, (1), 103-125.
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Conference Presentation
2021
Brown, Qiana, Samples, Hillary, Montgomery, LaTrice, Hasin, Deborah, Campbell, Cynthia, Crystal, Stephen Cannabis Use and Perceived Risk Among Pregnant Women in the U.S. by Trimester [poster]. 2nd College on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD) Virtual Scientific Meeting. .
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2021
Ghossoub, Elias, Cherro, Michele, Akil, Carla, Gharzeddine, Yara Mental illness and the risk of self- and other-directed aggression: Results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 132, 161-166.
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2021
Giles, McCaslin, Malcolm, Michael Prescription opioid misuse and property crime. Social Science Quarterly. 102, (2), 663-682.
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Thesis
2021
Griffin, Amber D. The Association between Justice System Contact, Psychological Distress, and Physical Illness: An Examination of Illicit Drug Use. Sam Houston State University. [dissertation]
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2021
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2021
Huth, Karoline, Luigjes, Judy, Marsman, Maarten, Goudriaan, Anneke, van Holst, Ruth Modeling Alcohol Use Disorder as a Set of Interconnected Symptoms - Assessing Differences between Clinical and Population Samples and Across External Factors. PsyArXiv Preprints. [preprint]
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Conference Presentation
2021
Huth, K., Luigjes, J., Marsman, M., Goudriaan, A., van Holst, R. Modeling Alcohol Use Disorder as a Set of Interconnected Symptoms - Assessing Differences between Clinical and Population Samples and Across External Factors. 24th European Association of Substance Abuse Research (EASAR) Conference [virtual]. .
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2021
Kim, Sunmee, Hwang, Heungsun Model-based recursive partitioning of extended redundancy analysis with an application to nicotine dependence among US adults. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 74, (3), 567-590.
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2021
Korous, Kevin M. Is More Always Better? The Relation Between Socioeconomic Status and Human Development. Arizona State University. [dissertation]

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2021
Nguyen, Ngoc N. The significance of school-based programs, school-based activities, and community-based activities against marijuana use among adolescents. Journal of Drug Issues. 51, (4), 711-721.
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2021
Platt, Jonathan M., Bates, Lisa, Jager, Justin, McLaughlin, Katie A., Keyes, Katherine M. Is the US gender gap in depression changing over time? A meta-regression. American Journal of Epidemiology. .
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2021
Rowell-Cunsolo, Tawandra L., Bellerose, Meghan Utilization of substance use treatment among criminal justice-involved individuals in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 125, (108423), .
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Report
2021
Zhu, Wenjia, Shenk, Marisa, Ben-Shalom, Yonatan, Shaw, William Factors Contributing to Variation in Nonmedical Use of Prescription Pain Relievers Among U.S. Workers: 2004-2014. Washington, DC: Mathematica.
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2020
Ategbole, Muyiwa, Su, Brenda Bin, Wang, Nianyang, Loudermilk, Elaine, Xie, Xin, Acevedo, Priscila, Ozuna, Kaysie, Xu, Chun, Liu, Ying, Wang, Kesheng Gender differences in the associations of early onset poly tobacco and drug use prior to age 18 with the prevalence of adult bronchitis in the United States. Journal of Addictive Diseases. .
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Report
2020
Camhi, Natasha, Mistak, Dan, Wachino, Vikki Medicaid's Evolving Role in Advancing the Health of People Involved in the Justice System. Issue Brief. New York, NY: Commonwealth Fund.
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Thesis
2020
Dunkwu, Anthonia Association Between Mentoring Interventions and Drug Abuse Among African Americans Aged 10-24 Years. Walden University. [dissertation]

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2020
Ford, Jason A., Pomykacz, Corey R., Ortiz, Kasim, McCabe, Sean Esteban, Schepis, Ty S. Educational attainment and prescription drug misuse: The importance of push and pull factors for dropping out. Journal of Criminal Justice. 66, (101636), .
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2020
Gerhart, James, Duberstein, Paul, Paull, Danielle, O'Mahony, Sean, Burns, John, DeNicolo, Martin, Hoerger, Michael Geopersonality of preventable death in the United States: Anger-prone states and opioid deaths. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. 37, (8), 624-631.
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2020
Jardine, Eric, Lindner, Andrew M. The Dark Web and cannabis use in the United States: Evidence from a big data research design. International Journal of Drug Policy. 76, .
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2020
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Preprint
2020
Marsman, Maarten, Huth, Karoline, Waldorp, Lourens, Ntzoufras, Ioannis Objective Bayesian Edge Screening and Structure Selection for Networks of Binary Variables. PsyArXiv. [preprint]
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Book Section
2020
McHenry, Gretchen, Parker, Stephanie J., Khoury, Dalia, Conway, Kevin P. Epidemiology of smokeless tobacco use in the United States and other countries. Smokeless Tobacco Products: Characteristics, Usage, Health Effects, and Regulatory Implications. Elsevier, .
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2020
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Conference Presentation
2020
Perez, Adriana, Harrell, Melissa B., Penedo, Elena M., Bluestein, Meagan A., Perry, Cheryl L. A Histogram of the Recalled Age of Initiation of Cigarette Use Among Adults 26-34 Years Old [poster]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) 26th Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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2020
Probst, Charlotte, Vu, Tuong Manh, Epstein, Joshua M., Nielsen, Alexandra E., Buckley, Charlotte, Brennan, Alan, Rehm, Jurgen, Purshouse, Robin C. The normative underpinnings of population-level alcohol use: An individual-level simulation model. Health Education and Behavior. 47, (2), 224-234.
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2020
Trepman, Paula, Villars, Melissa, Chang, Yu-Ting, Rosen, Zohn The association between health insurance and opioid misuse in pregnancy. Journal of Scientific Innovation in Medicine. 3, (3), .
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Journal Article
2019
Black, Pamela, Hendy, Helen M. Do painkillers serve as 'hillbilly heroin' for rural adults with high levels of psychosocial stress?. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 18, (2), 224-236.
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