Search results

Showing 1 – 50 of 1,697 results.
Self-published

Women Ph.D. (ICPSR 196601)

Released/updated on: 2024-01-02
This data set has 416 responses from Indian women research scholars in response to a survey questionnaire.
Self-published

Women Veterans in 2023 (ICPSR 227293)

Released/updated on: 2025-04-21
Exploring the Characteristics of Women Veterans including age, race & ethnicity, period of service, socioeconomic characteristics, and use of VA benefits and services. 
Curated
Restricted

Metastereotypes of Women in STEM (ICPSR 37314)

Released/updated on: 2019-05-08
These data were collected from female faculty in STEM disciplines. Analyses will be reported in the Archives of Scientific Psychology.
Curated

Women's Movements and Women's Policy Offices in Western Postindustrial Democracies, 1970-2001 (ICPSR 30681)

Released/updated on: 2011-07-21
Geographic coverage: United States, Global, Spain, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Italy, France, Germany
Time period: 1970-01-01--2004-01-01
This dataset was produced by the Research Network on Gender Politics and the State (RNGS) as a part of a cross-national longitudinal study of women's policy offices and women's movements in western postindustrial democracies. The RNGS dataset contains 130 policy debates/observations from 13 countries coded on 28 concepts and over 110 variables. It provides information on women's movements, women's policy offices, policy making processes, and policy debates over a 35-year time period.
Self-published

Data and Code for: Seeking the “Missing Women” of Economics with the Undergraduate Women in Economics Challenge (ICPSR 201186)

Released/updated on: 2024-08-12
Time period: 1984-01-01--2021-01-01, 2001-01-01--2021-01-01
Economics is among the most popular undergraduate majors, especially in top colleges and universities. However, even at the best research universities and liberal arts colleges men outnumber women by two to one, and overall there are about 2.5 males to every female economics major. We discuss why women major in economics less than men and describe a project to increase the number of female economics majors. The Undergraduate Women in Economics (UWE) Challenge was a randomized controlled trial, with 20 treatment and 68 control schools, that we ran for one year in AY 2015-16 to evaluate the impact of light-touch interventions to recruit and retain female economics majors. Treatment schools received funding, guidance, and access to networking with other treatment schools to implement programs such as providing better information to incoming students about the application of economics, exposing students to role models, providing mentoring, and updating course content and pedagogy. Using 2001-2021 data from the NCES-Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) on graduating undergraduates (BAs), we find that UWE was effective in increasing the fraction of female BAs who majored in economics relative to men in liberal arts colleges. Large universities did not show an impact of the treatment, although those that implemented their own RCTs showed moderate success in encouraging more women to major in economics. We discuss what we believe worked in the UWE program and speculate on the reasons for differential treatment impact.
Curated

Women Coping in Prison at the Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women in Virginia, 1999-2000 (ICPSR 3354)

Released/updated on: 2006-03-30
Geographic coverage: United States, Virginia
Time period: 1999-04-01--2000-07-01
This study contributed to the growing interest in mental illness and impairment among incarcerated individuals. It focused on the larger spectrum of psychopathology that characterized the general, nonhospitalized population at the Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women in Virginia. Part 1 consists of clinical data obtained through several questionnaires completed by a sample of 812 inmates between April 1999 and January 2000. Parts 2 through 4 consist of additional clinical data on subsamples of the Part 1 sample that were obtained between June 1999 and July 2000 through interviews and self-enumerated questionnaires. Part 5 contains data on inmate behavior and attitudes obtained through questionnaires completed by correctional officers.
Self-published
Restricted

Women on Probation and Parole Followup (ICPSR 131861)

Released/updated on: 2022-01-12
Time period: 2016-01-01--2018-01-01
This is a followup study of the data for Women on Probation and Parole.  For those study participants, the Women's Risk/Needs Assessment was administered between 2015 and 2018.  Items for risk/need sub-scales to assess risks and needs that had been administered between 2011-2013 to this group of women were repeated at least once, and for some sub-scales twice.  Additional scales were measured to reflect satisfaction with life and generativity.  The data include self-reports of continued substance misuse and contact with the criminal justice system. 
Self-published

The Women on High Courts Database (ICPSR 135801)

Released/updated on: 2021-05-19
Time period: 1946-01-01--2020-01-01
This study provides over-time and cross-national data on women on high courts. The dataset includes information on the year the first woman was appointed and the gender composition of the high court. High courts include single peak courts as found in many common law countries and constitutional courts and highest appellate courts as found in many civil law countries. Information on the year of the first woman spans the period, 1945 to 2020. Data coverage on the number and percentage of women on high courts starts in 1970 or when the court is created, whichever comes first. Countries included have a population of 200,000 or greater. The data were compiled by the authors and their research teams drawing on a combination of secondary sources and information from countries' courts and judges. 
Curated

National Women's Study, 1975 (ICPSR 7532)

Released/updated on: 2009-07-21
Geographic coverage: United States
This survey of American women was based on interviews from a geographically stratified probability sample of 1,522 adult women. The interviews were made in August and September 1975. Approximately 278 variables are contained in this dataset. The study focused on women's attitudes and opinions toward their current activities, patterns of life, and their views about the future. Comprehensive questions were asked about the work patterns of women, leisure activities, and mass media use. Other questions dealing with women's rights issues, such as day care centers, ERA, and divorce were also included. A full range of demographic information was also obtained.
Curated

Women in Development IV, 1983 (ICPSR 8155)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: South America, Benin, Angola, Cambodia, Sudan, Paraguay, Portugal, Syria, Latin America, North Korea, Greece, Morocco, Iran, Mali, Panama, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq, Chile, Nepal, Argentina, Africa, Tanzania, Seychelles, Zambia, Ghana, India, Canada, Guinea-Bissau, Turkey, Belgium, Taiwan, Finland, South Africa, Jamaica, Peru, Germany, Yemen, Vietnam (Socialist Republic), Hong Kong, United States, Guinea, China (Peoples Republic), Chad, Somalia, Sao Tome and Principe, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Thailand, Costa Rica, Middle East, Sweden, Malawi, Poland, Jordan, Nigeria, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, Kenya, Switzerland, Spain, Lebanon, Djibouti, Liberia, Cuba, Venezuela, Czech Republic, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Swaziland, Israel, Australia, Soviet Union, Myanmar, Cameroon, Cyprus, Malaysia, North America, Global, South Korea, Austria, Yugoslavia, Mozambique, El Salvador, Brazil, Algeria, Lesotho, Ecuador, Colombia, Hungary, Japan, Mauritius, Senegal, Italy, Honduras, Ethiopia, Haiti, Afghanistan, Burundi, Egypt, Sierra Leone, Bolivia, Saudi Arabia, Cape Verde, Netherlands, Pakistan, Gambia, France, Romania, Togo, Niger, Philippines, Rwanda, Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Asia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Pacific Ocean, Indonesia
Time period: 1970-01-01--1983-01-01
This file contains national-level data concerning female/male differentials over a range of demographic and socioeconomic variables for each of 120 developing countries. Breakdowns by age and urban/rural residence are frequently included. Data were drawn primarily from censuses and reliable surveys, and constitute the most recently available information at the time of collection. The 120 countries included in the file are all recipients of Agency for International Development aid. There are data for 19 countries from Asia/Pacific, 21 from Latin America/Caribbean, 41 from Sub-Saharan Africa, 15 from the Near East/North Africa, two from North America, 21 from Europe, and the Soviet Union.
Curated

Women in Development, 1979-1980 (ICPSR 8053)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: Benin, Cameroon, Cyprus, Sudan, Paraguay, Global, Syria, Latin America, North Korea, South Korea, Mozambique, El Salvador, Morocco, Mali, Panama, Guatemala, Guyana, Lesotho, Nepal, Ecuador, Africa, Tanzania, Seychelles, Zambia, Ghana, Mauritius, India, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Honduras, Jamaica, Peru, Ethiopia, Yemen, Haiti, Afghanistan, Burundi, Guinea, Egypt, Chad, Somalia, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Thailand, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Middle East, Cape Verde, Pakistan, Malawi, Gambia, Jordan, Tunisia, Togo, Sri Lanka, Niger, Philippines, Rwanda, Kenya, Lebanon, Djibouti, Liberia, Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Asia, Swaziland, Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, Dominican Republic, Israel, Indonesia
Time period: 1979-01-01--1980-01-01
This file contains national-level data concerning female/male differentials over a range of demographic and socioeconomic variables for each of 69 developing countries. Breakdowns by age and urban/rural residence were frequently included. Data were drawn primarily from censuses and reliable surveys, and constitute the most recently available information at the time of collection. The 69 countries included in the file were all Agency for International Development recipients. Nine countries from Asia are included, 14 in Latin America, 36 in Africa, and 10 in the Near East.
Self-published

Women at Work: Sexual Harassment (ICPSR 109149)

Released/updated on: 2019-05-07
Over the last two years, awareness about the sexual mistreatment of women has stunned the world. According to analysis by the New York Times, the defeat of Hilary Clinton and election of Donald Trump spurred a women’s movement in the US that began in November of 2016 and resulted in protests across the country, including the largest single-day protest in history on January 21, 2017. Later that year, the #MeToo movement (starting in October 2017) and subsequent #TimesUp movement (starting in January 2018) galvanized women to unite against sexual assault and sexual harassment, which has become the hallmark of the current women’s movement. But has anything changed over this time period in regard to the sexual harassment of women? We examine data from over 500 women at two points in time (September 2016 and September 2018) and found reduced levels of the most egregious forms of sexual harassment (unwanted sexual attention and sexual coercion) but increased levels of gender harassment in 2018 compared to data collected in 2016. More importantly, sexual harassment had a weaker relationship with women’s negative self-views (lower self-esteem, higher self-doubt) in 2018 compared to 2016. Qualitative interviews collected from women in the fall of 2016 and in the fall of 2018 from the same women, support the quantitative data. They suggest that the decrease in the more egregious forms of sexual harassment is due to the increased scrutiny on the topic and the increase in gender harassment is the result of backlash against women. The interviewees also suggest that the diminished relationship between sexual harassment and negative self-views was the result of reduced shame and increased support and empowerment.  
Self-published

data-set-women-researcher (ICPSR 187161)

Released/updated on: 2023-03-22
The data-set has responses of 372 women research scholars.
Self-published

Nutrition Literacy Colombian Women (ICPSR 206921)

Released/updated on: 2024-06-27
This study investigated the levels of nutrition literacy among 13 women participating in community kitchens in Colombia. The primary objective of the research was to assess nutrition literacy across various domains and identify key areas where educational interventions could be most effective. The study utilized the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Tool - Spanish (NLit-S) to evaluate six domains: Nutrition and Health, Energy Sources in Food, Household Food Measurement, Food Labels and Numeracy, Food Groups, and Consumer Skills.
Curated

Women Correctional Officers in California, 1979 (ICPSR 8684)

Released/updated on: 2006-03-30
Geographic coverage: United States, California
This study examined women correctional officers working in the 11 institutions for men operated by the California Department of Corrections in 1979. For Part 1, Census, researchers conducted a census of all 386 female correctional officers working in these institutions to collect demographic characteristics and baseline data. For Parts 2 (Staff) and 3 (Inmate), a survey was administered to staff and inmates asking their opinions about differences in performance between male and female correctional officers. Part 4, Profile, contains demographic and background data for the officers participating in the Part 2 survey. For Parts 5 (Female) and 6 (Male), researchers gathered job performance data for female correctional officers in 7 of the 11 institutions, as well as a matched sample of male correctional officers. Variables in Parts 1 and 4-6 include demographic information such as age, ethnicity, marital status, number of children, and educational and occupational history. Other variables measure attributes such as age, weight, and height, and record career information such as date and location of permanent assignment as a correctional officer, any breaks in service, and other criminal justice work experience. Additional variables in Parts 5 and 6 include job performance measures, such as ratings on skills, knowledge, work habits, learning ability, overall work habits, quality and quantity of work, and commendations. Parts 2 and 3 present information on staff and inmate evaluations of male and female correctional officers performing specific roles, such as control work officer, yard officer, or security squad officer. Additional variables include opinions on how well male and female officers handled emergency situations, maintained control under stress, and used firearms when necessary. Questions were also asked about whether inmates' or officers' safety was endangered with female officers, whether women should be hired as correctional officers, and whether female officers were gaining acceptance in correctional facilities.
Curated

Attitudes Toward Women and Work, 1978 (ICPSR 22860)

Released/updated on: 2009-05-19
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1978-11-01--1978-12-01
This study, which was conducted in 1978, involved interviews with a national sample of 2,002 individuals, including both members of 682 married couples. Respondents were asked what they thought about women working, how this might impact family life, as well as other issues affecting the nation. Specific questions covered female employment history, job responsibilities, childcare, income, labor union participation, decision-making in the family, household responsibilities, divorce, abortion, spousal abuse, sexual harassment in the workplace, and expectations about the consequences of passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. Demographic variables include age, sex, religious preference, racial status, marital status, and income.
Self-published

Is Economic Growth Good for Women's Agency? (ICPSR 119200)

Released/updated on: 2020-04-30
This paper analyzes the effect of economic growth on women's agency. Women's agency is measured across three dimensions: personal freedom, participation in household decisions, and perception of gender roles. The data were taken from three samples of a national-state representative survey on women's agency in Mexico. Using fixed effects at the state level, the study finds: (1) suggestive evidence that economic growth enhances women's personal freedom through the industrial and service sectors; (2) heterogeneous effects of economic growth on household decisions, the main beneficiaries of which are less educated and indigenous women; and (3) there is no evidence that economic growth affects the perception of gender roles.
Self-published

Identity-Centric Products and Women Workers (ICPSR 237965)

Released/updated on: 2025-09-15
We use American Community Survey data to test for impacts of identity-centric products on the earnings of workers of product-congruent identities. Specifically, we use ordinary least squares and instrumental variables two-stage least squares regressions to estimate effects of the presence of women’s sports teams and women’s colleges on the earnings of local women working in sports and education. We find that the presence of identity-centric products significantly increases the earnings of women working in sports and education. These findings suggest that identity-centric organizations can play a role in improving labor market outcomes for workers of product-congruent identities. 
Self-published

Vaccination Coverage among Pregnant Women (ICPSR 243508)

Released/updated on: 2026-01-11
Vaccination Coverage among Pregnant Women • Data on influenza and tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination coverage at the state level from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) for women who had a recent live birth by age and race/ethnicity. • Additional information available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/coverage/adultvaxview/index.html and https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/index.htm Read less
Self-published

Replication data for: Women, Wealth, and Mobility (ICPSR 113281)

Released/updated on: 2019-10-12
Using estate tax returns data, we observe that the share of women among the very wealthy in the United States peaked in the late 1960s at nearly one-half and then declined to one-third. We argue that this pattern reflects changes in the importance of dynastic wealth, with the share of women proxying for inherited wealth. If so, wealth mobility decreased until the 1970s and rose thereafter. Such an interpretation is consistent with technological change driving longterm trends in mobility and inequality, as well as the recent divergence between top wealth and top income shares documented elsewhere. (JEL D31, J16, J62, O33)
Self-published
Restricted

Preferential hiring and promotion of women and Blacks (ICPSR 165701)

Released/updated on: 2022-03-22
This file contains the data upon which the estimations and findings reported in the manuscript "A bivariate probit model of attitudes toward the preferential hiring and promotion of women and Blacks" are based. Variables have been derived in accordance with the explanations appearing in the text.
Self-published

Latino pregnant women zika awareness (ICPSR 125702)

Released/updated on: 2020-10-30
ObjectiveFrequent travel between the Southern border states in the USA, Mexico, and Latin American countries increases the risk of the Zika virus (ZIKV) spread. Patient education on virus transmission is fundamental in decreasing the number of imported cases, particularly among pregnant women.MethodsThe study used cross-sectional methodology to investigate information sources and knowledge concerning the ZIKV virus among 300 under-served pregnant Latinas recruited from prenatal care clinics in the North Texas region. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between the primary outcomes and patient characteristics.
Self-published

data-set-Indian-single-women (ICPSR 188205)

Released/updated on: 2024-12-19
This project has a data-set of 387 respondents, and  Appendix 1.
Self-published

Wages of men, women, and all the others (ICPSR 223202)

Released/updated on: 2025-08-25
Time period: 1800-01-01--1899-12-31
Wages earned by men are often used as an indicator of the material standard of living (MSoL). However, this indicator relies on several assumptions when used for comparisons across time and space. Considering these assumptions will improve estimates of the MSoL from wages. One necessary assumption is that households in the compared populations relied on the primary income of the male head of household to a comparable degree. I demonstrate that the degree of reliance on the male income was closely associated with the complexity of households within the population. Nuclear households—typical of English-speaking countries—were more reliant on the male income than more complex households found elsewhere. Consequently, estimates based on male wages are less accurate for populations with complex households, likely underestimating their MSoL. While the complexity of households in historical populations is seldom known, it can be predicted using demographic and economic indicators. I conclude that populations at similar stages of industrialization and the demographic transition are the most comparable when using male wages to estimate their MSoL. Further, I use a reductive model to show that a household’s MSoL is determined by three factors: time spent on productive work, the market wage for men, and the female/male wage ratio. My analysis shows that including the female/male wage ratio does not change the ranking of the MSoL based on male wages. Nonetheless, I argue that there are compelling reasons to expect the wage ratio to be a useful addition when comparing the MSoL of historical populations.(Abstract of the associated article.)
Self-published

Insuring women’s work: Exploring the rationale for women's enrollment in early twentieth-century Swedish health insurance societies (ICPSR 234043)

Released/updated on: 2025-06-24
Time period: 1910-01-01--1914-12-31
The common narrative about historical health insurance societies emphasizes that they compensated the male breadwinner’s lost income. This fails to explain the relatively high and increasing share of female members, including unpaid domestic workers, in Swedish health insurance societies during the early twentieth century. To amend this lack of explanation, this paper investigates the rationale for women’s enrollment in health insurance societies in early twentieth-century Sweden. It explores the impact of factors relating to the labor market and health insurance supply, and the impact of members’ individual characteristics. Additionally, the study analyzes how femalespecific morbidity and pregnancy-related illness, alongside the incapacity to perform domestic chores, influenced women’s decisions to acquire health insurance. Findings indicate clear regional differences and two mechanisms of enrollment, applying to primarily unmarried gainfully employed women and primarily married unpaid domestic workers, respectively. Hence, health insurance compensated for lost wage incomes for some and protected the general loss of work capacity for most. Swedish health insurance societies appear to have recognized the necessity of women’s paid and unpaid work, and particularly the introduction of maternity insurance met demands for covering the costs associated with the inability of women to work both in the labor market and domestically. 
Self-published

Women's International Nongovernmental Organizations, 1950-2013 (ICPSR 100514)

Released/updated on: 2017-03-23
Time period: 1950-01-01--2013-12-31
In these data, we collect data from the Yearbook of International Organizations to measure country ties to women’s international nongovernmental organizations (WINGOs). Data are provided for 160 countries (with over 1 million population in 2000) for 12 time points between 1950 and 2013.  
Curated

Harris 1972 American Women's Opinion Poll (ICPSR 7326)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: United States
This study was the second in a series of surveys commissioned by Virginia Slims. The first survey conducted in 1970 dealt with women's perceptions of their roles and status in American society. The present study focused on women's views of their own presence in political and economic life, and men's views of women with respect to the same issues. Four different samples were interviewed for this study: two women's samples comprising 2,009 respondents, and two mixed samples totaling 2,011 respondents. Questions probed respondents' attitudes toward women's changing status, discrimination against women, women's liberation groups, women in politics, and female politicians versus male politicians and their handling of various situations. Respondents were also asked about their partisan preferences, problems confronting the nation, their attitudes toward investments, borrowing, and saving, and other social and economic issues. Demographic data include age group, race, sex, marital status, number of minor children, religion, level of education, and 1970 family income. The data were obtained from the Institute for Research in Social Science at the University of North Carolina.
Curated

Women and Violence in Chicago, Illinois, 1994-1995 (ICPSR 2958)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18
Geographic coverage: United States, Chicago, Illinois
Time period: 1994-01-01--1995-01-01
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of domestic violence on women's labor force participation. The hypothesis was that women who had experienced domestic violence would have lower rates of labor force participation than women with no history of domestic violence. The University of Illinois Survey Research Laboratory conducted door-to-door interviews with women in the Humboldt Park, Montclare, and Belmont-Cragin community areas of Chicago. Data collection for Part 1, Humboldt Park Data, ran from September 16, 1994, through April 9, 1995. Interviews were completed with 824 adult women residing in the Humboldt Park neighborhood. Data collection for Part 2, Montclare and Belmont-Cragin Data, ran from April 10, 1995, through October 15, 1995. Interviews were completed with 149 adult women residing in the Montclare and Belmont-Cragin community areas. Demographic information was collected on respondent's race, marital status, income, and education, employment histories of the respondent, respondent's husband or boyfriend, and parents, and citizenship. Other variables include economic and social problems of the respondent's neighborhood, respondent's relationships with men, experiences as a victim of physical and sexual abuse by a husband or boyfriend, if the respondent had physical and mental problems during the past 12 months, if the respondent smoked or used alcohol or drugs, the number of days domestic problems prevented the respondent from working or going to school, whether respondent was emotionally, physically, or sexually abused as a child or teenager, in what ways the respondent's past experiences had affected her education and employment, respondent's current work experience and earnings, and whether the respondent received any type of public assistance.
Curated

Women in Prison in the 1990s: A Temporal and Institutional Comparison (ICPSR 31221)

Released/updated on: 2011-10-27
Geographic coverage: United States, California
Time period: 1977-01-01--1997-01-01
This study explores the attitudes, perceptions and experiences of women in two prisons in California. The study includes both a temporal component comparing women's experiences in one prison in the early 1960s and the mid-1990s, and a comparative institutional component, comparing women's experiences in two different prisons operating in the social and policy milieu of the mid-1990s. It analyzes surveys of inmates and secondary data collected from official records, archives, and an earlier study of women in prison in California. The study portrayed women's reactions to prison as a function of (1) inmates' pre-prison characteristics, (2) characteristics of inmates' prison careers, (3) institutional structures and processes, (4) crime control ideologies and policies, (5) public attitudes toward crime and criminals, and (6) women's roles, opportunities, and lifestyles in the wider society. Closed-ended questions were developed for the survey designed to measure (1) the most difficult aspects of doing time, (2) the specific problems of prison life, (3) the various types of inmates and inmate relations, and (4) the nature of inmate-staff relations. The survey also included questions based on measures and scales used in penology research and the survey initially administered by Ward and Kassebaum to women prisoners in the 1960s. Demographic questions included age, ethnicity, if born in the United States, length of residence in the United States, marital status, and education.
Self-published

Data and Code for: "Gendered Laws and Women in the Workforce" (ICPSR 118224)

Released/updated on: 2020-11-23
Time period: 1970-01-01--2019-01-01
This paper offers for the first time a global picture of gender discrimination by the law as it affects women’s economic opportunity and charts the evolution of legal inequalities over five decades. Using the World Bank’s newly constructed “Women, Business and the Law” database, we document large and persistent gender inequalities, especially with regard to pay and treatment of parenthood. We find positive correlations between more equal laws pertaining to women in the workforce and more equal labor market outcomes, such as higher female labor force participation and a smaller wage gap between men and women.
Curated

Influences of Women's Empowerment on Marriage and Violence in Bangladesh (ICPSR 35858)

Released/updated on: 2015-05-01
Geographic coverage: Bangladesh
This study uses qualitative data to examine young women's relationships with their mothers and mothers-in-law to understand how these relationships foster empowerment in the younger generation or fail to do so. These data consist of ethnographic interviews with 20 triads of women - young married women, their mothers and their mothers-in-law.
Curated

Age at Menarche of Poor Viennese Women, 1907 (ICPSR 6804)

Released/updated on: 1998-02-19
Geographic coverage: Global
This data collection tracks the age at menarche of poor Viennese women and investigates its relationship to fertility. Information on the women includes age, marital status, birthplace, religion, age at menarche, regularity of menstruation, usual duration of menstruation, height measurement in centimeters, weight measurement, pulse, and number of previous pregnancies. Additional data items include month in which the mother entered the delivery clinic, sex of the newborn, length of the newborn in centimeters, birth weight of the newborn in grams, number of days mother remained in the hospital after delivery, weight of the baby upon leaving the hospital, and previous illnesses of the mother.
Curated

Women's Health in Boston and Cambridge, 2000 [Massachusetts] (ICPSR 26583)

Released/updated on: 2010-06-16
Geographic coverage: United States, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Boston
Time period: 2000-09-01--2000-11-01
Using Random Digit Dial, this study tested the feasibility of using a brief telephone interview to assess sexual attraction, behavior, and identity among women. A neighborhood in Boston with a high density of lesbian residents was selected. The study used three criteria to identify a neighborhood that was expected to have a high density of lesbian residents. Neighborhoods were defined by a postal ZIP code so that potential respondents could easily identify whether or not they lived in the target area. The criteria used were: (a) a high proportion of never-married females aged 35 years or older (calculated as ratio of ZIP code area to city wide, United States Department of Commerce, 1990), (b) a high proportion of female-headed households who also reported an unmarried female partner in the household (United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990), and (c) a high proportion of female patients from the ZIP code area among Fenway Community Health Center female patients (Fenway Community Health Center is a major health service provider to gay and lesbian populations in Boston and Cambridge). These criteria led to the selection of the Jamaica Plain neighborhood in Boston. Women were eligible if they resided in that area, were between the ages of 18 and 59 years, and spoke English well enough to be able to answer the interview questions. Phone interviews lasted a mean of 5.6 minutes. Respondents who identified themselves as lesbian or bisexual completed an additional specialized section that lasted a mean of 2.5 minutes and inquired about participation in and identification with the gay/lesbian community. In total, 1,250 numbers were dialed. Of them, 169 (14 percent) were nonworking numbers, 165 (13 percent) were not households (e.g., businesses), 235 (19 percent) were indeterminable (number was never answered by a person), and 681 (54 percent) were households. Of these households, 439 (64 percent) were successfully screened, 176 (26 percent) refused or delayed screening, and 66 (10 percent) could not be screened (e.g., language barriers). Of the screened households, 223 (51 percent) were not eligible. Of 216 eligible households, 202 (94 percent) women completed the interview.
Curated

National Longitudinal Survey of Mature and Young Women (ICPSR 34930)

Released/updated on: 2013-10-28
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1967-01-01--2003-01-01
The National Longitudinal Survey of Mature and Young Women, a two-cohort survey, is part of the NLS Original Cohort project. The Mature Women's cohort includes 5,083 women who were ages 30-44 when first interviewed in 1967, while the Young Women's cohort includes 5,159 women who were ages 14-24 when first interviewed in 1968. Data for both cohorts are available through 2003, when active surveying was discontinued.
Curated

HIV Intervention Among Women at High Risk (ICPSR 35920)

Released/updated on: 2015-06-11
Geographic coverage: China (Peoples Republic)
This study is a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a peer-led multilevel and multi-component HIV intervention among women at high risk in China. The intervention is tested on 712 women working in the entertainment industry, divided at random into two groups. Both groups receive standard voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). The intervention group receives additional motivation-enhancing and gender-specific empowerment skills trainings delivered by trained peer educators, peer outreach, and a structural intervention to promote social, normative, and working environments supportive of HIV risk reduction. The intervention's efficacy is evaluated through assessments of self-reported HIV risk and preventive behaviors and newly detected STIs at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups.
Curated

Women in the Middle Years, 1960s [United States] (ICPSR 29222)

Released/updated on: 2010-09-15
Geographic coverage: United States
This is a study from the 1960s that assessed the impact of menopause on function. One hundred European American, largely middle-class, women living in Chicago were intensively interviewed two separate times about life structure, values, and family/work involvements. The sample was approximately one-third peri-menopausal, one-third in menopause, and one-third post-menopausal.
Curated
Partially restricted

Convention Delegate Study of 1972: Women in Politics (ICPSR 7287)

Released/updated on: 1996-02-09
Geographic coverage: United States
This study consists of two analytically distinct parts. The first 351 variables contain information from 2,587 delegates to the Republican and Democratic national nominating conventions of 1972 who responded to a pre-convention mail questionnaire (response rate of 58 percent). Data for the next 381 variables were gathered in post-convention personal interviews with 1,336 respondents selected as a representative sample of delegates. Either segment of the data may be analyzed independently, or the appropriate subset of merged data may be selected. The study focused on the changing role of women in politics, utilizing the nominating conventions as a means of defining and identifying an elite segment of the population and women in politics at one point in time. The mail questionnaire provided information on the nature and composition of each of the national conventions in terms of the delegates' personal life histories, political expectations and aspirations, and attitudes towards candidates, issues, and groups in society and at the conventions. The personal interview built on the pre-convention instrument and examined in depth the candidate selection process, the convention proceedings, and the psychological factors involved in women's political activity. Demographic data include age, sex, race, place of birth, marital status, number of children, ethnicity, education, parents' and spouse's levels of education, occupation, and family income.
Self-published

Replication data for: Women in Economics: Stalled Progress (ICPSR 114026)

Released/updated on: 2019-10-12
Women are still a minority in the economics profession. By the mid-2000s, just under 35 percent of PhD students and 30 percent of assistant professors were female, and these numbers have remained roughly constant ever since. Over the past two decades, women's progress in academic economics has slowed, with virtually no improvement in the female share of junior faculty or graduate students in decades. Little consensus has emerged as to why, though there has been a renewal of widespread interest in the status and future of women in economics and of the barriers they face to professional success. In this paper, we first document trends in the gender composition of academic economists over the past 25 years, the extent to which these trends encompass the most elite departments, and how women's representation across fields of study within economics has changed. We then review the recent literature on other dimensions of women's relative position in the discipline, including research productivity and income, and assess evidence on the barriers that female economists face in publishing, promotion, and tenure. While differences in preferences and constraints may directly affect the relative productivity of men and women, productivity gaps do not fully explain the gender disparity in promotion rates in economics. Furthermore, the progress of women has stalled relative to that in other disciplines in the past two decades. We propose that differential assessment of men and women is one important factor in explaining this stalled progress, reflected in gendered institutional policies and apparent implicit bias in promotion and tenure processes.
Self-published

Replication data for: Health and the Political Agency of Women (ICPSR 114855)

Released/updated on: 2019-10-13
We investigate whether women's political representation in state legislatures improves public provision of antenatal and childhood health services in the districts from which they are elected, arguing that the costs of poor services in this domain fall disproportionately upon women. Using large representative data samples from India and accounting for potential endogeneity of politician gender and the sample composition of births, we find that a 10 percentage point increase in women's representation results in a 2.1 percentage point reduction in neonatal mortality, and we elucidate mechanisms. Women's political representation may be an underutilized tool for addressing health in developing countries.
Self-published

Are Occupations Associated With Women Devalued? A Causal Test (ICPSR 250930)

Released/updated on: 2026-06-29
Empirical evidence from the labor market suggests that when an occupation is associated with women, it is devalued; but without tight experimental control these studies cannot establish that the relationship is causal. In a series of preregistered survey experiments, I test whether U.S. residents devalue three distinct occupations when they are feminine-typed rather than masculine-typed. I independently vary two gendered dimensions of each occupation: whether it is described as majority-women (versus majority-men) and as necessitating feminine-typed communal (versus masculine-typed agentic) traits. I find modest evidence that the gender ratio or gendered traits of an occupation independently shape its perceived value net of the other, and robust evidence that a doubly feminine-typed occupation (majority-women and typified by communal traits) is devalued relative to a doubly masculine-typed occupation (majority-men and typified by agentic traits). This study provides causal evidence that an occupation’s association with women shapes its perceived monetary value, and shows that the effect is most pronounced when an occupation is feminine-typed on both dimensions. The devaluation of domains associated with women illustrates women’s limited options for evading gender bias: Although women are least likely to face gender bias in feminine-typed domains, those very domains are subject to gendered devaluation.
The preregistrations for each study are available at the following links: Study 1: https://aspredicted.org/g9yc-w6k2.pdf; Study 2: https://aspredicted.org/2dh3-bytv.pdf; Study 3: https://aspredicted.org/rdnv-8djt.pdf.
Self-published

DO GENDERED LANGUAGES FAIL WOMEN IN MATH? (ICPSR 126081)

Released/updated on: 2020-11-10
Time period: 2016-12-07--2018-07-19
Data and code provided for: "The effect of language on behavior: do gendered languages fail women in math?"Abstract:Research suggests that gendered languages are associated with gender inequality.  However, because languages are embedded in cultures, evidence for causal effects are harder to provide. We contribute to this ongoing debate by exploring the relationship between gendered languages and the gender gap in mathematics achievements. We provide evidence for causality by exploiting the prominent (but not exclusive) practice in gendered languages of using masculine generics to address women. In an experiment on a large representative sample of the Hebrew-speaking adult population in Israel, we show that addressing women in the feminine, compared to addressing them in the masculine, reduces the gender gap in mathematics achievements by a third. These effects are stronger among participants who acquired the Hebrew language early in childhood rather than later in life, suggesting that it is the extent of language proficiency that generates one's sensitivity to being addressed in the masculine or in the feminine. Moreover, when women are addressed in the masculine, their efforts (in terms of time spent on the math test) decrease and they report feeling that ‘science is for men’ more than when addressed in the feminine. We supplement the analysis with two experiments that explore the roles of general and task specific stereotypes in generating these effects.
Self-published

Data and Code for: Women's Suffrage and Children's Education (ICPSR 119925)

Released/updated on: 2021-07-20
While a growing literature shows that women, relative to men, prefer greater investment in children, it is unclear whether empowering women produces better economic outcomes. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in U.S. suffrage laws, we show that exposure to suffrage during childhood led to large increases in educational attainment for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, especially blacks and Southern whites. We also find that suffrage led to higher earnings alongside education gains, although not for Southern blacks. Using newly-digitized data, we show that education increases are primarily explained by suffrage-induced growth in education spending, although early-life health improvements may have also contributed.
Self-published

Electoral Competition, Voter Bias, and Women in politics (ICPSR 141781)

Released/updated on: 2021-06-04
We quantify the implications of voter bias and electoral competition for politicians' gender composition. Unfavorable voters' attitudes towards women and local gender earnings gap correlate negatively with the share of female candidates in Parliamentary elections. Using within-candidate variation across the different polling stations of an electoral district in a given election year, we find that female candidates obtain fewer votes in municipalities with higher gender earnings gaps. We show theoretically that when voters are biased against women, parties facing gender quotas select male candidates in the most contestable districts. We find empirical support for such a strategic party response to voter gender bias. Simulating our calibrated model confirms that competition significantly hinders the effectiveness of gender quotas.
Self-published

Replication data for: Fertility Decline and Missing Women (ICPSR 113674)

Released/updated on: 2019-10-12
Time period: 2013-01-01--2014-01-01
The desire for smaller families is conjectured as one reason the male-to-female sex ratio has increased with economic development in several countries. Families that strongly want at least one son are less likely to obtain him by chance at low fertility, which could increase their use of sex-selective abortion. This paper quantifies the relationship between desired fertility and the sex ratio in India by eliciting sex composition preferences at specified fertility levels. I find that the desired sex ratio increases sharply as fertility falls and that fertility decline explains one third to one half of India's recent sex ratio increase.
Self-published

Demand for Women Workers in World War II (ICPSR 102281)

Released/updated on: 2018-03-30
Time period: 1920-01-01--1950-01-01
These are data sets used in Dina Shatnawi and Price Fishback.  "The Impact of World War II on the Demand for Female Workers in Manufacturing."  Journal of Economic History (June 2018).  It includes data on Pennsylvania labor markets in the 1920s and 1940s and programs and data used to show the relationships at that time.
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