Showing 1 – 50 of 5,652 results.
Self-published
Groundswell Africa Spatial Population and Migration Projections (ICPSR 240783)
Released/updated on: 2025-11-30
Time period: 2010-01-01--2050-12-31
From original website
The Groundswell Africa Spatial Population and Migration Projections at One-Eighth Degree According to SSPs and RCPs, 2010-2050 data set provides a baseline population distribution for 2010 and projections from 2020 to 2050, in five-year increments, of population distribution and internal climate-related and other migration for West Africa and the Lake Victoria Basin. The projections are produced using the NCAR-CIDR Spatial Population Downscaling Model developed by the CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The model incorporates assumptions based on future development scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways or SSPs) and emissions trajectories (Representative Concentration Pathways or RCPs). The SSPs include SSP2, representing a middle-of-the road future, and SSP4, representing an unequal development future. Climate models using low and high emissions scenarios, RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, then drive climate impact models on water availability, crop productivity, and pasturelands (where cropping does not occur), as well as flood impacts, from the Inter-Sectoral Impacts Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP). Sea-level rise impacts in the coastal zone are estimated to be 1 meter under RCP2.6 and 2 meters under RCP8.5, to account for potential storm surge or coastal flooding. Four scenarios are generated, a pessimistic reference scenario combining SSP4 and RCP8.5, a more climate-friendly scenario combining SSP4 and RCP2.6, a more inclusive development scenario combining SSP2 and RCP8.5, and an optimistic scenario combining SSP2 and RCP2.6. Each scenario provides an ensemble average of four model runs combining different climate impact models as well as confidence intervals to better capture uncertainties. The modeling work was funded and developed jointly with The World Bank.
Comment
Metadata are included in various formats.
Curated
Population Migration Between Counties Based on Individual Income Tax Returns, 1982-1983: [United States] (ICPSR 8477)
Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1981-01-01--1982-12-31
The data in this file include for each county the number of Federal income tax returns filed and the number of exemptions claimed. Within each category, data are provided on the number of tax filers that migrated into the county, the number that migrated out of the county, and the number for which migration status was unknown. The total number of returns filed is also provided.
Curated
Simple Crosstabs
Net Migration of the Population by Age, Sex, and Race, 1950-1970 (ICPSR 8493)
Released/updated on: 2016-05-11
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1950-01-01--1970-12-31
This data collection includes estimates of net migration by age, race, and sex for United States counties for the periods 1950-1960 and 1960-1970. These estimates were developed primarily by the census-survival ratios forward method, and adjusted to be consistent with vital statistics by county. The files contain geographical identifiers such as state, division, region, county name and GEO code. Data on births according to sex and race are presented as well as total population by age groups, sex and race (white vs. nonwhite). Net migration estimates and net migration rates for each category are also included.
Self-published
Groundswell Spatial Population and Migration Projections at One-Eighth Degree According to SSPs and RCPs, 2010-2050 (ICPSR 240889)
Released/updated on: 2025-12-03
Time period: 2010-01-01--2050-12-31
From original website
The Groundswell Spatial Population and Migration Projections at One-Eighth Degree According to SSPs and RCPs, 2010-2050, data set provides a baseline population distribution for 2010 and projections from 2020 to 2050, in ten-year increments, of population distribution and internal climate-related and other migration. The projections are produced using the NCAR-CIDR Spatial Population Downscaling Model developed by the CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The model incorporates assumptions based on future development scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways or SSPs) and emissions trajectories (Representative Concentration Pathways or RCPs). The SSPs include SSP2, representing a middle-of-the road future, and SSP4, representing an unequal development future. Climate models using low and high emissions scenarios, RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, then drive climate impact models on crop productivity and water availability from the Inter-Sectoral Impacts Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP). Sea-level rise impacts in the coastal zone are estimated to be 1 meter under RCP2.6 and 2 meters under RCP8.5, to account for potential storm surge or coastal flooding. Three scenarios are generated, a pessimistic reference scenario combining SSP4 and RCP8.5, a more climate-friendly scenario combining SSP4 and RCP2.6, and a more inclusive development scenario combining SSP2 and RCP8.5, and each scenario represents an ensemble of four model runs combining different climate impact models. The modeling work was funded and developed jointly with The World Bank, and covers most World Bank client countries, with reports released in 2018 and 2021 that address different regions and provide full methodological details.
Comment
Metadata are included in various formats.
Curated
Net Migration of the Population of the United States by Age, Race and Sex, 1970-1980 (ICPSR 8697)
Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1970-04-01--1980-04-01
This data collection provides net migration estimates by age, race, and sex for counties of the United States. Population data are included along with absolute net migration data and net migration ratios (rates) for the period 1970-1980. Summary records for states, divisions, regions and the United States are also supplied. Several data categories are presented in the collection. Vital Statistics data tabulate births by sex and race (white and non white) for the periods 1970-1974 and 1975-1979 and deaths by race from 1970-1979 as well as adjusted total population for 1970 and 1980 by race. The Enumerated and Adjusted 1970 and 1980 Population categories offer population totals by race and sex and further subdivide these totals into 16 5-year age ranges. Net Migration Estimates and Net Migration Rates are available also, with totals by sex and race presented along with the 16 age divisions.
Self-published
SOI Tax Stats - U.S. Population State and County Migration Data (1990-2016) (ICPSR 101745)
Released/updated on: 2026-04-22
Time period: 1990-01-01--2016-12-31
The IRS Statistics of Income Division (SOI), in collaboration with the U.S. Census Bureau, has released migration data for the United States for several decades. These data are an important source of information detailing the movement of individuals from one location to another. SOI bases these data on year-to-year address changes reported on individual income tax returns filed with the IRS. They present migration patterns by State or by county for the entire United States and are available for inflows—the number of new residents who moved to a State or county and where they migrated from, and outflows—the number of residents leaving a State or county and where they went. The data are available for Filing Years 1991 through 2016 and include:
- Number of returns filed, which approximates the number of households that migrated
- Number of personal exemptions claimed, which approximates the number of individuals
- Total adjusted gross income, starting with Filing Year 1995
- Aggregate migration flows at the State level, by the size of adjusted gross income (AGI) and age of the primary taxpayer, starting with Filing Year 2011.
***
Microdata: Yes
Level of Analysis: State; Local - County
Variables Present: Yes
File Layout: .xls
Codebook: Yes
Methods: Yes
Weights (with appropriate documentation): No
Publications: No
Aggregate Data: Yes
Self-published
Sea level rise induced migration could reshape the US population landscape (ICPSR 100413)
Released/updated on: 2017-03-10
Many sea level rise (SLR) assessments focus on populations presently inhabiting vulnerable coastal communities, but to date no studies have attempted to model the destinations of these potentially displaced persons. With millions of potential future migrants in heavily populated coastal communities, SLR scholarship focusing solely on coastal communities characterizes SLR as primarily a coastal issue, obscuring the potential impacts in landlocked communities created by SLR induced displacement. Here I address this issue by merging projected populations at-risk of SLR with migration systems simulations to project future destinations of SLR migrants in the United States (US).The full draft of my peer reviewed article will be forthcoming. I include the underlying IRS county-to-county migration data for the period 1990-2013, and the county-to-county migration flows assuming adaptation and no-adaptation scenarios under the 1.8m SLR scenario by 2100.
Self-published
Replication data for: Skill Transferability, Migration, and Development: Evidence from Population Resettlement in Indonesia (ICPSR 113034)
Released/updated on: 2019-10-12
Time period: 1998-01-01--2002-12-31
We use a natural experiment in Indonesia to provide causal evidence on the role of location-specific human capital and skill transferability in shaping the spatial distribution of productivity. From 1979-1988, the Transmigration Program relocated two million migrants from rural Java and Bali to new rural settlements in the Outer Islands. Villages assigned migrants from regions with more similar agroclimatic endowments exhibit higher rice productivity and nighttime light intensity one to two decades later. We find some evidence of migrants' adaptation to agroclimatic change. Overall, our results suggest that regional productivity differences may overstate the potential gains from migration.
Curated
Census of Population and Housing, 2000 [United States]: County-to-County Migration Flow Files (ICPSR 13569)
Released/updated on: 2007-03-07
Geographic coverage: North Carolina, Indiana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, Montana, Kentucky, California, Kansas, Florida, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Iowa, Illinois, Texas, Connecticut, Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, Idaho, Oregon, Vermont, United States, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Maine, Alabama, Arkansas, Washington, South Carolina, Nebraska, West Virginia, Massachusetts, Colorado, Missouri, Alaska, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Nevada, District of Columbia, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Hawaii, Minnesota, New York (state), New Jersey, Michigan, New Mexico, New Hampshire, Louisiana, Ohio
Time period: 2000-01-01--2000-12-31
These migration data come from the Census 2000 long-form questions about residence in 1995 and provide the number of people who moved between counties. There are two files, one for inflows from every county in the United States and another re-sorted by outflows to every county. Each file contains data for all 50 states and the District of Columbia, sorted by FIPS state and county codes.
Curated
Census of Population and Housing, 1980 [United States]: County Migration by Selected Characteristics, 1975-1980 (ICPSR 8471)
Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1975-01-01--1980-12-31
Gross in- and out-migration statisitcs are provided in this file for each county (or county equivalent) in the United States. Migrant data are stratified by age, race, and sex. Included for each race/sex/age group are data on college attendance, military status, group quarters status, residence abroad in 1975, and total population. Data on country of birth are listed for race/sex strata.
External data
Migration and Health in Thailand (ICPSR 36007)
Released/updated on: 2015-06-19
Geographic coverage: Thailand
This study is comprised of three waves of health status and migration data from young adults in Thailand. It focuses on changes in health status due to migration from rural areas (rural Kanchanaburi) to urban areas (Kanchanaburi and Bangkok metropolitan areas).
External data
Mexican Migration Project (ICPSR 177)
Released/updated on: 2006-03-31
Geographic coverage: Mexico, Global
Mexican Migration Project (MMP) is a yearly study of Mexican migrants that randomly samples households in communities throughout Mexico. After gathering social, demographic, and economic information on the household and its members, interviewers collect basic information on each person's first and last trip to the United States. From household heads, they compile a year-by-year history of United States migration and collect information about the last trip northward, focusing on employment, earnings, and use of United States social services.
Self-published
COVID-19 MIGRATION (ICPSR 146701)
Released/updated on: 2021-08-02
ABSTRACT COVID-19 has significantly affected the real estate industry. In Montana, an out-of-state buyer influx was anecdotally noted; a descriptive research study developed, and a survey of Montana realtors found 77.4% of realtors reported an increase in out-of-state buyer interest and closing; a significant number were noted to be coming from California, Washington, and Colorado for housing purchases between February and August 2020. Reasons for relocation efforts included predominately safety & security and COVID-19 related concerns. The research addresses the increase in real estate closings within the state, reasons for relocation, and addresses managerial implications for the findings relating to advertising, tourism, and contactless shopping used within this industry. Additional implications focus on the importance of contactless showings, national visibility (especially in specific states), and tourism focusing on stated reasons for relocation. The paper findings support a more focused understanding on who is moving to Montana during the COVID-19 pandemic and why they are relocating. These findings will help both real estate advertising campaigns and tourism industries with an understanding stated buyer motivation, which allows for a focus when pitching Montana for relocation and tourism.
Self-published
Data and Code for: Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers (ICPSR 115202)
Released/updated on: 2020-04-15
We study the long-run effects of forced migration on investment in education. After World War II, millions of Poles were forcibly uprooted from the Kresy territories of eastern Poland and resettled (primarily) in the newly acquired Western Territories, from which the Germans were expelled. We combine historical censuses with newly collected survey data to show that, while there were no pre-WWII differences in educational attainment, Poles with a family history of forced migration are significantly more educated today than other Poles. These results are driven by a shift in preferences away from material possessions toward investment in human capital.
Self-published
Data and Code for: Migration Networks and Location Decisions: Evidence from U.S. Mass Migration (ICPSR 118301)
Released/updated on: 2021-06-15
Time period: 1900-01-01--2000-12-31
This paper studies how birth town migration networks affected long-run location decisions during historical U.S. migration episodes. We develop a new method to estimate the strength of migration networks for each receiving and sending location. Our estimates imply that when one randomly chosen African American moved from a Southern birth town to a destination county, then 1.9 additional black migrants made the same move on average. For white migrants from the Great Plains, the average is only 0.4. Networks were particularly important in connecting black migrants with attractive employment opportunities and played a larger role in less costly moves.
Self-published
Urban and Regional Migration Estimates (ICPSR 201260)
Released/updated on: 2026-04-30
Time period: 2010-01-01--2026-03-31
Disclaimer: These data are updated by the author and are not an official product of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.This project provides two sets of migration estimates for the major US metro areas. The first series measures net migration of people to and from the urban neighborhoods of the metro areas. The second series covers all neighborhoods but breaks down net migration to other regions by four region types: (1) high-cost metros, (2) affordable, large metros, (3) midsized metros, and (4) small metros and rural areas. These series were introduced in a Cleveland Fed District Data Brief entitled “Urban and Regional Migration Estimates: Will Your City Recover from the Pandemic?"The migration estimates in this project are created with data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York/Equifax Consumer Credit Panel (CCP). The CCP is a 5 percent random sample of the credit histories maintained by Equifax. The CCP reports the census block of residence for over 10 million individuals each quarter. Each month, Equifax receives individuals’ addresses, along with reports of debt balances and payments, from creditors (mortgage lenders, credit card issuers, student loan servicers, etc.). An algorithm maintained by Equifax considers all of the addresses reported for an individual and identifies the individual’s most likely current address. Equifax anonymizes the data before they are added to the CCP, removing names, addresses, and Social Security numbers (SSNs). In lieu of mailing addresses, the census block of the address is added to the CCP. Equifax creates a unique, anonymous identifier to enable researchers to build individuals’ panels. The panel nature of the data allows us to observe when someone has migrated and is living in a census block different from the one they lived in at the end of the preceding quarter. For more details about the CCP and its use in measuring migration, see Lee and Van der Klaauw (2010) and DeWaard, Johnson and Whitaker (2019). Definitions
Metropolitan area
The metropolitan areas in these data are combined statistical areas. This is the most aggregate definition of metro areas, and it combines Washington DC with Baltimore, San Jose with San Francisco, Akron with Cleveland, etc. Metro areas are combinations of counties that are tightly linked by worker commutes and other economic activity. All counties outside of metropolitan areas are tracked as parts of a rural commuting zone (CZ). CZs are also groups of counties linked by commuting, but CZ definitions cover all counties, both metropolitan and non-metropolitan.
High-cost metropolitan areas
High-cost metro areas are those where the median list price for a house was more than $200 per square foot on average between April 2017 and April 2022. These areas include San Francisco-San Jose, New York, San Diego, Los Angeles, Seattle, Boston, Miami, Sacramento, Denver, Salt Lake City, Portland, and Washington-Baltimore. Other Types of RegionsMetro areas with populations above 2 million and house price averages below $200 per square foot are categorized as affordable, large metros. Metro areas with populations between 500,000 and 2 million are categorized as mid-sized metros, regardless of house prices. All remaining counties are in the small metro and rural category.To obtain a metro area's total net migration, sum the four net migration values for the the four types of regions.
Urban neighborhood
Census tracts are designated as urban if they have a population density above 7,000 people per square mile. High density neighborhoods can support walkable retail districts and high-frequency public transportation. They are more likely to have the “street life” that people associate with living in an urban rather than a suburban area. The threshold of 7,000 people per square mile was selected because it was the average density in the largest US cities in the 1930 census. Before World War II, workplaces, shopping, schools and parks had to be accessible on foot.
Tracts are also designated as urban if more than half of their housing units were built before WWII and they have a population density above 2,000 people per square mile. The lower population density threshold for the pre-war neighborhoods recognizes that many urban tracts have lost population since the 1960s. While the street grids usually remain, the area also needs sufficient density to support neighborhood establishments and continue to function as an urban neighborhood.
Small cities and towns often have a few dense and walkable neighborhoods, but these tracts are not given an urban designation unless their metro area has at least 500,000 residents. Another defining characteristic of an urban neighborhood is that it places its residents close to amenities that can only be supported by the scale of a major metro, such as major league sports stadiums, professional theaters, museums, etc.
Urban migration
To obtain net urban migration estimates, we count the number of people moving into the urban neighborhoods of the indicated metros and subtract the number of people moving out of the same urban neighborhoods. Negative values mean more people are leaving than arriving. The out-migration counts include people moving from the urban neighborhoods to suburbs in the same metro area or to any region outside the metro area. Similarly, the in-migration counts include people arriving in the urban neighborhoods from suburbs in the same metro area or any region outside the metro area. Local urban-to-urban moves are not included.
Regional migration
The regional migration estimates count the people who move between different metro areas or between metro areas and rural commuting zones. Local within-metro movers are not included. The estimates of regional moves include everyone who moves to another region, making no distinction between urban/suburban neighborhoods.Citation: If using the data, please cite Whitaker, Stephan D. 2023. “Urban and Regional Migration Estimates: Will Your City Recover from the Pandemic?” Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland Fed District Data Brief. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-ddb-20230803 The views expressed in this project description are those of the author and are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
External data
Latin American Migration Project (ICPSR 179)
Released/updated on: 2006-03-31
Geographic coverage: Haiti, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Peru, Global, Costa Rica, Latin America
Latin American Migration Project is a study to advance understanding of the complex processes of international migration and immigration to the United States. In addition to basic demographic data, the survey gathers information on family composition, fertility, infant mortality, household head marital history, labor history of the household head and his/her spouse, and ownership history of properties and businesses. Furthermore, detailed data on internal migration, migration to the mainland United States, and multiple aspects of key United States trips (work experience, income, social networks, remittances, welfare use, etc.) are also collected.
Self-published
Replication Package for "US Immigrants' Secondary Migration and Geographic Assimilation in the Age of Mass Migration" (ICPSR 164881)
Released/updated on: 2022-03-12
This is the replication package for "US Immigrants' Secondary Migration and Geographic Assimilation in the Age of Mass Migration" for Explorations in Economic History.
Self-published
Racial Disparities in U.S. Climate Migration (ICPSR 194684)
Released/updated on: 2023-10-24
Floods are increasingly frequent and severe due to climate change, thereby impacting migration within the United States. Considering that Black and Brown populations are disproportionately exposed to floods, less likely to receive disaster-related government funds, and vulnerable during subsequent displacement, an examination of differences in migration patterns across racial/ethnic groups is critical. The prevailing conjecture is that after floods, Black and Brown populations will migrate while White ones remain in place. We test this hypothesis by examining the effect of floods on migration across all U.S. county-pairs between 2006-2016 and find that this hypothesis is incorrect: generally, after floods Black populations remain in place and White populations migrate. However, this pattern reverses when the Federal Emergency Management Agency provides financial support. Notably, migration by Hispanic and Asian populations is not significantly affected by floods. These results provide the first evidence of racial disparities in climate migration.
Curated
Migration Data by County, 1980 to 1982 (ICPSR 8139)
Released/updated on: 2010-09-27
This data collection was prepared by the Internal Revenue Service to facilitate the analysis of migration patterns of Americans within the United States by tracing the origins of their tax returns in 1980 and 1982. Their county of residence is documented in both years. Part 1 shows the number of returns and the number of exemptions in each county in the country, and Part 2 shows the aggregate adjusted gross income for each county. Part 1 has data for all returns in 1979, both for nonmigrants and those who had moved out of the county, and for 1981, also for nonmigrants and those who had moved into the county. It also provides data for all exemptions, in order to approximate the number of movers and nonmovers in the two years (1979 and 1981).
Curated
Higher Education Residence and Migration, 1976 (ICPSR 7646)
Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: Puerto Rico, United States, Marshall Islands, Guam, Virgin Islands of the United States, American Samoa, Global
Time period: 1976-01-01--1976-12-31
This data collection contains enrollment information from all institutions of higher education in the United States in 1976. The data include student enrollment classified by type (i.e., enrolled in bachelors degree programs, enrolled in vocational-technical programs, first-time students, and new transfer students, non-classified students, first-professional students, and graduate students), residence status (e.g., in-state, out-of-state, or foreign), by home state or country, and by sex.
Self-published
World Migration Matrix, 1500-2000 (ICPSR 250025)
Released/updated on: 2026-06-19
The matrix gives, for each of 165 countries, an estimate of the proportion of the ancestors in 1500 of that country's population today that were living within what are now the borders of that and each of the other countries. The matrix itself is an Excel spreadsheet. Accompanying documents are a Main Appendix, providing an overview of the information and its sources, and region appendices for Africa, Americas , Asia, Europe, and Oceania , which include a one paragraph or one page explanation of the estimate for each individual country. The first version of the data set was completed in March, 2007. Revisions of some entries, mainly of countries in the Americas, using information from genetic studies to estimate the ancestry of large groups of mixed origin, were completed in August, 2009 and are incorporated in the new matrix version labeled 1.1. Links to both original and new versions of those files that have undergone change are found below.
Self-published
Past and Future Migration in Coastal Louisiana (ICPSR 210228)
Released/updated on: 2024-11-08
This data package includes several data sets that were used to support a 2021-2023 research project “Past and Future Migration in Coastal Louisiana.” This research project focuses on migration responses to flooding, with a focus on coastal Louisiana and the Gulf Coast. These analyses were primarily conducted at the tract level, and we provide tract-level data products using harmonized 2010 census tract boundaries.
Self-published
Is Occupational Licensing a Barrier to Interstate Migration? (ICPSR 110642)
Released/updated on: 2020-07-23
Time period: 2005-01-01--2018-12-31
Occupational licensure may limit the interstate movement of workers because it adds to the cost of moving between states. We analyze the interstate migration of 22 licensed occupations, proxying for the difficulty of the regulations by comparing state-specific licensed occupations to those with national licensing exams. Our empirical strategy also uses individuals who move a long distance, removing the influence of occupation characteristics and self-selection of migration-averse individuals into licensed occupations. Our estimates show that occupational licensing reduces interstate migration, but the magnitude of the effect can only account for a small part of the overall decline in recent decades.
Self-published
Data files for AEA Repository migration (ICPSR 117873)
Released/updated on: 2020-02-24
Time period: 1999-01-01--2019-10-01
Metadata for the migration of the AEA data repository to openICPSR.
The files in this directory constitute metadata from the AEA’s migration of supplements from the AEAwebsite (https://www.aeaweb.org) to the new AEA Data and Code Repository at openICPSR.
Most of this data can be recovered from the CrossRef DOI registry, and all of this data is embedded in the AEA’s article landing pages.
Self-published
Consequences of Forced Migration: A Survey of Recent Findings (ICPSR 108422)
Released/updated on: 2019-02-11
Forced migration as a consequence of wars, civil conflicts, or natural disasters may have consequences different from those of voluntary migration. Recent work has highlighted the consequences of forced migration on receiving populations, on migrants themselves and on sending populations. We document findings from recent work, on education and other economic outcomes, but also on political outcomes. We summarize key lessons and point to gaps in the literature.
Curated
Simple Crosstabs
Bangladesh Environment and Migration Survey (BEMS), 2019 (ICPSR 38846)
Released/updated on: 2023-07-24
Geographic coverage: Bangladesh
Time period: 2019-01-01--2019-12-31
The Bangladesh Environment and Migration Survey (BEMS) collects detailed retrospective information about migration trips in southwest Bangladesh, including the first, last, and second-to-last to internal destinations, India, and other international destinations. BEMS collects information about the year, origin, destination, and duration of all trips. Furthermore, BEMS includes information on migration and livelihood histories, socioeconomic conditions, agricultural resources and practices, disasters and perceptions about environment, and self-reported health.
Dataset 1 is a household-level file with information about household composition, economic and migratory activity of household members, land ownership/usage, business ownership, household environmental perceptions, environmental conditions, agricultural activities, and physical and psychological health/well-being of household members. Dataset 2 is an individual-level file containing details of internal and international migration trips, as well as measures of economic and social activity during those trips. It also contains information provided by household heads, spouses, and other migrants in the household. Dataset 3 is an individual-level data file that provides general demographic information and brief migration history for each member of a surveyed household. It also includes health information for the head of household and spouse.
Self-published
Replication Package for "Climate and Migration in the United States" (ICPSR 232122)
Released/updated on: 2025-09-30
Replication code and data for "Climate and Migration in the United States".
Paper abstract: We study whether households engage in climate-related migration in the United States, a country where most of the population does not regularly experience natural disasters or work in climate-exposed industries. With comprehensive, long-run data from both the Census and from tax filings, we document that warm temperatures induce net out-migration, while cooler temperatures do not. By comparing estimates from models using different lengths of temporal variation, we further show that migration is a medium-run response to high temperatures: decadal and longer shifts in weather have larger annualized impacts than year-over-year changes. Finally, comparisons across county types suggest amenity value is an important mechanism behind climate-related migration in the United States.
Self-published
Migration Spillover: Spatial Panel Analysis in Europe (ICPSR 219921)
Released/updated on: 2025-02-18
This study identifies economic and demographic factors contributing to net migration by utilizing European Union data and satellite nighttime light data. The results of fixed-effect spatial models reveal a significant spillover effect of the migrant population and a strong spillover effect of job opportunities in neighboring areas as pulling factors for migrants. Contrary to the assumptions of the classic gravity model, the findings show a surprising negative relationship between local population density and migration flow.
External data
Migrations between Africa and Europe project (MAFE) (ICPSR 36206)
Released/updated on: 2015-06-15
Geographic coverage: Netherlands, Belgium, Senegal, Europe, Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa, United Kingdom, Italy, Ghana, France, Sub-Saharan Africa, Spain
The Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE) project gathered innovative data on migration between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. Coordinated by INED, scientific teams in three African countries and six European countries worked together to design and carry out a multi-sited, comparative and longitudinal survey. Between 2008 and 2010, MAFE collected household surveys in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana and Senegal, as well as individual biographical questionnaires in Africa (DR Congo, Ghana, Senegal) and in Europe (Congolese in Belgium and the UK; Ghanaians in the Netherlands and the UK; Senegalese in France, Italy and Spain). The individual questionnaire collects full retrospective histories of individual's housing, study and work trajectories, family formation, property ownership and migrant networks. MAFE offers a unique source of data that enables researchers to study the patterns, causes and consequences of African migration. Data collected in African countries may also be used to study other socio-demographic phenomena. MAFE offers online access to the project's background, methods (design, sampling, questionnaires, methodological notes, etc.), publications (MAFE working papers, PhD thesis, articles, etc.) and all contextual, household and individual data sets. MAFE-based research has appeared in the pages of the ANNALS of American Academy of Political and Social Science; Demography; Demographic Research; European Journal of Population; International Migration Review; Population (French and English Edition); Population, Space and Place; and World Development, among others.
Self-published
Replication data for: Access to Migration for Rural Households (ICPSR 113702)
Released/updated on: 2019-10-12
This paper exploits a unique feature of China's history, the "sent-down youth" (SDY) program, to study the effects of access to internal migration. We show that temporary migration due to the SDY program created lasting inter-province links. We interact these links with two time-varying pull measures in potential destinations. Decades after the SDY program ended, increased access to migration in cities which sent SDY leads to higher rates of migration from provinces where those SDY temporarily resided. We find that improved access to migration leads to lower consumption volatility and lower asset-holding. Furthermore, household production shifts into high-risk, high-return activities.
Self-published
Data and Code for: The Great Migration and Educational Opportunity (ICPSR 184561)
Released/updated on: 2024-05-31
This is data and code for the article "The Great Migration and Educational Opportunity."
Curated
Survey of Stratification and Migration Dynamics in Russia, 1985-2001 (ICPSR 4206)
Released/updated on: 2006-07-18
Geographic coverage: Global, Soviet Union, Russia
Time period: 1985-01-01--2001-12-31
The purpose of the study was to collect survey data on the employment/work histories, family structure histories, and residential mobility histories of Russian adults from January 1985 through the end of the survey. The work histories include the following information about each job held during that time period: occupation, how the job was found, employer type, industry, and size. In addition, the survey gathered information on current residence, occupation, other job characteristics, earnings, sources of household income, household ownership of consumer goods, basic demographic indicators, and attitude measures. The data were designed to be used for multivariate analysis of the factors influencing changes in employment status, job mobility of various types, changes in marital status, fertility, and residential mobility in Russia during the period of 1985-2001. Since the period covered by the histories spans the final seven years of the Soviet era and the first decade of the post-Soviet era, the data are uniquely suited for assessing whether the transition from Soviet-style socialism has affected stratification, family formation, and migration processes. Moreover, because the data include work/employment, family structure, and migration histories, the dataset is uniquely suited for dynamic analyses of the inter-relationships among states and events in these three domains. Finally, because the data contain information on each respondent's oblast (region) of residence at all points in time from 1985-2001, data on regional characteristics can be merged with files created from the survey data, in order to measure the impact of regional characteristics on individual-level events. The data can be used to investigate job and employment transitions, union formation and dissolution, fertility, departures of children, internal migration, determinants of earnings, wage arrears, consumption, and other topics.
Self-published
Replication data for: The Labor Market Impacts of Forced Migration (ICPSR 113418)
Released/updated on: 2019-10-12
Time period: 1991-01-01--2010-12-31
During the 1990s the Kagera region of Tanzania experienced a forced migration shock. A series of geographical barriers led to a higher concentration of forced migrants in some parts of the region relative to others, resulting in a natural experiment. Using panel data (pre and post forced migration shock), we find that greater exposure to the refugee shock resulted in Tanzanians having a lower likelihood of working outside the household as employees. However, employees more affected by the shock had a higher probability of being in professional occupations and being part of a pensions program.
Self-published
Data and Code for Hidden Income and the Perceived Returns to Migration (ICPSR 176081)
Released/updated on: 2023-09-12
Time period: 2016-05-25--2019-05-10
This deposit includes code and data to reproduce the findings of this paper. Paper abstract below.Abstract: In many developing economies, urban workers earn substantially more than rural workers with the same level of education. Why don't more rural workers migrate to cities? I use two field experiments in Kenya to show that low migration is partly due to underestimation of urban incomes, which is sustained by income hiding by migrants. Parents at the origin underestimate their migrant children's incomes by nearly half, and underestimation is greater when a migrant's remittance obligations are high. Providing information about urban earnings increases migration to the capital city by about 40% over two years.
Self-published
Baumol’s migrants:Productive and unproductive entrepreneurship and between-MSA migration (ICPSR 237784)
Released/updated on: 2025-09-08
William Baumol proposes that there are two types of entrepreneurship: productive or unproductive. Productive entrepreneurship, characterized by innovation and efficient resource allocation, fosters economic growth and can act as a potent magnet for migration. Conversely, unproductive entrepreneurship, which often involves rent-seeking and regulatory circumvention, deters migration and potentially provokes out-migration. To test this link from the types of entrepreneurship and migration, we use a new index of entrepreneurship (productive and unproductive) in conjunction with a dataset covering migration to and from Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) from 2005 to 2019. Our analysis reveals that regions high in productive entrepreneurship experience significant net in-migration, while those dominated by unproductive entrepreneurship see the opposite effect.
Self-published
Replication data for: Wealth Heterogeneity and the Income Elasticity of Migration (ICPSR 113672)
Released/updated on: 2019-10-12
How do income shocks affect international migration flows from poor countries? Income growth not only increases the opportunity cost of migration but also eases liquidity constraints. I develop a method to separate these countervailing individual effects and identify the overall income elasticity of migration. Using new administrative and census data from Indonesia, I find that positive agricultural income shocks increase labor emigration flows, particularly in villages with relatively more small landholders. However, in the most developed rural areas, persistent income shocks reduce emigration. Overall, the findings highlight the important role of wealth heterogeneity in shaping migration flows as incomes rise.
Self-published
Age at Arrival and Assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration (ICPSR 102080)
Released/updated on: 2018-04-24
This file can be used to replicate the work "Age at Arrival and Assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration"
Self-published
Replication for "Life Cycle Wage Growth and Internal Migration" (ICPSR 223561)
Released/updated on: 2025-04-03
This project contains programs to replicate the empirical analysis and quantitative simulations in the paper: "Life Cycle Wage Growth and Internal Migration" by Alberto Rivera-Padilla. It includes codes and data files for Stata and Matlab. The microdata for all countries is publicly available for registered users at: https://international.ipums.org/international/. The version of the data used in the paper was extracted in 2019.
Self-published
Replication data for: Commuting, Migration, and Local Employment Elasticities (ICPSR 231374)
Released/updated on: 2025-05-30
We provide theory and evidence that the elasticity of local employment to a labor demand shock is heterogeneous depending on the commuting openness of the local labor market. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model that incorporates spatial linkages in goods markets (trade) and factor markets (commuting and migration). We quantify this model to match the observed gravity equation relationships for trade and commuting. We find that empirically-observed reductions in commuting costs generate welfare gains of around 3.3 percent. We provide separate quasi-experimental evidence in support of the model's predictions using the location decisions of million dollar plants.
Self-published
Data and Code for: Migration and Labor Market Integration in Europe (ICPSR 134501)
Released/updated on: 2021-07-12
Time period: 1960-01-01--2020-12-31
We discuss the past, present and potential future of the European labor market. We begin by documenting patterns of labor mobility across European countries. We next ask whether and to which extent the labor markets of these countries have become more integrated over time. Finally, we discuss obstacles for European labor market integration.
Self-published
Data and Code for: Political Polarization and US-Mexico Migration (ICPSR 226341)
Released/updated on: 2025-05-13
We study how the US presidential election of 2016 affected the subsequent inflow of Mexican-born immigrants. We use the “Matricula Consular de Alta Seguridad” data to construct proxies for annual inflows and internal movements of Mexican-born individuals, including undocumented immigrants, across US commuting zones. We find that a 10-percentage point increase in the Republican vote share in a commuting zone reduced inflows by 1.8 percent after the 2016 Trump election. The internal relocation of established Mexican immigrants primarily explains this reduction, though inflows of new immigrants decreased as well.
Curated
Partially restricted
Simple Crosstabs
Caribbean Migrations: Jamaica Returned Migrants Study, 2010-2012 (ICPSR 36178)
Released/updated on: 2018-09-17
Geographic coverage: Jamaica, Caribbean
Time period: 2010-03-01--2012-05-31
This study is the current arm of the Caribbean Migration Project, designed to generate a database of Jamaicans, returned residents and those with no international migration history, across the income classes and residential areas in Kingston and St. Andrew, Manchester and St. Ann. Jamaica was chosen as the inaugural country for investigation as a pilot for the processes involved in the data collection and fine-tuning the protocols to be extended to other Caribbean countries. The four parishes in Jamaica were purposively selected because of their proportion of returning residents in comparison with the country's other parishes. Respondents were thought to represent a sample of persons from a range of parishes in which there is a high proportion of returned residents (St. Andrew and Manchester) to others in which the majority of the population has no international migration history (St. Ann and Kingston). Demographic variables in this study include age, family size and structure, ethnicity, education, and travel and migration history.
Curated
County-Specific Net Migration Estimates, 1980-1990 [United States] (ICPSR 26761)
Released/updated on: 2010-04-02
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1980-01-01--1990-12-31
This data collection represents a set of United States county net migration estimates by age and sex for the 1980-1990 decade, and is part of a series of estimates done for each decade since 1950 (1950-1970: see NET MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION BY AGE, SEX, AND RACE, 1950-1970 [ICPSR 8493]; 1970-1980: see NET MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES BY AGE, RACE, AND SEX, 1970-1980 [ICPSR 8697]; 1990-2000: see COUNTY-SPECIFIC NET MIGRATION BY FIVE-YEAR AGE GROUPS, HISPANIC ORIGIN, RACE, AND SEX, 1990-2000 [ICPSR 4171]).
Net migration, the difference between the number of people moving into an area and the number moving out over a period, is measured here, and in all the other sets of estimates in the series, by the residual method. That is, net migration is equal to the population change over the period minus the natural increase (births -- deaths). Full details on how natural increase is estimated for each county, as well as other details of the data collection, are described in the codebook.
Self-published
Africa Climate Mobility Initiative (ACMI): Bilateral Migration Projections (ICPSR 244723)
Released/updated on: 2026-02-27
Time period: 2015-01-01--2050-12-31
Predictions of population migration between African countries under different Climate Change scenarios. The projections for bilateral migration flows are available at 5-year intervals from 2015 to 2050 for combination of 2 sets of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios and 3 sets of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios. There are 46 African countries and thus 2,070 unique directed corridors, for example from Kenya to Uganda.
The data are available in two different formats, raw data and summary files. Each of the files is zipped with an identical copy of the PDF full documentation.
- The raw data are provided as R objects in RDS format. Each RDS file contains 10 probabilistic data arrays (6 migration arrays + 4 climate-induced migration arrays). Each array contains migration projections in 3 dimensions: 2,070 [migration corridors] by 1,000 [individual projections] by 8 [2015 to 2050 5-year period]. To open RDS files, install R (https://www.r-project.org/) and use the function readRDS()
- The summary data provides the mean, median, 80% and 90% confidence bands of projection data. The summary data are available in CSV format.
Contact: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Center for Integrated Earth System Information (CIESIN), Columbia University
Phone: 1 (845) 365-8920
Email: [email protected]
Self-published
Data and Code for: The Economics of Internal Migration: Advances and Policy Questions (ICPSR 157761)
Released/updated on: 2023-02-23
Time period: 1999-01-01--2019-12-31
The code in this replication repository reproduces figures in the paper “The Economics of Internal Migration: Advances and Policy Questions,” by Ning Jia, Raven Molloy, Christopher L. Smith, and Abigail Wozniak.
Self-published
Globalization, agricultural markets and mass migration - Italy, 1881-1912 (ICPSR 110063)
Released/updated on: 2019-06-06
Despite the significant attention paid to the current consequences of globalization for migration behavior, there are few historical accounts of the effect of commodity market integration at the local level. We set our paper within the context of the first globalization era, when migration flows were largely unregulated, and highlight how exogenous shocks in agricultural commodity prices influenced international migration flows from Italian provinces between 1881 and 1912. To do this, we construct an index of global price exposure based on the initial provincial agricultural production structures. Our analysis quantifies the contribution of globalization-induced agricultural price shocks to migration decisions, alongside more traditional explanatory factors such as migrant networks and landholding systems. We find evidence that agricultural price shocks are positively related to the propensity to migrate, as migration tended to increase in proportion with agricultural commodity prices. This result suggests that liquidity constraints were binding until agricultural incomes reached a certain threshold. These findings can inform our understanding of present-day migration responses in developing countries in the face of even more rapid globalization but higher barriers to legal migration.
Self-published
A General Approach to Detecting Migration Events in Digital Trace Data (ICPSR 117242)
Released/updated on: 2020-07-12
Empirical research on migration has historically been fraught with measurement challenges. Recently, the increasing ubiquity of digital trace data — from mobile phones, social media, and related sources of ‘big data’ — has created new opportunities for the quantitative analysis of migration. However, most existing work relies on relatively ad hoc methods for inferring migration. Here, we develop and validate a novel and general approach to detecting migration events in trace data. We benchmark this method using two different trace datasets: four years of mobile phone metadata from a single country’s monopoly operator, and three years of geo-tagged Twitter data. The novel measures accurately reflect existing knowledge of migration in these contexts, and also provide more granular insight into migration spells and types than what are captured in standard survey instruments.
Self-published
Replication data for: Trade, Migration, and Productivity: A Quantitative Analysis of China (ICPSR 113071)
Released/updated on: 2019-10-12
Time period: 2000-01-01--2005-12-31
We study how goods- and labor-market frictions affect aggregate labor productivity in China. Combining unique data with a general equilibrium model of internal and international trade, and migration across regions and sectors, we quantify the magnitude and consequences of trade and migration costs. The costs were high in 2000, but declined afterward. The decline accounts for 36 percent of the aggregate labor productivity growth between 2000 and 2005. Reductions in internal trade and migration costs are more important than reductions in external trade costs. Despite the decline, migration costs are still high and potential gains from further reform are large.
Self-published
Data and Code For: The Productivity Consequences of Pollution-Induced Migration in China (ICPSR 192181)
Released/updated on: 2025-03-12
Time period: 1998-01-01--2015-12-31
Summary: This is replication code and data for the paper "The Productivity Consequences of Pollution-Induced Migration in China."Abstract: We quantify how pollution affects aggregate productivity and welfare in spatial equilibrium. We document a robust pattern in which skilled workers in China emigrate away from polluted cities, more than the unskilled. These patterns are evident under various empirical specifications, such as when instrumenting for pollution using distant upwind power-plants, or thermal inversions that trap pollutants. Pollution changes the spatial distribution of skilled and unskilled workers, which increases returns-toskill in cities that the educated emigrate from. We quantify the loss in aggregate productivity due to this re-sorting by estimating a spatial equilibrium model. Counterfactual simulations show that reducing pollution increases productivity through spatial re-sorting by approximately as much as the direct health benefits of clean air. We identify a new channel through which pollution lowers aggregate productivity significantly. Hukou mobility restrictions exacerbate welfare losses. Skilled workers’aversion to pollution explains a substantial portion of the wage-gap between cities.