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World Mental Health Survey, Romania, 2005-2007 (ICPSR 39705)

Released/updated on: 2026-08-13

Time period: 2005-01-01--2007-12-31

The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative was a coordinated series of general population surveys of mental, substance use, and behavioral disorders conducted in countries across all World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The approach taken by WMH was to conduct rigorous general population surveys in nationally representative samples in many countries throughout the world, to generate data from these surveys on the prevalence, severity, course, and treatment of mental disorders. Data were collected using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) which uses both ICD-10 and DSM-III diagnostic criteria. This survey was conducted in Romania and utilized the Romanian version of the CIDI. The World Mental Health Survey was conducted in Romania from 2005 to 2007.

Curated

Partially restricted

Simple Crosstabs

World Mental Health Survey, Lebanon, 2002-2003 (ICPSR 39729)

Released/updated on: 2026-06-23

Geographic coverage: Lebanon

Time period: 2002-01-01--2003-12-31

The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative was a coordinated series of general population surveys of mental, substance use, and behavioral disorders conducted in countries across all World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The approach taken by WMH was to conduct rigorous general population surveys in nationally representative samples in many countries throughout the world, to generate data from these surveys on the prevalence, severity, course, and treatment of mental disorders. Data were collected using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) which uses both ICD-10 and DSM-III diagnostic criteria. This survey was conducted in Lebanon and utilized the Arabic version of the CIDI.

Self-published

Interethnic Godparenthood in Ukraine, 2022 September (ICPSR 196381)

Released/updated on: 2023-12-30

Geographic coverage: Ukraine

The study conducts quantitative research carried out by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology to answer its questions on the practice of ritual kinship in Ukraine and, in particular, interethnic ritual kinship. Quantitative questions were included in an omnibus survey of 2,000 residents over eighteen years of age living in all regions of Ukraine including Crimea and parts of Luhansk and Donetsk not controlled by the Ukraine government. The set of quantitative questions were: How many kum or kuma do you have? Do you have a kum or kuma to whom you are not also related by blood (agnatic kin) or marriage (affinal kin)? Do you have a kum or kuma from an ethnicity other than your own? and How important are kumy in your everyday life? The surveys used the method of computer-assisted telephone interviews (CaTI) based on a random sample of mobile telephone numbers (with random generation of telephone numbers and subsequent statistical weighing). Variations by religion and nationality, region, and age are analyzed.

Self-published

Interethnic Godparenthood in Ukraine, 2022 December (ICPSR 196383)

Released/updated on: 2023-12-30

Geographic coverage: Ukraine

Self-published

Replication dataset and codes - Schaff "Warfare and Economic Inequality: Evidence from Preindustrial Germany (c. 1400-1800)" (ICPSR 183421)

Released/updated on: 2022-12-05

Geographic coverage: Germany

Time period: 1400-01-01--1800-12-31

The deposited data allows replication of the statistical analysis and figures in "Warfare and Economic Inequality: Evidence from Preindustrial Germany (c. 1400-1800)". The question the project adresses is simple: What was the impact of military conflict on economic inequality? I argue that ordinary military conflicts increased local economic inequality. Warfare raised the financial needs of towns in preindustrial times, leading to more resource extraction from the population. This resource extraction happened via inequality-promoting channels, such as regressive taxation. Only in truly major wars might inequality-reducing destruction outweigh inequality-promoting extraction and reduce inequality. To test this argument I construct a novel panel dataset combining information about economic inequality in 75 localities, and more than 700 conflicts over four centuries. I find that the many ordinary conflicts — paradigmatic of life in the preindustrial world — were continuous reinforcers of economic inequality. I confirm that the Thirty Years’ War was indeed a great equaliser, but this was an exception and not the rule. Rising inequality is an underappreciated negative externality in times of conflict.

Curated

Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Poll: The Public's Health Care Agenda for the 113th Congress, United States, 2013 (ICPSR 38382)

Released/updated on: 2022-03-10

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2013-01-01--2013-12-31

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of the 2013 poll The Public's Health Care Agenda for the 113th Congress, a survey from Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by Social Science Research Solutions (SSRS). Topics covered in this survey include:

Most important Congressional issues
Role of government in health care system
One way to improve health care
When to work on budget deficit
Best way to reduce deficit
Support for program spending reductions
Support for deficit reduction proposals
View of 2010 healthcare law
Importance of government insurance programs to family
Medicare working well
Wealthier seniors paying higher premiums
Changes to Medicare to reduce deficit
Raising eligibility age
Need for Medicare reductions
Program cuts without increasing costs
State government priorities
Medicaid working well
State participation in Medicaid funding
Greatest health threats to Americans
Priorities of federal spending
Preventative care saving money in long run

The data and documentation files for this survey are available through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [Roper #31092360]. Frequencies and summary statistics for the 185 variables from this survey are available through the ICPSR social science variable database and can be accessed from the Variables tab.

Self-published

Replication files for 'Estimating warfare-related civilian mortality in the early modern period: Evidence from the Low Countries, 1620–99' (ICPSR 147721)

Released/updated on: 2021-08-18

Geographic coverage: Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg

Time period: 1620-01-01--1699-12-31

Early modern warfare in western Europe exposed civilian populations to violence, hardship, and disease. Despite limited empirical evidence, the ensuing mortality effects are regularly invoked by economic historians to explain patterns of economic development. Using newly collected data on adult burials and war events in the seventeenth-century Low Countries, we estimate early modern war-driven mortality in localities close to military activity. We find a clear and significant general mortality effect consistent with the localized presence of diseases. During years with major epidemic disease outbreaks, we demonstrate a stronger mortality effect. However, this effect is spatially more variable during epidemics, with excess mortality not monotonically declining with distance from warfare. Given the omnipresence of warfare in the seventeenth-century Low Countries, war-driven mortality was remarkably constant rather than a sharp discontinuity. The economic impact of warfare likely played out over the long term rather than driven by sudden large mortality spikes creating rapid structural change.

Self-published

Consequences of Forced Migration: A Survey of Recent Findings (ICPSR 108422)

Released/updated on: 2019-02-11

Forced migration as a consequence of wars, civil conflicts, or natural disasters may have consequences different from those of voluntary migration. Recent work has highlighted the consequences of forced migration on receiving populations, on migrants themselves and on sending populations. We document findings from recent work, on education and other economic outcomes, but also on political outcomes. We summarize key lessons and point to gaps in the literature.

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

ANES 2012 Time Series Study (ICPSR 35157)

Released/updated on: 2016-05-17

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2012-09-01--2013-01-31

This study is part of the American National Election Study (ANES), a time-series collection of national surveys fielded continuously since 1948. The American National Election Studies are designed to present data on Americans' social backgrounds, enduring political predispositions, social and political values, perceptions and evaluations of groups and candidates, opinions on questions of public policy, and participation in political life. As with all Time Series studies conducted during years of presidential elections, respondents were interviewed during the two months preceding the November election (Pre-election interview), and then re-interviewed during the two months following the election (Post-election interview). Like its predecessors, the 2012 ANES was divided between questions necessary for tracking long-term trends and questions necessary to understand the particular political moment of 2012. The study maintains and extends the ANES time-series 'core' by collecting data on Americans' basic political beliefs, allegiances, and behaviors, which are so critical to a general understanding of politics that they are monitored at every election, no matter the nature of the specific campaign or the broader setting. For the first time in the ANES Time Series history, face-to-face interviewing was supplemented in 2012 with data collection on the Internet. Data collection was conducted in the two modes independently, using separate samples. While face-to-face (FTF) respondents were administered the single pre-election interview and single post-election interview traditional to Time Series presidential-election-year studies, for the internet sample the same questions were administered over a total of four shorter online interviews, two pre-election and two post-election. Web-administered cases constituted a representative sample separate from the face-to-face sample and were drawn from panel members of GfK Knowledge Networks. The face-to-face (FTF) sample of fresh cross-section cases featured oversamples of African-Americans and Hispanics. For the first time in the ANES Time Series, FTF respondents were administered CAPI interviews programmed as instruments on handheld tablets, which were employed by interviewers using touchscreen, stylus, attached keyboard or any combination of entry modes according to interviewer preference. In both the pre-election and post-election FTF interviews a special CASI (Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing) segment was conducted. In addition to content on electoral participation, voting behavior, and public opinion, the 2012 ANES Time Series Study contains questions about areas such as media exposure, cognitive style, and values and predispositions. Several items were measured on the ANES for the first time, including "Big Five" personality traits using the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), skin tone observations made by interviewers in the face-to-face study, and a vocabulary test from the General Social Survey called "Wordsum." The Post-Election interview also included Module 4 from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES). Demographic variables include respondent age, education level, political affiliation, race/ethnicity, marital status, and family composition.

Curated

Statistics of Deadly Quarrels, 1809-1949 (ICPSR 5407)

Released/updated on: 2016-02-10

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1809-01-01--1949-12-31

This study contains data on 779 dyadic fatal quarrels for the period 1809-1949. The study represents one of the earlier attempts at quantification of historical conflict behavior. A dyadic deadly quarrel is a situation involving a pair of opponents or belligerents which causes death to humans. Each quarrel is identified by its beginning date and magnitude. The magnitude of a quarrel is measured by the logarithm to the base 10 of the number of deaths. The range of magnitude of quarrels in this study is from 2.50 to 7.50, the latter representing the figure for nations involved in World War II. For each quarrel, the nominal variables include the type of quarrel, as well as political, cultural, and economic similarities and dissimilarities between the pair of combatants.

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

Korean General Social Survey (KGSS), 2003 (ICPSR 34655)

Released/updated on: 2015-06-16

Geographic coverage: South Korea, Asia, Global

Time period: 2003-06-01--2003-08-31

The Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) is the South Korean version of the General Social Survey (GSS), closely replicating the original GSS of the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. Each round of the KGSS typically includes the topical module surveys of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), and/or the East Asian Social Survey (EASS), an international survey network of four GSS-type surveys from countries in East Asia (including China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea). Respondents were asked for their opinions on Korean society, economic issues, government performance, international relations, business, women and family matters, immigration, and social inequality. Additional questions were asked about everyday life, household and family composition, and media use. Demographic information includes age, sex, education level, household income, employment status, religious preference, political party affiliation, and political philosophy.

Curated

The Use of Historical Analogies to Make Sense of Novel Events (423BC - 2012) (ICPSR 34721)

Released/updated on: 2013-10-10

Geographic coverage: United States, Japan, Egypt, China (Peoples Republic), England, Mumbai, Global, India, Greece, Middle East, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, France, Germany, Soviet Union

The Use of Historical Analogies to Make Sense of Novel Events contains 4 parts: (1) Speeches, (2) Meetings, (3) Newspapers, and (4) Statements. The data consist of Excel data files with multiple spreadsheets, and Word and PDF documentation files which represent the various sources (speeches, articles, books, meetings notes) from which the data were collected. Book sources are not included in this release, but are referenced. Part 1 (Speeches) contains Excel data files and corresponding documentation files by historical speakers, such as Winston Churchill, President Barack Obama, and Thucydides' Brasidas and Nicias. Part 2 (Meetings) contains Excel data files and corresponding documentation files (transcripts) by historical meetings, such as the Watergate affair, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War. Part 3 (Newspapers) contains one Excel data file for each event: the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the terrorist assault on Mumbai, India in November, 2008, and the demonstrations in Cairo's Tahrir Square (starting in January 2011, which aimed to overthrow Egyptian President Mubarak); these Excel files have corresponding folders with documentation files that were compiled from various newspaper/online news article sources. Part 4 (Statements) contains one Excel data file, which corresponds to a book source of Osama bin Laden statements.

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

CBS News/60 Minutes/Vanity Fair National Poll, January #3, 2012 (ICPSR 34591)

Released/updated on: 2013-05-09

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2012-01-01--2012-01-31

This poll, the last of three fielded January 2012, is a part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on a range of political and social issues. Opinions were collected on federal income taxes, the federal tax policy on capital gains, and whether respondents felt things in the United States were going in the right direction. Respondents were also queried on topics such as firearms, hedge funds, online piracy, and past presidents. Additional topics include respondents' television preferences, the Academy Awards, the Super Bowl, and Valentine's Day. Demographic information includes sex, age, race, marital status, education level, household income, religious preference, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), political party affiliation, political philosophy, military service, and whether respondents thought of themselves as born-again Christians.

Curated

Current Population Survey, August 2011: Veterans Supplement (ICPSR 33882)

Released/updated on: 2013-04-12

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2011-08-01--2011-08-31

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey on the topic of Veterans in the United States, which was administered as a supplement to the August 2011 CPS questionnaire. The sponsor of the biennial supplement survey were the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), formerly the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Labor.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

The Veterans Supplement portion of the study was designed to be a self-response survey and interviewers were instructed to make up to two personal or telephone callbacks before accepting a proxy interview. The Veterans Supplement provided estimates on the demographic and labor force characteristics of veterans 17 years old and over, including those who had a service-connected disability. The data also identified Gulf War era veterans and Vietnam theater veterans -- those who actually served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Estimates of the number of veterans with and without a service-connected disability along with their labor force participation rates, occupational distributions, unemployment rates, periods of military service, and use of certain educational and job-training programs are provided.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

Curated

Transatlantic Trends Survey, 2011 (ICPSR 34422)

Released/updated on: 2012-12-10

Geographic coverage: Romania, United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Global, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey, Poland, Italy, Slovakia, France, Bulgaria, Germany

Time period: 2011-01-01--2011-12-31

The aim of this survey was to identify the attitudes of the public in the United States and in 13 European countries towards foreign policy and transatlantic issues. This survey concentrated on issues such as: United States and European Union (EU) leadership and relations, international relations, assessment of the current United States President on various issues such as the United States economy and combating international terrorism, and respondents' view of countries such as the United States, China, Russia, Brazil, and Japan. Respondents were also asked whether NATO was still essential, if they agreed with NATO's assertion that countries should maintain or increase defense spending, if the European Union and United States had enough common interests to cooperate on international issues and whether their relationship should become closer or be more independent, and if their own government should increase or decrease spending for defense. Respondents were also questioned on whether they were optimistic or pessimistic on issues such as stabilizing the situations in Afghanistan and Libya, their level of concern over Iran possibly developing nuclear weapons, and how to put an end to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Respondents were further queried about the role of the European Union and the United States in establishing democracy in other nations, whether they approved of their own country intervening to establish democracy in other nations, what countries were of most importance to their own nation's interests, the rise of China as a world power, the prospect of Turkey's membership in the European Union and possible consequences stemming from their joining, the state of the euro, and how much authority the EU should exercise over member nations. Lastly, respondents were asked how they were personally affected by the economic crisis, the importance of economic versus military power, their voting intentions in national elections, and how closely they followed world affairs. Demographic and other background information includes age, gender, political affiliation and partisanship, religion, race, age when finished full-time education and stage at which full-time education completed, occupation, type of phone line, household composition, type of locality, and region of residence.

Curated

Generational Memory and the Critical Period: Evidence for National and World Events, 1985-2010 (ICPSR 33001)

Released/updated on: 2012-01-23

Geographic coverage: United States, Japan, China (Peoples Republic), Israel, Lithuania, Germany, Global, Russia

Time period: 1985-01-01--2010-12-31

Investigators of this study bring together survey data from sources both new and old in order to test the generational hypothesis that national and world events experienced during a "critical period" of later childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood have a disproportionate effect on memories, attitudes, and actions in later life. Also considered were competing explanations for the same evidence, especially interpretations based on period and recency effects. The data come from nine surveys, mostly national, carried out in the United States and in six other countries (China, Germany, Israel, Japan, Lithuania, and Russia), between 1985 and 2010. The hypothesis is largely supported for recall of past events, and also for commemorative behavior connected to World War II and to the Vietnam War. The evidence is mixed with regard to attitudes toward the Gulf War and the Iraq invasion, emphasizing the distinction between generational effects that result from lifetime experience and those due to a critical period. The analysis considered most of the major events faced by Americans over the past 80 years, ranging from the Great Depression to current issues, including such national traumas as the assassination of President Kennedy, the Vietnam War, and the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack. Comparable events in other countries were also examined.

Curated

War Ledger Data, 1870-1974 (ICPSR 9000)

Released/updated on: 2011-08-12

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1870-01-01--1974-12-31

This study examines the relationship between national power and war. In the first dataset, the conditions preceding the outbreak of war are examined. In particular, the links between national growth and the onset of war are addressed. The second dataset contains variables which measure national capabilities and estimate political capacities. The third dataset relates to the consequences of war in terms of national power and growth. The final two datasets concern nuclear deterrence: the fourth dataset contains crisis data to test whether deterrence works, and the last dataset contains information on U.S. and U.S.S.R. defense expenditures in order to establish if the two major nuclear powers are in a nuclear arms race.

Curated

Correlates of War Project: Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) Data, 1816-2001 (ICPSR 24386)

Released/updated on: 2010-03-05

Geographic coverage: Benin, Papua New Guinea, Angola, Cambodia, Sudan, Paraguay, Kazakhstan, Portugal, Syria, Solomon Islands, North Korea, Bahamas, Grenada, Greece, Mongolia, Latvia, Morocco, Iran, Mali, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Panama, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq, Chile, Laos, Nepal, Argentina, Ukraine, Tanzania, Zambia, Ghana, Belize, Bahrain, India, Canada, Guinea-Bissau, Maldives, Turkey, Belgium, Namibia, Taiwan, Finland, Comoros, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Central African Republic, Jamaica, Peru, Turkmenistan, Germany, Yemen, Vietnam (Socialist Republic), Eritrea, United States, Guinea, China (Peoples Republic), Chad, Somalia, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Thailand, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Costa Rica, Sweden, Malawi, Liechtenstein, Poland, Kuwait, Jordan, Nigeria, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Croatia, Uruguay, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Kenya, Switzerland, Spain, Lebanon, Djibouti, Liberia, Azerbaijan, Cuba, Venezuela, Czech Republic, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Saint Lucia, Swaziland, Palau, Israel, Australia, Tajikistan, Estonia, Myanmar, Cameroon, Cyprus, Malaysia, Iceland, Global, Oman, Armenia, Gabon, South Korea, Austria, Yugoslavia, Mozambique, El Salvador, Luxembourg, Brazil, Algeria, Slovenia, Lesotho, Antigua and Barbuda, Ecuador, Colombia, Hungary, Japan, Moldova, Belarus, Albania, New Zealand, Senegal, Italy, Honduras, Macedonia, Ethiopia, Haiti, Afghanistan, Burundi, Egypt, Sierra Leone, Bolivia, Russia, Malta, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Gambia, Ireland, Qatar, Slovakia, France, Lithuania, Kyrgyzstan, Romania, Togo, Niger, Philippines, Rwanda, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Barbados, Norway, Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Suriname, Indonesia, Dominica

Time period: 1816-01-01--2001-12-31

The Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) (v3.10) data, compiled by the Correlates of War Project, provides information about conflicts in which one or more states threaten, display, or use force against one or more other states between 1816 and 2001. Five datasets are included with this collection. The first dataset comprises essential attributes of each militarized interstate dispute from January 1, 1816, through December 31, 2001, while the second dataset includes participants in each of these disputes. The third dataset comprises essential elements of each militarized interstate incident from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 2001, including incidents that belong to disputes that began in 1992 and continued into 1993, while the fourth dataset includes participants in each of these incidents. The fifth dataset contains dyadic militarized interstate disputes, of which each dyadic MID has exactly two states involved, on opposite sides of the MID. Generated from the incident-level data, these data are from the years 1993 through 2001, and additionally are provided for MIDs that were ongoing as of December 31, 1992.

Curated

Conflict Management by International Organizations, 1945-1970 (ICPSR 5303)

Released/updated on: 2009-09-17

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1945-01-01--1970-12-31

This study contains data on 146 disputes in different geographical regions of the world that were managed by international or regional organizations in the period 1945-1970. Part of the project on Studies in International Integration of the Institute of International Studies at the University of California (Berkeley), this study was aimed at addressing how much difference international organizations have made in the management of international conflicts. Data are provided for conflicts brought before at least one of the following organizations whose primary concern was conflict management among members: United Nations, Organization of American States, Organization of African Unity, Arab League, and the Council of Europe. For each dispute, data are provided for the name of the conflict, issues at stake, power status of the parties involved, responses of the international organizations involved in managing the dispute, interstate nature of the dispute, duration of hostilities, civil and military fatalities, likelihood of the dispute abating, disappearing, or escalating if the disputing parties were left to themselves by the international organizations, and the likelihood that the United States and the Soviet Union would engage in a major war over the dispute, involving the use of nuclear weapons or massive conventional weapons on several fronts. A summary scale was developed by the investigators to measure the intensity levels of each dispute, and to score the successes of organizational management of the dispute.

Curated

Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB), 1948-1978 (ICPSR 7767)

Released/updated on: 2009-06-03

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1948-01-01--1978-12-31

The Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB) is a longitudinal computer-based library of daily international and domestic events or interactions. The event records in this file describe the actions of approximately 135 countries in the world, both toward one another and within their domestic environments. A typical descriptive event record, such as an international border clash or domestic press censorship, is coded in nine variables. A COPDAB event record includes date of event, actor initiating the event, target of the event, source from which information was gathered about the event, issue area(s), and textual information about the activity. The event record also contains an evaluation by the coder regarding the type and scale value of the event.

Curated

ABC News/Washington Post Iraq War Polls, January-February 1991 (ICPSR 9563)

Released/updated on: 2009-01-20

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1991-01-13--1991-02-27

This data collection consists of telephone surveys concerning the Persian Gulf war between Iraq and the allied Coalition forces. Part 1, conducted just prior to the January 15th deadline set by the United Nations Security Council for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, asked respondents if the United States should take military action, what the likelihood was that the United States would go to war, how long the war would last, and how many casualties would result. Additional questions included whether the United States should hold further talks with Iraq, whether a diplomatic solution was possible, if the United States should agree to an Arab-Israeli conference, and if respondents approved of actions taken by George Bush and Congress. Parts 2-9 were conducted after the outbreak of war. Respondents were asked if they approved or disapproved of George Bush's and Israel's handling of the situation, of the United States' having gone to war, and of American anti-war protests. They were also asked how long they thought the war would last, how many casualties would result, who would win, if enough had been done to seek a diplomatic solution, and if the United States and her allies had been right to attack Iraq. In addition, respondents were asked how they rated the job the United States military was doing, if the air war would be enough or if a ground war would be necessary, if the government was releasing enough or too much information, if Israel should strike back at Iraq for the missile attacks, if the respondent was afraid to travel or afraid of increased terrorism, if the United States was heading toward another Viet Nam, and whether moral principle or economic reality had been the motive behind American troops' being sent to the Persian Gulf. Other topics covered include the final objective of the war (driving Iraq out of Kuwait or Saddam Hussein from power), allied bombing in Baghdad and issues surrounding hits on possible military targets that would result in civilian casualties, the presence of American reporters in Iraq, talks between Iraq and the Soviet Union seeking a diplomatic solution, and a set of questions addressing possible outcomes for Saddam Hussein and the respondent's personal feelings regarding him. Background information provided includes age, race, sex, political party identification, state/region of residence, and if the respondent had friends or relatives serving in the military in the Gulf region.

Curated

Israeli Election Study, 1973 (ICPSR 2988)

Released/updated on: 2008-08-27

Geographic coverage: Israel, Global

Time period: 1973-01-01--1973-12-31, 1974-01-13--1974-01-15, 1973-12-19--1973-12-20

This study is one in a series of election studies conducted since 1969 by Alan Arian and Michal Shamir that investigated voting patterns, public opinion, and political participation in Israel. This study in particular was conducted during May 1973-January 1974, prior to the elections of the 8th Knesset, and carried out in five phases. Respondents were asked to evaluate their general personal situations and that of Israel, and identify their knowledge of politics, interest and involvement in politics, previous participation in a youth movement, access to media (television, radio, and newspaper) pertaining to political affairs, and factors which would influence voting decisions including the October 1973 Yom Kippur War. Views were also elicited from respondents in regard to the Israeli government including the main problems it faces, a time estimate for resolution, and the development of a peace agreement with the Palestinians to end the Arab-Israeli conflict. Respondents were asked to define and evaluate political parties such as an ideal party, Gahal Party, and Alignment Party, and to evaluate other political parties such as the Labor Party and National Religious Party. In addition, respondents were queried about their knowledge of the new Likud Party and Gahal Party and whether each party, if elected, would bring changes to the government and represent a substitute for the Labor Party. Respondents' opinions were sought in regard to Prime Minister Golda Meir, Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, Likud Party Chairman Menachem Begin, and Knesset member Ariel Sharon and other political leaders including the city mayor and several combinations of political coalitions. Respondents also gave their level of satisfaction with the elections and government, and their views on social and economic issues, foreign, security, and peace matters (including occupied territories), the positions of political parties (including the opposition), and attributes of political parties and leaders. The survey queried respondents about both the election's and their own personal ability to influence government policy. Questions covered voting intention and history (personal and paternal), the importance of voting in the election versus supporting a particular party, coverage of elections in the media, perception of leaders, the effects of the election campaign, their views on public polls, and their participation in the election. Respondents also identified the role of the Histadrut as a trade union, whether they were members of this organization or a medical insurance plan, and how they received medical treatment. Post-war surveys asked respondents for their opinions about the political parties and candidates and for whom to vote, the influence of the Yom Kippur War on Israel and factors responsible for the changes, and whether the elections should be held on December 31, 1973, or postponed for a length of time. Demographic questions include gender, age, birthplace and education (personal and paternal), marital status, head of household, occupation, employment status and sector, employer, monthly family income, household characteristics, and left-right political self-placement. In addition, respondents were queried about the year they immigrated to Israel, their observation of religious tradition, and whether and how long the husband belonged to the army during the war. Place and date of the interview have only been included in the December 1973 Survey and January 1974 Survey.

Curated

ABC News/Washington Post Middle East Poll, August 1990 (ICPSR 9463)

Released/updated on: 2008-07-31

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1990-08-08--1990-08-08

This survey solicits opinions on the situation in the Middle East caused by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Respondents were asked if they favored or opposed sending United States military forces to defend Saudi Arabia, if they favored or opposed using the United States Navy to blockade Iraq's ports, if the United States should keep military forces in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf until Iraq withdraws its troops from Kuwait even if it meant keeping those forces there for many months or even years, and if they favored or opposed the United States taking stronger military action against Iraq if Iraq took American hostages. Respondents also were asked if they thought the oil companies would cooperate with Bush and avoid arising oil and gas prices, how important it was to include troops from Arab countries in the joint forces against Iraq, if they thought the United States was going to get involved in a war with Iraq and who would win this war, if the invasion of Kuwait would have a major negative impact on the United States economy, and if comparisons between Saddam Hussein and Hitler and Stalin were fair. Background information on respondents includes political alignment, age, race, sex, and state/region of residence.

Curated

Public Opinion and Foreign Policy in the United States, China, India, Australia, and South Korea, 2006 (ICPSR 4650)

Released/updated on: 2008-07-18

Geographic coverage: South Korea, United States, China (Peoples Republic), Australia, Global, India

Time period: 2006-01-01--2006-12-31

The Chicago Council undertakes a large-scale public opinion study every two years that compares American and international public opinion on a wide range of important international issues. A significant part of each biennial survey is additionally dedicated to examining a timely theme. The theme of the 2006 survey was, "The Rise of China and India."

This data collection presents a unique comparison of international attitudes on how the emergence of China and India as economic dynamos and claimants to great power status will affect the global economy, international security, and politics. Moreover, this study sought to assess American public opinion (Part 1, Public Opinion Survey, United States) on a variety of challenges facing the United States today including international terrorism, nuclear proliferation, conflict in the Middle East, the rising economic and political power of Asia, economic competition from abroad, and threats to energy supplies and the environment. This data collection also provides an understanding of how the Chinese (Part 2, Public Opinion Survey, China) and Indian (Part 3, Public Opinion Survey, India) publics view their nations' international challenges and opportunities and their respective roles as emerging great powers. Parallel surveys were also conducted in Australia (Part 4, Public Opinion Survey, Australia) in conjunction with the Lowy Institute for International Policy, and in South Korea (Part 5, Public Opinion Survey, South Korea) in conjunction with the East Asia Institute.

Demographic variables include race, age, gender, religious affiliation, highest level of education, and political identification.

Curated

CBS News/New York Times Kosovo Poll, April 1999 (ICPSR 4492)

Released/updated on: 2008-07-02

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1999-04-01--1999-04-30

This special topic poll, fielded April 5-6, 1999, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked to give their opinions of President Bill Clinton and his handling of the presidency and issues such as foreign policy and the economy. Several questions asked how closely respondents followed foreign news, including the recent bombing of military targets in Yugoslavia by the United States and NATO forces. Respondents were asked whether they approved of the air strikes, their impressions of the conflict in Kosovo, the effect of the air strikes on the conflict and on the United States' relations with Russia, and the likelihood that the conflict would spread to neighboring countries. A series of questions addressed whether the United States should increase its military action in Yugoslavia, the expected number of United States casualties that would result, and whether military action should be restricted to reduce the number of casualties. Other questions addressed the importance of Serbia, Kosovo, and the countries of China, Poland, and South Africa to the United States' interests. Views were also sought on whether the United States had a moral responsibility to become involved in countries where widespread persecution of ethnic groups occurred and whether the United States was doing enough to help Albanian refugees. Information was also collected on whether respondents had access to a computer, Internet access, and e-mail, and whether they had a child graduating from high school in the class of 2000. Demographic variables include sex, race, age, marital status, household income, education level, political party affiliation, political philosophy, voter participation history and registration status, the presence of children and teenagers in the household, and type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural).

Curated

International Crisis Behavior Project, 1918-2004 (ICPSR 9286)

Released/updated on: 2007-12-14

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1917-12-22--2004-12-31

This data collection was produced as part of the International Crisis Behavior Project, a research effort aimed at investigating 20th-century interstate crises and the behavior of states under externally generated stress. To this end, the data describe, over a 86-year period, the sources, processes, and outcomes of all military-security crises involving states. Variables were collected at both the micro/state actor level and the macro/international system level. At the macro level, seven dimensions of crisis were measured: crisis setting, crisis breakpoint-exitpoint, crisis management technique, great power/superpower activity, international organization involvement, crisis outcome, and crisis severity. Additional macro-level variables indicate various aspects of geography, polarity, system level, conflict type, power discrepancy, and involvement by powers. At the state actor level, variables measuring five dimensions of crisis were compiled: crisis trigger, state actor behavior, great power/superpower activity, international organization involvement, and crisis outcome. Additional micro-level variables indicate the role of war in each crisis. Others measure several kinds of state attributes: age, territory, regime characteristics, state capability, state values, and social, economic, and political conditions.

Curated

Ghanaian Public Opinion on the Middle East Conflict in Lebanon and the Palestinian Territories, 2006 (ICPSR 4653)

Released/updated on: 2007-04-13

Geographic coverage: Ghana, Global

Time period: 2006-01-01--2006-12-31

This survey, conducted August 21 to December 5, 2006, was used to gather public opinion in Ghana on issues such as Israel's military response to the capture of three Israeli soldiers in July 2006, Hezbollah's, Hamas', and Iran's in the ensuing conflict, and the United States' reaction to the Middle East crisis. Respondents were asked to give their opinion as to whether Hamas and Hezbollah were political or terrorist organizations. They also gave their opinions as to whether various countries' military actions were justified and who they thought was responsible for various military actions. Respondents were asked if they thought Hezbollah and Israel were fighting a proxy war for other countries. They were also asked if they thought the United States, other Western countries, and Israel were indifferent to the loss of life in Lebanon, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. Another set of questions dealt with bringing peace to the Middle East. Respondents were asked if they thought diplomatic efforts were being prolonged in hopes that Israel could achieve its battlefield objective of defeating Hezbollah. They were also asked if they thought Syria, Lebanon, the Palestinians, and Israel could reconcile themselves to a peaceful existence. Demographic variables include sex, age, marital status, nationality, religion, education level, and political ideology.

Curated

Foreign Affairs Perspectives of United States Business and Military Elites, 1973 (ICPSR 7491)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18

Geographic coverage: United States, Global

This study explored perspectives and sources of opinions about United States foreign policy among American business and military elites. The data collection includes information obtained from surveys of military and business elites, as well as content analysis of articles on American intervention abroad published in business and military journals. Military officers (Part 1) and senior business executives (Part 2) were asked about causes of war, prospects for peace, the most serious domestic and international problems faced by the United States, and possible solutions to these problems. Respondents' views on military and economic aid, defense spending, maintaining troops overseas, and the presence of ground troops in Vietnam were also assessed. Of the survey variables, 62 are common to the military and business officials. A limited number of separate questions were also asked of each individual group. Part 3 contains variables coded from content analysis of articles published in military and business journals, focusing on the authors' attitudes toward various acts of political, diplomatic, or military intervention as well as economic sanctions. Also explored were the apparent reasons for such attitudes, whether economic, strategic, or ideological. The study sought to identify patterns of media responses that might account for the formation of, or changes in, opinions among business or military circles.

Curated

Reconstruction of Oliver Benson's "Simple Diplomatic Game" (ICPSR 5907)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1965-01-01--1965-12-31

This data collection contains a revised version of the Simple Diplomatic Game, one of the first all-computer simulations in the international relations field developed by Oliver Benson in 1959. It represents an early attempt to articulate a number of "loose" assumptions about international behavior into a set of computer instructions such that high-speed computing equipment can be used to simulate a variety of international crises situations. The earlier computer simulation program is reconstructed in this study for 25 nations in 1965 for the purpose of examining the advantages and disadvantages inherent in these simulations and gauging what might be expected of computer simulation methodology in general. The main data matrix contains nine categories of indicators of natural and technical resources used in computing the war potential of each nation, values for nine indicators of aggressiveness used for computing the propensity-to-act index, a numeric code (0-4) indicating alliance membership, a one or zero indicating the nuclear or non-nuclear status of each country, a tally of losses suffered by each coalition member as a result of an unsuccessful initiative on the part of the coalition leader, a statistic for total exports and imports for each country, degrees of longitude for a major industrial area in each country, and degrees of latitude for these industrial areas. Benson's simulation is reprogrammed in this collection in BASIC computer language for use in an on-line, time-sharing environment. Seven additional nations were added and the database for all nations was updated.

Curated

Dimensions of Interaction, 1948-1973 (ICPSR 7426)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: Cyprus, United States, Sudan, Egypt, China (Peoples Republic), Libya, Global, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Greece, Middle East, Pakistan, Morocco, Iran, Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, France, Jordan, Tunisia, Japan, Europe, Africa, United Kingdom, India, Palestine, Lebanon, Canada, Turkey, Asia, Italy, Israel, Germany, Soviet Union, Indonesia

Time period: 1948-01-01--1973-12-31

This study includes event summaries derived from The Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB) Project (see also CONFLICT AND PEACE DATA BANK (COPDAB), 1948-1978 [ICPSR 7767]). Part 1 contains yearly summaries of events directed by one international actor toward another. There are both conflict and cooperation summaries, including measures of the frequency and intensity of events, and a measure of the dimension of interaction, which combines frequency and intensity. Event summaries are included only for dyads involving the following political entities as actors and targets: Algeria, Canada, China, Cyprus, Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Pakistan, Palestine Liberation Organization, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and Soviet Union. Data are recorded for each dyad for each year between 1948-1973. Part 2 contains domestic event summaries for the same 31 political entities. The variables measure frequency, intensity, and dimension of interaction (frequency and intensity) for both conflictive and cooperative domestic events. Data are recorded by year for each entity. In Part 3, a variable records the total number of international events initiated by each actor in each year, while a second variable calculates this yearly total as a percentage of all events initiated by the same actor during the 26-year period. Part 4 provides similar information, but with the dyad actor-target as a unit of analysis. One variable records the total number of events initiated by the actor toward the target over the whole time period, while a second variable calculates the number of events directed at one target as a percentage of the events directed at all targets.

Curated

Domestic Conflict Behavior, 1919-1966 (ICPSR 5003)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: Benin, Cambodia, Sudan, Paraguay, Portugal, Syria, North Korea, Greece, Mongolia, Latvia, Morocco, Iran, Mali, Panama, Guatemala, Iraq, Chile, Laos, Nepal, Argentina, Ghana, India, Canada, Turkey, Belgium, Finland, South Africa, Central African Republic, Peru, Germany, Yemen, Vietnam (Socialist Republic), United States, Guinea, China (Peoples Republic), Chad, Somalia, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Thailand, Libya, Costa Rica, Sweden, Poland, Jordan, Nigeria, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Uruguay, Sri Lanka, United Arab Emirates, Switzerland, Spain, Lebanon, Liberia, Cuba, Venezuela, Czech Republic, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Israel, Australia, Estonia, Myanmar, Cameroon, Cyprus, Malaysia, Iceland, Global, Gabon, South Korea, Great Britain, Austria, Yugoslavia, El Salvador, Luxembourg, Brazil, Ecuador, Hungary, Japan, Albania, New Zealand, Senegal, Italy, Honduras, Ethiopia, Haiti, Afghanistan, Bolivia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Ireland, France, Lithuania, Romania, Togo, Niger, Philippines, Nicaragua, Norway, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Indonesia

Time period: 1919-01-01--1966-12-31

The data for this study were collected to provide information on patterns of domestic conflict behavior in 111 independent countries for the years 1919-1966. The variables record the occurrence of riots, anti-government demonstrations, purges, major government crises, strikes, coups, revolutions, assassinations, and guerrilla war. Data exist for the full 42 years for 52 of the countries, but for the other 59 countries data exist for less than 42 years. Data may be obtained in either of two formats: nations as cases or nation/years as cases. In the first format one case would be "Canada" and possible variables would be "riots-1919," etc. In the second format, "Canada-1919" and "Canada-1920" would be possible cases, and "riots" would appear as a variable.

Curated

CBS News/New York Times Persian Gulf War Polls, January-February 1991 (ICPSR 9619)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1991-01-11--1991-02-25

This series of interviews tracks public opinion regarding the Persian Gulf War from the period immediately prior to the initiation of bombing in January 1991 to the ensuing ground combat in February. In addition to monitoring the evolving war, these data also provide an ongoing evaluation of the Bush presidency during that time period. Part 1 (January 5-7) examines sending troops to Saudi Arabia vs. staying out, the likelihood of war, Bush's efforts to find diplomatic solutions, negotiating with Saddam Hussein vs. forcing Iraq to leave Kuwait, the possibility of terrorist attacks in the United States, how closely the respondent followed the news of the Persian Gulf situation, military action against Iraq vs. waiting for sanctions to work, requiring a congressional declaration of war, Congress voting on a declaration of war before or after the January 15 deadline for Iraq's withdrawal, the January 9 meeting between Secretary of State James Baker and Iraq's foreign minister, attempting to meet with Hussein before January 15, and what might happen in the Persian Gulf in the event of war or otherwise. Part 2 (January 11-13) poses questions identical to Part 1 and addresses new issues, including whether Bush had already decided prior to the January 15 deadline to send troops into battle, whether a Kuwaiti offer to trade part of its territory in exchange for Iraq's withdrawal would be an acceptable resolution to the crisis, whether congressional authorization of the use of force would increase the likelihood of war, how congressmen should vote concerning the authorization of force, what Bush should do if only one house of Congress votes in favor of the use of force, whether the failure of the meeting between Secretary Baker and Iraq's foreign minister on January 9 made war more likely, and more questions related to what might happen in the Persian Gulf in the event of war or otherwise. Part 3 (January 5-7, 17 Panel) replicates both Part 1, the January 5-7 survey, and Part 5, the January 17 survey. It also examines new issues, including whether the United States did the right thing in initiating military action against Iraq, whether the war would last weeks or months, the number of expected American casualties in the war, whether the United States should remove Saddam Hussein from power in addition to driving Iraqi troops out of Kuwait, bombing military targets in heavily populated civilian areas vs. targets not in heavily populated areas, impressions of how the war was proceeding for the United States, how the respondent first heard about the war, perceptions of the main reason why United States forces were fighting in the Persian Gulf, and the reliability of Israel as an ally of the United States. Part 4 (January 17-20 Combined) replicates questions from Part 3, the January 17 survey, and probes new areas, including whether the war to defeat Iraq would be worth the cost in human life and financial resources, whether news that the war had begun made the respondent feel more worried or relieved, whether members of Congress who voted against the use of military force were viewed more/less favorably, FBI interviews of Arab-American business/community leaders, Arab-American sympathy for Iraq, Israeli retaliation for future Iraqi missile attacks, opposition to the war via protest marches/rallies and their effect on the war effort, military/economic aid to Israel, whether the United States military was holding back information about the war, if following the war news had affected the respondent's schedule, and whether the United States was correct to enter the Vietnam War. Questions unique to Part 5 (January 17) include whether the respondent felt proud about the United States' actions in the Persian Gulf, and whether getting Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait or the outcome of the struggle for freedom in the Soviet Union was of more importance to the United States. Questions unique to Part 6 (January 18) include whether Israel should retaliate for future Iraqi missile attacks. Part 7 (January 19) repeats questions from Part 6. Questions asked in Part 8 (January 20) include whether military/economic aid to Israel should be increased. Questions unique to Part 9 (February 12-13) consider whether Iraqi troops could be forced out of Kuwait by continued bombing or if a ground war would be necessary, the timing of the start of a ground war, whether a ground war would be worth the loss of thousands of American troops, the targeting of civilian as well as military locations for bombing, Israel's involvement in the war, continuing to fight until Hussein was removed from power vs. ending the war when Iraqi troops left Kuwait, whether removing Hussein from power would be worth the cost of thousands of American troops, effects of the war on the respondent, the timing of negotiations to end the war, the United States' inflicting excessive damage on Iraq, paying the cost of rebuilding Iraq after the war, the effect of the war on government's ability to function in other areas, and satisfaction with the accuracy and quantity of war-related information. Questions unique to Part 10 (February 24) involve whether the United States was correct to begin the ground war, the anticipated length of the ground war, whether Bush tried hard enough to reach a diplomatic solution before beginning the ground war, whether the United States and Iraq were close to a negotiated settlement before the ground war began, and opinions of Mikhail Gorbachev and his motives in trying to negotiate an end to the war. Questions unique to Part 11 (February 25) examine whether the United States should set up a new government in Iraq if Saddam Hussein was removed from power, whether United States troops should remain in the Gulf after the war to insure stability in the region, the extent to which the people of Iraq were to blame for allowing Saddam Hussein to remain in power, and whether the United States should allow the Kuwaiti royal family to return to its position leading Kuwait after the war.

Curated

Correlates of War Project: International and Civil War Data, 1816-1992 (ICPSR 9905)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1816-01-01--1992-12-31

This data collection describes international and civil wars for the years 1816-1992. Part 1, the International Wars file, describes the experience of each interstate member in each war. The unit of analysis is the participant in a particular conflict. When and where each interstate member fought is coded, along with battle and total deaths, pre-war population and armed forces, and whether the member in question initiated the conflict. Each war is characterized as interstate, colonial, or imperial, and major power status and/or central system membership of the warring parties is noted. Part 2, the Civil Wars file, describes when and where fighting took place, whether the war was fought within the boundaries of a major power or central system member, whether there was outside intervention and, if so, whether the intervening state was a major power, on what side they intervened, who won the war, number of battle deaths, total population, and total number of pre-war armed forces.

Curated

Behavioral Origins of War (ICPSR 1290)

Released/updated on: 2003-11-03

Geographic coverage: Global

In this book the authors analyze systemic, binary, and individual factors in order to evaluate a wide variety of theories about the origins of war.

Curated

ABC News/Washington Post Terrorist Attack Poll #3, September 2001 (ICPSR 3294)

Released/updated on: 2001-10-22

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2001-09-01--2001-09-30

This special topic poll, conducted September 20, 2001, was undertaken to assess respondents' reactions to and feelings about the terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center towers in New York City, damaged the Pentagon in Washington, DC, and caused a plane crash in Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001. Respondents were asked whether they approved of President George W. Bush's response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks as well as his proposed remedies, what the consequences were of various levels of military action that could be taken in response to the terrorist threat, and how they viewed the state of the nation's economy. Respondents were also asked whether they watched or listened to any of Bush's address to Congress on September 20, 2001, how much Bush's proposed measures such as stricter airport security, stronger law enforcement efforts, and the creation of a new White House office for domestic security would reduce the risk of another major terrorist attack in this country, and whether Bush's speech made respondents more or less confident in the ability of the United States to deal with the crisis. Assuming that the groups and nations responsible for the terrorist attacks were identified, respondents were asked whether they would support military action against these groups, and whether they would support military action even if it meant getting into a war. Opinions were elicited on whether the United States should limit its military action to the terrorist groups and nations responsible for the September 11, 2001, attacks or broaden its actions to include all terrorist groups and nations, whether taking or not taking military action would result in a greater risk of further terrorism in this country, whether large numbers of troops would be killed and wounded, and whether military action would last for a few weeks, a few months, a year or so, or several years. Concerning the nation's economy, respondents were asked to describe the current state of the economy as excellent, good, not so good, or poor, and to comment on whether the economy was heading into a recession. Background information on respondents includes political party, age, race, and gender.

Curated

ABC News/Washington Post Terrorist Attack Poll #4, September 2001 (ICPSR 3295)

Released/updated on: 2001-10-22

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2001-09-01--2001-09-30

This special topic poll, conducted September 25-27, 2001, was undertaken to assess respondents' reactions to and feelings about the terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center towers in New York City, damaged the Pentagon in Washington, DC, and caused a plane crash in Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001. Respondents were asked to give their opinions of the way President George W. Bush was handling the presidency and the terrorist attacks. Respondents were also asked whether they would support taking military action in response, and whether they believed that the United States government would go to war as a result of the attacks. They were further asked whether they would feel the same way if military action caused the death of or injured innocent civilians in other countries and large numbers of American troops due to a long war. Respondents were queried on whether they would support mounting a broader war against terrorist groups and the nations that support them, whether they believed there would be more major terrorist attacks in this country, what the United States must do in its war on international terrorism, and, supposing that the United States accomplished all of its objectives, whether it would still have won the war on terrorism if there were to be another major terrorist attack. Respondents' opinions were elicited on Osama bin Laden, the main suspect in the attack, who was reportedly living in Afghanistan. They were asked whether they believed that the United States would capture or kill bin Laden, and would be able to significantly reduce terrorist attacks against the United States. Respondents were also asked whether action on education reform and prescription drugs for seniors should be postponed for at least a year because of the war on terrorism. Additional topics covered how much the respondents trusted the government to do the right thing, how patriotic they were, whether they appreciated more the privileges they had in this country, and whether they were more willing to make personal sacrifices for the good of the country. Background information on respondents includes age, gender, political party, education, residency, marital status, children in household, race, and household income.

Curated

ABC News/Washington Post Terrorist Attack Poll #2, September 2001 (ICPSR 3290)

Released/updated on: 2001-10-01

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2001-09-01--2001-09-30

This special topic poll, conducted September 13, 2001, was undertaken to assess respondents' reactions to and feelings about the terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center towers in New York City, damaged the Pentagon in Washington, DC, and resulted in a plane crash in Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001. Respondents were asked to give their opinions of President George W. Bush and his handling of the presidency and the terrorist attacks. Respondents were asked whether they believed that the United States government did all it reasonably could do to try to prevent the attacks, and whether they were confident in the ability of the United States government to prevent future terrorist attacks against America. Assuming that the United States is able to identify the groups and/or nations responsible for the attacks, those queried were asked whether they would support taking military action in response. Respondents were asked whether they would feel the same way if military action meant that innocent civilians in other countries might be injured or killed and if military action resulted in a long war with large numbers of troops injured or killed. Those queried were asked whether they believed that the United States would go to war as a result of Tuesday's attacks. Respondents' opinions were elicited on Osama bin Laden, a suspect in the recent attacks, who reportedly lived in Afghanistan and was indicted for directing previous terrorist attacks. They were asked whether they would support attacking Afghanistan militarily if Afghanistan did not turn bin Laden over to the United States. Respondents were also asked whether they would support new laws that would make it easier for the FBI and other authorities to investigate suspected terrorists, giving up some of their personal liberties and privacy as a result of such laws, and whether they would support new airport security measures that might cause long delays in air travel. Those surveyed were asked about their personal safety concerns regarding upcoming air travel and whether they had cancelled or were planning to cancel future travel plans. Additional topics covered whether the attacks had made respondents more suspicious of people of Arab descent, how their children were reacting to the acts of terrorism, and whether the economy was heading into a recession. Background information on respondents includes age, gender, political party, children in household, and frequency of air travel.

Curated

ABC News 'Nightline' Kosovo Poll #1, March 1999 (ICPSR 2767)

Released/updated on: 1999-08-20

Geographic coverage: United States

This special topic poll, fielded March 23, 1999, sought respondents' views on United States involvement in the Serbian region of Kosovo. Those queried were asked whether they believed that America's vital interests were at stake in Kosovo, whether the United States should bomb military targets in Serbia if the Serbian government refused to agree to a peace plan for Kosovo, and whether United States involvement in the region was likely to bring peace to the area. Additional questions addressed the possible use of United States ground troops to enforce the peace treaty in Kosovo, whether United States military involvement would put United States soldiers at risk, and how many lives bringing peace to Kosovo was worth. The results of the poll were announced on the ABC television program "Nightline." Background information on respondents includes sex and political party.

Curated

ABC News 'Nightline' Kosovo Poll #2, April 1999 (ICPSR 2770)

Released/updated on: 1999-08-20

Geographic coverage: United States

This special topic poll, fielded April 8, 1999, sought respondents' views on the current situation in Kosovo. Those queried were asked for their opinions on President Bill Clinton's handling of the situation, whether America's vital interests were at stake, and how they viewed the air strikes currently being waged against Serbia by the United States and its European allies. Respondents were asked whether they would support the use of ground troops to end the conflict, how much time they believed should lapse before ground troops were sent, whether the United States was going to get into a ground war in Kosovo, and the impact of the potential loss of American lives on public opinion. Additional questions covered the success to date of the attacks, whether the respondent possessed a good understanding of the situation, why the United States was involved, and who was to blame for the current refugee situation. The results of the poll were announced on the ABC television program "Nightline." Background information on respondents includes sex and political party.

Curated

ABC News/Washington Post Kosovo Poll #3, April 1999 (ICPSR 2771)

Released/updated on: 1999-08-20

Geographic coverage: United States

This special topic poll, fielded April 25-26, 1999, sought respondents' views on the current situation in Kosovo. Those queried were asked for their opinions on President Bill Clinton's handling of the presidency and the situation in Kosovo. Specifically, respondents were asked about the air strikes currently being launched against Serbia by the United States and its allies, the possibility of a ground war, the potential for loss of American lives, who was winning the conflict, and the civilian casualties that had occurred as a result of the conflict. Additional questions addressed the possible increased military involvement on the part of the United States through the use of military reserves and the National Guard, whether the United States should have gotten involved in this conflict, the potential for the development of a situation similar to the Vietnam War, and cooperation among the NATO allies. Background information on respondents includes age, race, sex, education, and political party.

Curated

Mass Public Decisions About Going to War (ICPSR 1201)

Released/updated on: 1999-06-23

Geographic coverage: United States

This research is an exploration of how dispositional and situational factors (alone and in combination) influence support among the mass public for the use of United States military force in foreign conflicts .

Curated

Foreign Policy Leadership Project, 1976-1996 (ICPSR 2614)

Released/updated on: 1999-02-03

Geographic coverage: United States, Global

Time period: 1976-01-01--1996-12-31

The Foreign Policy Leadership Project (FPLP) has conducted extensive quadrennial mail surveys of elite civilian and military opinion since 1976. The cohort varies from year to year, and is drawn from organizations such as Who's Who, labor leadership, the Department of Defense, foreign service officers, the National War College, the press corps, politicians, and clergy leaders. Survey topics focus on United States foreign policy and foreign affairs. Specific issues vary from year to year, although a series of topics are repeated throughout the years. These topics include the importance of foreign policy goals such as containing communism, improving the global standard of living, defending United States allies, protecting United States interests abroad, strengthening the United Nations, combating world hunger, protecting the environment, controlling world population, and ending the illegal drug trade. Respondents are also asked to rate United States effectiveness in those areas. Additional recurring topics include the causes of war, approaches to world peace, threats to national security, and contemporary domestic issues. The theme of Part 1, 1976 Data, was the effect that the Vietnam War has had on United States foreign policy. Those queried were asked to assess America's role in world policy, such as providing economic aid to poorer nations and preventing the destruction of Israel. Given a list of foreign policy questions, respondents were asked to indicate their position and how it was shaped by the Vietnam experience. Questions covered the "domino theory", the Angolan civil war, and the use of United States military power. Those queried were asked to assess possible consequences of the Vietnam War, including policies toward the Third World, and damage to the United States economy. Respondents were also asked to rate the significance of factors that may have prevented the United States from achieving its goal in Vietnam, such as Watergate, the media, and the role of the Soviets and the Chinese. Those queried were asked to assess the role political events and policies such as the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Berlin Airlift, and the 1962 blockade of Cuba played as steps leading to United States involvement in Vietnam. Part 2, 1980 Data, introduced the 1979 Iran hostage crisis and the situation in Afghanistan. Respondents' views were sought on implications of the Afghanistan situation for United States farmers, the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games, foreign military bases, and Soviet foreign policy. Respondents' opinions were sought on current issues in United States foreign relations, such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), human rights, the United States defense budget, the policy of detente, and policy in the Middle East. Those queried were asked to examine the lessons learned from the Iran hostage crisis, including the role of patience in foreign policy, the overthrow of the shah's regime, and dependence on oil from the Middle East. Part 3, 1984 Data, addressed political undertakings in Lebanon, El Salvador, Grenada, and Nicaragua. Respondents were asked about the implications of events related to the Middle East, including the 1983 truck bombing of United States Marines in Beruit, oil embargoes, and Soviet intentions in the region. Those queried were also asked for their opinions on current issues in American foreign relations, including Soviet-United States arms control negotiations and the defense of Western Europe, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Treaty. Views were also sought on recent United States foreign policies, such as opposition to a "nuclear freeze", failure to impose economic sanctions on South Africa for its policy of apartheid, and support of Great Britain after the Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Islands. Part 4, 1988 Data, covered the topics of escorting Kuwait's oil tankers into the Persian Gulf, United States support of the Aquino government in the Philippines, aiding "contra" rebels in Nicaragua, and supporting rebels fighting the government in Afghanistan. Respondents were also asked about the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and the 1987 Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. Their views were sought on cooperative efforts among nations to end terrorism, famine, the drug trade, and Third World debts. Those queried were asked what influenced their orientations toward foreign affairs, and the reliability of such information. Their views were sought on recent United States foreign policies, including the sale of arms to Iran and Saudi Arabia, the 1986 bombing of Libya, and refusal to invoke the War Powers Act. Other topics included the negative trade balance and Soviet foreign policy goals. Part 5, 1992 Data, focused on the effects of the Persian Gulf War and the collapse of the Soviet Union on United States foreign policy. Respondents were asked for their opinions on the political, economic, and social implications of the end of the Cold War for the United States and its foreign policies. Those queried were asked to evaluate possible reasons for the changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, including the influence of western media, the failure of communism to provide a satisfactory standard of living, the United States military build-up, and the election of a Polish Pope in 1978. Their views were sought on recent United States foreign policies, including the removal of President Manuel Noriega from power in Panama, the withholding of diplomatic recognition from Croatia and Slovenia, the preservation of NATO, promoting a peace conference to bring Israel and its Arab neighbors to the negotiating table, and creating a trade-free zone with Canada. Part 6, 1996 Data, covered the November 1995 decision by President Bill Clinton to send American troops to Bosnia, and whether vital American interests were at stake. Respondents were asked for their opinions on the possible use of American military forces abroad under a variety of situations. Such scenarios included a Russian invasion of Western Europe, an Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia, a Cuban attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro, a North Korean invasion of South Korea, and a civil war in Mexico. Those queried were asked for their opinions on the United States role in the leadership of UN and NATO troops, the values that the United States government should promote, which world problems the United States should contribute to monetarily, and the role of the government in promoting the interests of the disadvantaged. Respondents' views were also sought on recent United States foreign policies, including providing humanitarian aid to Somalia, granting "most favored nation" trade status to China, sending peacekeeping forces to Haiti, supporting NATO expansion, and establishing diplomatic relations with Vietnam. For all parts, background information on respondents includes sex, education, occupation, frequency of world travel, military service record, political party, political orientation, and political involvement.

Curated

Major-Minor Power Wars, 1495-1815 (ICPSR 6321)

Released/updated on: 1994-10-17

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1495-01-01--1815-12-31

The purpose of this data collection was to identify and to date wars between major and minor powers. Data were collected and collated on initiation of wars, participation and termination date for each participant, outcome, and, whenever possible, total casualties suffered in the conflict. The individual battle was taken as the basic unit of analysis. If contestants were the same, but more than six months separated each individual battle, and battles met certain other criteria, each was treated as a separate war. If not, they were coded as part of one larger conflict. A total of 65 wars that involved one major and one minor power on opposing sides were identified for this collection.

Curated

Great Power Wars, 1495-1815 (ICPSR 9955)

Released/updated on: 1994-05-20

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1495-01-01--1815-12-31

This study identifies "great power" wars, i.e., major-minor wars, or those involving at least one great power on each side. In order to exclude protracted conflicts with low levels of fighting, an annual average of 1,000 battle deaths was required for inclusion in this collection. Great powers are defined as countries or states that play a major role in international politics with respect to security-related issues. Such powers must have a high level of military capability relative to other states and be able to project military power beyond their borders with the option of using force, or the threat of force, to help shape their external environment. They play a large role in international organizations and politics and are perceived as great powers by other members of the international community. Variables in this collection include the duration of each war, its severity in terms of the number of battle-connected deaths, the extent of the war (defined as the number of great powers participating in the fighting), magnitude of the war (combining extent and duration indicators), and the concentration of war (the ratio of severity to magnitude).

Curated

Historical Analogies, Generational Effects, and Attitudes Toward War in the United States, October 1990-February 1991 (ICPSR 9959)

Released/updated on: 1993-05-13

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1990-10-01--1991-02-28

This data collection explores the attitudes of different generations of Americans toward war. Questions pertained to respondents' views of the Cold War, World Wars I and II, the Vietnam War, and the Persian Gulf War. Respondents were also asked for their opinions of Saddam Hussein and Adolf Hitler, and for their views regarding President George Bush's declaration that force was necessary to make Iraq withdraw completely from Kuwait. A portion of the interviews were conducted before the Persian Gulf War (up to and including January 15), some were conducted during the War (January 17 and later), and others the day the bombing started (January 16). Questions were also asked about the respondent's educational background, month and year of birth, race or ethnic origin, and sex.

Curated

Intersection of Personal and National History, 1985: [United States] (ICPSR 9257)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-17

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1985-01-01--1985-12-31

These data explore the ways in which national and world events occurring over the past 50 years have affected respondents' lives and the lives of their families. A representative sample of Americans was queried about memories of important people, war-related issues including lessons learned from the Vietnam War, civil rights, and economic issues.

Curated

Nations in Conflict: Data on National Growth and International Violence for Six European Major Powers, 1870-1914 (ICPSR 7425)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: Great Britain, Austria, Hungary, Europe, Italy, France, Germany, Global, Russia

Time period: 1870-01-01--1914-12-31

This study includes data collected to investigate the dynamics of conflict and warfare and the role played by national growth and expansion in these processes. Annual aggregate data were compiled for the period 1870-1914 on Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary in eight categories: national size, colonial size, economic and productivity profile, commercial activity, government budget, alliances, violence, and conflicts of interest. Data in the first six categories were gathered from yearbooks and other historical sources. One of the alliance measures, adversary relationship, is a dummy variable indicating if a state was aligned or not. Variables in the last two categories are derived by subjective scaling procedures. The data are structured around individual years as units of analysis.

Curated

Interstate Security Conflicts, 1945-1974 (ICPSR 7536)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1945-01-01--1974-12-31

This data collection contains information about 310 cases of interstate conflict that had a political-security focus and occurred between 1945 and 1974. Each case represents a conflict management problem associated with particular conflicts. Cases are characterized in terms of the goals of the parties and management agents as perceived by the international community at the time of the conflict. Thus, a case may not correspond directly to a conflict. (One case may represent several different conflicts and a conflict may result in several cases.) For each conflict management problem, data exists that identifies the core case and describes conflict characteristics (e.g., type of issue, number of fatalities, duration, and likelihood of abatement if no management agents became involved), management influence (e.g., specific agents -- including a range of 45 specific organizations and governments, agent's bias, and agent's previous involvement), and management action (e.g., at what phase of conflict the agent became involved, phase of strongest action, and technique of management action).

Curated

International Subsystems, 1649-1963 (ICPSR 5011)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1649-01-01--1963-12-31

This study of the structure of the international system and its consequences for national war behavior is composed of three distinct types of data: Member Characteristic Data, Subsystem Data, and War Data, consisting of Richardson's Deadly Quarrel Data, Wright's War Data, Singer and Small's War Data, and Sorokins' Disturbance Data. In the Member Characteristic Data, each member of each subsystem is the unit of observation and the national characteristics of each member are reported. In the Subsystem Data, 21 subsystems constitute the unit of observation, with variables recording the number of members, wars, alliances, and polarity of each subsystem. The War Data report the war behavior of each of the 21 subsystems, with one record for each war as reported in the four major studies of war from which they were compiled.

Curated

Dimensions of Conflict Behavior Within and Between Nations, 1955-1960 (ICPSR 5021)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: Myanmar, Cambodia, Sudan, Paraguay, Portugal, Global, Syria, North Korea, Greece, South Korea, Austria, Yugoslavia, El Salvador, Morocco, Iran, Panama, Brazil, Guatemala, Czechoslovakia, Iraq, Chile, Laos, Nepal, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, Hungary, Japan, India, Albania, New Zealand, Canada, Turkey, Belgium, Taiwan, Finland, South Africa, Italy, Honduras, Peru, Germany, Ethiopia, Yemen, Vietnam (Socialist Republic), Haiti, Afghanistan, United States, Egypt, China (Peoples Republic), Bolivia, Libya, Costa Rica, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, Sweden, Pakistan, Ireland, Poland, France, Jordan, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Romania, Uruguay, Sri Lanka, Philippines, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain, Lebanon, Liberia, Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Norway, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Israel, Australia, Soviet Union, Indonesia

Time period: 1955-01-01--1960-12-31

These data focus on the dimensions of domestic and foreign conflict behavior of nations in the period 1955-1960. The product of two separate studies conducted by Rudolph J. Rummel and Raymond Tanter utilizing identical variables for the time periods 1955-1957 and 1958-1960, respectively, this dataset gauges domestic conflict behavior with measures such as number of assassinations, general strikes, major government crises, purges, riots, anti-government demonstrations, revolutions, domestic violence deaths, and the presence or absence of guerilla warfare. Other variables such as the number of anti-foreign demonstrations, negative sanctions, protests, countries with which diplomatic relations were severed, expulsion or recall of ambassadors, threats, mobilizations, accusations, troop movements, deaths in foreign violence, presence or absence of military action, and war measure foreign conflict behavior.