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This is the replication package for the paper titled "The Progressive Era War on Vice: Public Health Consequences of Closing Red-Light Districts" published in Journal of Economic History.

To combat prostitution and sex trafficking, criminal justice strategies and collaborative programs have emerged that focus on reducing consumer-level demand. From 2008 to 2012, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) sponsored a study entitled "A National Overview of Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Demand Reduction Efforts" (referred to as Part I) that featured the systematic collection of information to determine the types and distribution of demand reduction tactics implemented throughout the United States. These efforts gave rise to a typology of law enforcement and community-based tactics identifying 12 different methods for deterring people (mostly men) from buying sex or which sanction those individuals who solicit sex acts. The essential product of that study was the Demand Forum website, launched in January 2013 by Abt Associates. In the years that followed, Demand Forum provided information about demand reduction interventions in the United States, and its content was updated and expanded through daily web searches and supplemented by periodic literature reviews or direct contact with a network of practitioners and other experts. During the website's first seven years of operation, it was viewed by more than 262,000 individuals from 179 countries and was used to shape policy and practice within the United States. However, innovations in the field, primarily new tactics using information technology (IT) to deter buyers and develop evidence to apprehend those actively seeking to purchase sex, have emerged since Demand Forum's launch.

The current study (referred to as Part II) builds upon the methodology and knowledge base of the initial study to keep the field informed of innovations and evolving responses to buyer behaviors and to continue to provide support for practice and policy. Beginning January 2021, the National Center on Sexual Exploitation (NCOSE), which now maintains Demand Forum, conducted a systematic assessment of current demand reduction tactics and created an expanded tactic typology to reflect recent innovations intended to reduce the demand that drives sex trafficking markets. The project also aimed to provide updated information and resources that could be used by practitioners. The methodology for identifying new information about existing tactics and their implementation in U.S. cities and counties featured a web-based survey distributed to more than 3,200 law enforcement agencies, more than 50 interviews with expert practitioners and survivors, searches of thousands of open source reports, reviews of the research and practice literature, and reviews of prostitution laws within all 50 states.

NOTE: Data collected from the survey and interviews during this project were intended to verify information about demand reduction tactics and were not meant for analysis. This collection is limited to the online survey data.

This study extended the understanding of human trafficking among youth involved in child welfare and juvenile justice systems by examining relationships among trafficking victimization, youth characteristics, and experiences in the juvenile justice, child welfare, and criminal justice systems. Using de-identified linked administrative data provided by the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ), Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), and the Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF), researchers:

1. informed identification of trafficking victimization by assessing the predictive utility of Florida's Human Trafficking Screening Tool, using ordered multinomial regressions and factor analysis;
2. informed response to trafficked youth by describing characteristics of those who experience trafficking during juvenile justice or child welfare supervision, or who enter juvenile justice supervision with prior human trafficking allegations, using descriptive statistics and linear and logistic regression;
3. informed secondary prevention for at-risk youth by identifying those at greatest risk of human trafficking throughout adolescence, and informed tertiary prevention among trafficked youth by identifying those at greatest risk of subsequent victimization following an initial trafficking allegation;
4. investigated the longitudinal association between human trafficking allegations and subsequent juvenile and adult criminal charges. Data collection included all youth served by DCF who were born in or after 1993, and whose records included at least one maltreatment allegation before February 29th, 2020.

Media coverage has highlighted raids, mass arrests, and undercover stings of illicit massage parlors in United States cities and suburbs. This study defines "illicit," as a sub-set of massage parlors that purport to operate as legal businesses but where sexual services are illegally bought and sold. Although some media accounts have highlighted linkages between illicit massage parlors, human trafficking, and the fact that many of the workers are Asian immigrant women, the daily experiences of workers in illicit massage parlors are rarely reported from their own perspectives. To fill this gap in knowledge, researchers interviewed 116 Chinese and Korean women who reported that they had provided sexual services in a massage parlor setting in New York City or Los Angeles County. This data collection includes anonymized responses from these women about their demographic background, path to working in massage parlors, working conditions, social networks, sexual health and access to healthcare, victimization by clients and managers, and trust in law enforcement.

A critical gap in knowledge about service provision for domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) victims is why youth resist help from providers. This project asked DMST survivors about the barriers they experienced and their readiness to leave their commercial sexual exploitation. The study included an in-depth qualitative phase of formerly sex trafficked women (n=41), followed by a cross-sectional, self-report survey administered to recently trafficked young adults (n=94).

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This study includes data that was used to investigate the effect of legislative and judicial factors on system responses to sex trafficking of minors (STM) in metropolitan and non-metropolitan communities. To accomplish this, researchers evaluated the effectiveness of the immunity, protection, and rehabilitative elements of a state safe harbor law. This project was undertaken as a response to a growing push to pass state safe harbor laws to align governmental and community responses to the reframing of the issue of sex trafficking of minors that was ushered in with the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA).

This collection includes 4 SPSS files, 3 Excel data files, and 2 SPSS Syntax files:

1. Child-Welfare-Human-Trafficking-Reports-2013-2017-data.xlsx
2. Judicial-Interview-De-identified-Quantitative-Data-for-NACJD_REV_Oct2018.sav (n=82; 36 variables)
3. Judicial-online-survey-data-for-NACJD_REV_Dec2018.sav (n=55; 77 variables)
4. Juvenile-Justice-Screening-for-HT-2015-MU-MU-0009.xlsx
5. Post-implementation-survey-data-for-NACJD_REV_Dec2018.sav (n=365; 1029 variables)
6. Pre-implementation-survey-data-for-NACJD_REV_Dec2018.sav (n=323; 159 variables)
7. Recode-syntax-for-pre-implementation-survey-for-NACJD.sps
8. Statewide-juvenile-court-charges-2015-MU-MU-0009-to-NACJD.xlsx
9. Syntax-for-post-implementation-survey-data-to-NACJD.sps

Qualitative data from judicial interviews and agency open-ended responses to Post-Implementation of the Safe Harbor Law Survey are not available as part of this collection.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This study examined life histories and experiences of individuals involved in the sex trade in New York City.

Also interviewed were twenty-eight criminal justice policymakers, practitioners, and community representatives affiliated with New York City's Human Trafficking Intervention Courts (HTICs).

The collection contains 1 SPSS data file (Final-Quantitative-Data-resubmission.sav (n=304; 218 variables)).

Demographic variables include gender, age, race, ethnicity, education level, citizenship status, current housing, family size, sexual orientation, and respondent's place of birth.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This multi-method, multi-site study aimed to increase scientific knowledge on the population size, needs, characteristics, and criminal justice experiences of youth who are involved in exchanging sex for money, food, housing, drugs, or other goods. Youth interviews were conducted in each of six geographically diverse research sites, as well as interviews with social service and law enforcement agency staff in four of the sites. In addition, state-level data on prostitution arrests of youth under the age of 18 and case-level data on prostitution arrests of youth under the age of 24 in the six research sites were obtained, but are not included in this collection.

The collection includes one SPSS data file, Youth_in_the_Sex_Trade_Final_Quantitative_Dataset.sav (n=949, vars= 88).

The qualitative data are not available as part of this collection at this time.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This study measures the size and structure of the underground commercial sex economy in eight major US cities: San Diego, Seattle, Dallas, Denver, Washington, DC, Kansas City, Atlanta, and Miami. The goals of this study were to derive a more rigorous estimate of the underground commercial sex economy (UCSE) in eight major US cities and to provide an understanding of the structure of this underground economy.

Researchers relied on a multi-method approach using both qualitative and quantitative data to estimate the size of UCSE including:

1. Collecting official data on crime related to the underground weapons and drugs economies
2. Conducting semi-structured interviews with convicted traffickers, pimps, child pornographers, and sex workers at the federal, state, and local levels
3. Conducting semi-structured interviews with local and federal police investigators and prosecutors to inform our analysis of the interrelationship across different types of underground commercial sex activity.

With the creation of the first drug court in Miami-Dade County, Florida in 1989, problem-solving courts emerged as an innovative effort to close the revolving door of recidivism. Designed to target the social and psychological problems underlying certain types of criminal behavior, the problem-solving model boasts a community-based, therapeutic approach. As a result of the anecdotal successes of early drug courts, states expanded the problem-solving court model by developing specialized courts or court dockets to address a number of social problems. Although the number and types of problem-solving courts has been expanding, the formal research and statistical information regarding the operations and models of these programs has not grown at the same rate. Multiple organizations have started mapping the variety of problem-solving courts in the county; however, a national catalogue of problem-solving court infrastructure is lacking. As evidence of this, different counts of problem-solving courts have been offered by different groups, and a likely part of the discrepancy lies in disagreements about how to define and identify a problem-solving court. What is known about problem-solving courts is therefore limited to evaluation or outcome analyses of specific court programs.

In 2010, the Bureau of Justice Statistics awarded the National Center for State Courts a grant to develop accurate and reliable national statistics regarding problem-solving court operations, staffing, and participant characteristics. The NCSC, with assistance from the National Drug Court Institute (NDCI), produced the resulting Census of Problem-Solving Courts which captures information on over 3,000 problem-solving courts that were operational in 2012.

The Risk Factors for AIDS among Intravenous Drug Users study is an ongoing series of cross-sectional studies that recruits participants from a storefront research site and from one of New York City's largest detoxification facilities. The goal of the study was to assess the potential effectiveness of HIV interventions by examining participants' drug use, risk behavior, and AIDS prevention knowledge and activities.

The dataset combines survey responses taken from interviews conducted at the Bellevue Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program, the Beth Israel Medical Center and from a high drug use area in Lower East Side of Manhattan. All participants were at least 18 years of age or older. Participants from the Beth Israel Medical Center and the Lower East Side were given face-to-face interviews based on a World Health Organization Multi-Centre questionnaire. Data from the Bellevue Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program were extracted from patients' clinical files. Minimal demographic and HIV risk behavior were included in the methadone patient responses in these data to protect their anonymity. Blood samples were taken from participants to test for HIV.

These data also contain information on topics including participant demographics, alcohol use, drug use, substance abuse treatment, needle sharing habits, sexual behavior, social networks, HIV testing services, as well as mental and physical health. Drugs use explored in this study includes heroin, cocaine, crack, methadone, amphetamines, ice, tranquilizers, barbiturates and other drugs.

This dataset is public-use. A restricted-use version of the dataset is also available with the associated study number 35078. There are 2,907 respondents and 902 variables in the dataset.

The Risk Factors for AIDS among Intravenous Drug Users study is an ongoing series of cross-sectional studies that recruits participants from a storefront research site and from one of New York City's largest detoxification facilities. The goal of the study was to assess the potential effectiveness of HIV interventions by examining participants' drug use, risk behavior, and AIDS prevention knowledge and activities.

The dataset combines survey responses taken from interviews conducted at the Bellevue Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program, the Beth Israel Medical Center and from a high drug use area in Lower East Side of Manhattan. All participants were at least 18 years of age or older. Participants from the Beth Israel Medical Center and the Lower East Side were given face-to-face interviews based on a World Health Organization Multi-Centre questionnaire. Data from the Bellevue Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program were extracted from patients' clinical files. Minimal demographic and HIV risk behavior were included in the methadone patient responses in these data to protect their anonymity. Blood samples were taken from participants to test for HIV.

These data also contain information on topics including participant demographics, alcohol use, drug use, substance abuse treatment, needle sharing habits, sexual behavior, social networks, HIV testing services, as well as mental and physical health. Drugs use explored in this study includes heroin, cocaine, crack, methadone, amphetamines, ice, tranquilizers, barbiturates and other drugs.

There are 2,907 respondents and 906 variables in the dataset.

This research project developed and fully documented a method to estimate the number of females and males trafficked for the purposes of sexual and labor exploitation from eight countries (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela) into the United States at the Southwest border. The model utilizes only open source data. This research represents the first phase of a two-phase project and

• Provides a conceptual framework for identifying potential data sources to estimate the number of victims at different stages in trafficking
• Develops statistical models to estimate the number of males and females at risk of being trafficked for sexual and labor exploitation from the eight countries, and the number of males and females actually trafficked for sex and labor
• Incorporates into the estimation models the transit journey of trafficking victims from the eight countries to the southwest border of the United States
• Designs the estimation models such that they are highly flexible and modular so that they can evolve as the body of data expands
• Utilizes open source data as inputs to the statistical model, making the model accessible to anyone interested in using it
• Presents preliminary estimates that illustrate the use of the statistical methods
• Illuminates gaps in data sources.

The data included in this collection are the open source data which were primarily used in the models to estimate the number of males and females at risk of being trafficked.