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Curated

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Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979 [United States] (ICPSR 28024)

Released/updated on: 2011-03-18

Geographic coverage: District of Columbia, United States

This data collection was created to study agenda-setting and alternative specification in the federal government. It concentrates on two federal policy areas, health and transportation, but the theories generated in the research may be quite widely applicable beyond those two areas. The aim of the work was not to study how issues are decided in some authoritative process like a congressional vote, but instead to study how issues get to be issues in the first place, how items rise and fall on the governmental agenda, and how the alternatives from which choices are made are generated.

The results of the study were published in John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (First Edition, Little Brown, 1984; Second Edition, HarperCollins, 1995; Longman Classics in Political Science Edition, Longman, 2003; Updated Second Edition, with Epilogue on Health Care Reform, Longman, 2011). The study's methods are described in detail in the Appendix to that book, and are included as part of the documentation for this data collection.

The major data source is a set of interviews that John Kingdon conducted in four waves (the summers of 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979), with well-informed respondents either in the federal government (both congressional and executive) or involved in health or transportation policy around the federal government (e.g., lobbyists, journalists, academics, consultants). "Elite and specialized" interviews, to use Lewis Dexter's terminology (see Elite and Specialized Interviewing, Northwestern University Press, 1969), are conducted differently than standard survey research interviewing. The idea is to have a two-way conversation with a well-informed and highly involved respondent, rather than strict question and response. As such, the list of questions used was not a hard-and-fast interview schedule or questionnaire, but a kind of guide. The questions were not always asked in the same order, and indeed, not all of the questions were always asked. Question wording may have varied slightly from one interview to another. Various ad hoc probes were inserted as they seemed appropriate. Sometimes in this sort of interview, the interviewer makes a statement rather than asking a question. Still, the central questions were usually asked in roughly the same wording. Thus, when the interview write-up says "Q1," that is the first question in the standard list of questions used.

Interviews were not taped or otherwise recorded verbatim, since the principal investigator firmly believed that, with these sorts of respondents, taping dampened their ability and willingness to be candid. The principal investigator did not want respondents to feel that they were on the record, as respondents were accustomed to dealing with reporters, and when a microphone was in their face, they knew the encounter would be on the record. Notes were taken during the interview, and then written up immediately after; hence, the typescripts of the interviews are labeled "write-up" instead of "transcript." All 247 write-ups have a respondent identification number and the date of the interview on the top of the first page.

The principal investigator also coded the interview write-ups into quantitative data files, despite the nonrandom selection of respondents and the fluid conduct of the interviews. He did this to support quantitative judgments (e.g., "this issue was mentioned frequently in 1978 and not frequently in 1979," or "this factor was hardly ever mentioned in the interviews"). Each interview was coded by two coders, and then their judgments were combined. In addition to generic identifying information, there are two general categories of variables. One category, referred to as "global codes" in the codebook, is composed of ratings of the importance of each of several actors (e.g., mass media, president himself, interest groups, congressional staffers). The other category, referred to as "problem codes" is a coding of the problems that respondents discussed in their interviews, and is divided into health and transportation. A full description of coding procedures is contained in the data collection documentation.

Interview data are supplemented by a series of 23 case studies in health and transportation, and by some attention to other sources of data like congressional hearing records and public opinion data. In addition to various nonquantitative uses of the cases in the study, a quantitative dataset of the case studies was created. Two coders worked independently to judge each of a set of hypothesized influences in the case to be very important, somewhat important, of little importance, or not important. For example, after reading all of the materials for a given case study, a coder would rate the importance of congressional staffers as "very, somewhat, of little, or not" important. In contrast to the interviews, differences between the two coders were not resolved by a combination rule. Instead, the principal investigator and the two coders discussed and reached consensus in each instance in which there had been a disagreement. A full description of coding procedures is contained in the data collection documentation.

Curated

American Foreign Policy Officials Study, 1966 (ICPSR 5809)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States, Global

This data collection contains information on the personal background of 95 United States civilian and military officials involved in foreign policy and their attitudes toward aspects of the international political environment, United States foreign policy, and their own jobs in 1966. Respondents were asked questions about the most important political issues of their generation and their view of the structure of the world political arena, the major causes of war, the just-concluded bilateral agreement between the United States and Russia banning nuclear testing and further arms control, the role of the United Nations (UN) in world affairs, the usefulness of force, the greatest threat to American security, a North Atlantic Treaty Organization-controlled nuclear force, the primary foreign policy objective of the Soviet Union, the impact of the Cold War on American values, institutions, and ways of thinking, and American communists' eligibility for public office. Also elicited were respondents' attitudes toward non-aligned nations. Other variables provide personality scales measuring respondents' degree of dogmatism and rigidity. Demographic variables on respondents provide information on sex, race, nationality, education, religion, family, occupation, political party identification, self-perceived ideological leanings, and official status.

Curated

American Political Event Data, 1968-1972 (ICPSR 7576)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1968-01-01--1972-01-01

Using a political event coding system, this data collection describes 8,768 events and press items sampled from 42,000 entries in THE NEW YORK TIMES between 1968 and 1972. These data were generated in order to apply events data to the study of the emergence and processing of political issues in the United States and to test a number of hypotheses regarding the types of events associated with various political issues. Approximately 4,600 cases are events in which an actor attempts to influence a target. The remaining cases are reports of press items such as editorials and columns. The data include: (1) whether it was a political event (i.e., one in which an actor directs some action toward a target in a political system in order to influence the behavior of the target) or a press item (i.e., information about the domestic issue from either a newspaper column or a newspaper editorial), (2) the domestic issue (one of 40 possible categories), (3) the domestic subissue, (4) the date and the page of the newspaper in which the article describing the event was found, (5) the press treatment or coverage of the event, (6) the actor initiating the event (coded in one of 100 categories including both governmental and nongovernmental actors), (7) the federal role favored by the actor regarding the issue, (8) whether the actor specialized in dealing with the issue, (9) type of action initiated by the actor, (10) the mode of action, (11) the target of the event, and (12) the weight of the event or press item.

Curated

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1975 (ICPSR 5808)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18

Geographic coverage: United States

For this study surveys were conducted with a sample of Americans in leadership positions with the greatest influence upon and knowledge about foreign relations, and a public sample of Americans aged 18 and older in 1974. The surveys were commissioned by the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations for the purpose of answering certain questions relating to foreign policy. Questionnaires were developed and implemented by Louis Harris and Associates, Inc. Many questions asked in both surveys were identical in order to facilitate a comparison of the kind and frequency of responses. Data are provided on the attitudes and opinions of the public and the leaders on the extent and role of United States' involvement in world affairs and the amount of domestic support for this involvement, how and by whom the United States' foreign policy should be formed, and the relationship between domestic and foreign policies in the context of growing United States' interdependence with other countries. The Leadership Sample data file (Part 1) consists of a sample of 330 Americans in leadership positions drawn in roughly equal proportions from the following sub-populations: senators and representatives, officials of the Department of State, officials with international responsibilities from other government departments, the business community, communications, and education. Also, in somewhat smaller numbers, leaders were drawn from major labor unions and ethnic and religious organizations. The Public Sample data file (Part 2) consists of a stratified systematic national sample of 1,513 American respondents.

Curated

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1982 (ICPSR 8130)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States

This data collection consists of two surveys conducted in the United States during the final months of 1982 by the Gallup Organization. Variables measure attitudes concerning the role of the United States in the world. Issues include the relationship between domestic and foreign policy priorities, the appropriate response to the increasing diplomatic and political as well as military reach of the Soviet Union, the shift in foreign policy priorities, and the roles of various individuals and institutions in the implementation of foreign policy. Part 1 is a public survey involving a stratified, weighted, systematic national sample of 1,547 respondents aged 18 and older. Part 2 is a leadership sample including 341 individuals representing Americans in senior positions with knowledge of international affairs. Roughly equal proportions were chosen from the national political and governmental world, including senators and representatives (members of the Foreign Relations, International Relations, and Armed Services committees), and officials with international responsibilities from the State, Treasury, Defense, and other departments, and from the business community, the communications field, education, and foreign policy institutes. A smaller number of leaders was drawn from national unions, churches, voluntary organizations, and ethnic organizations.

Curated

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1986 (ICPSR 8712)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18

Geographic coverage: United States

This data collection offers information on the opinions and attitudes of the general public and a select group of elites, or opinion leaders, on matters relating to foreign policy. The primary objectives of this study were to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision makers must operate and to compare the attitudes of the general public with those of opinion leaders. For the purposes of this study, "opinion leaders" are defined as those who are in positions of leadership in government, academia, business and labor, the media, religious institutions, special interest groups, and private foreign policy organizations. Variables in the general public cross-section file and the elite file include opinions on specific foreign policy problems, economic and military aid to other countries, the role of the United States in foreign affairs, use of United States troops in other parts of the world, a nuclear freeze, the proposed Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars"), and terrorism. Demographic characteristics such as age, sex, race, income, marital status, and educational achievement are also supplied in the cross-section file, along with feeling thermometers which probe for the respondent's attitudes toward various foreign countries and toward well-known political figures. A follow-up survey of the general public was also undertaken to identify changes in attitudes that might have occurred in the aftermath of the Iran/Contra affair. This follow-up file contains a limited set of pertinent variables from the original general public cross-section study.

Curated

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1990 (ICPSR 9564)

Released/updated on: 2007-08-02

Geographic coverage: United States

This data collection is the 1990 version of a quadrennial study designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the general public and of a select group of opinion leaders (or elites) on matters relating to foreign policy. The primary objectives of this study were to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision makers must operate and to compare the attitudes of the general public with those of opinion leaders. For the purposes of this study, "opinion leaders" are defined as those who are in positions of leadership in government, academia, business and labor, the media, religious institutions, special interest groups, and private foreign policy organizations. Both general public and elite respondents were questioned regarding the biggest problems/foreign policy problems facing the United States today, spending levels for various federal government programs, the role of Congress in determining foreign policy, the impact of foreign policy on things such as prices and unemployment, economic aid to other nations, military aid/selling military equipment to other nations, the role of the United States in world affairs, the Bush administration's handling of various problems, government reactions to situations in Kuwait, Panama, and China, the importance of various countries to America's vital interests, possible threats/adversaries to the United States in coming years, and the use of United States military troops in other parts of the world. Other topics covered include the relative importance of several foreign policy goals, United States relations with the Soviet Union, Cuba, and Vietnam, NATO and keeping troops in western Europe, the military role of Japan and Germany, the economic unification of western Europe, the Israeli-Palestinian dispute, policy options to reduce dependence on foreign oil, the illegal drug problem, free trade, and the respondent's political party affiliation and the strength of that affiliation. In addition, general populace respondents were asked to indicate their level of political activity, how closely they followed news about several current issues and events, and to rate various foreign countries and American and foreign leaders on a feeling thermometer scale. Demographic characteristics such as religious preference, marital status, employment status, household composition, education, age, Hispanic origin, race, sex, and income also were gathered for these respondents.

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1994 (ICPSR 6561)

Released/updated on: 2016-01-27

Geographic coverage: United States

This study is part of a quadrennial series designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of both the general public and a select group of opinion leaders (or elites) on matters relating to foreign policy, and to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision-makers must operate. Both general public and elite respondents were queried regarding the biggest problems facing the United States, the spending levels for various federal government programs, the role of Congress in determining foreign policy, the impact of foreign policy on issues like prices and unemployment, and the Clinton Administration's handling of various problems such as the overall foreign policy, the overall trade policy, immigration, and the relations with Latin America, Japan, Russia, Cuba, Vietnam, and the Middle East. Questions were also asked about the government's reactions to the ongoing situations in Bosnia, North Korea, Haiti, Cuba, Rwanda, and the Middle East, the importance of various countries to America's vital interests, and possible adversaries or threats to the United States in the near future. Issues like the presence of NATO troops in Western Europe, the military role of Japan and Germany, the economic unification of Western Europe, the Israeli-Palestinian dispute, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the illegal drugs problem were also explored. In addition, the elites were asked several questions about their political party affiliation and the strength of that affiliation. Demographic data such as religious preference, marital status, employment status, household composition, education, age, Hispanic origin, race, sex, and income were only collected for the general population sample.

Curated

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1998 (ICPSR 2747)

Released/updated on: 2000-03-15

Geographic coverage: United States

This study is part of a quadrennial series designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the general public and a select group of opinion leaders on matters relating to foreign policy, and to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision-makers must operate. Through telephone surveys, general public respondents (Part 2) were interviewed October 15-November 10, 1998, and opinion leaders (Part 1) were interviewed November 2-December 21, 1998. Respondents were asked to assess their level of interest in the news and specifically in foreign policy. Respondents were also asked whether concern for foreign policy is important in a presidential candidate, and their views were sought on the foreign policy records of President Bill Clinton and former presidents George Bush, Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, Lyndon Johnson, John F. Kennedy, Dwight Eisenhower, and Harry Truman. Those queried were asked for their opinions on economic aid to foreign nations, including Egypt, Poland, Russia, Israel, and African nations. In addition, respondents were asked to rate the Clinton administration on foreign policy, trade policy, immigration policy, United States relations with China, Japan, and Russia, international terrorism, the situation in the former Yugoslavia, the Arab-Israeli peace process, the situation in Iraq, nuclear proliferation, the situation in Northern Ireland, and the Asian financial crisis. Views were also sought on whether United States' vital interests were present in Egypt, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Israel, Canada, Brazil, Russia, Haiti, Bosnia, Indonesia, Kuwait, Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, China, France, the Baltic nations, South Korea, Poland, South Africa, Taiwan, Cuba, India, Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan. A series of questions addressed potential threats to those vital interests. Additional topics covered the foreign policy goals of the United States, bloodshed in the 21st century, measures to combat international terrorism, the United States' commitment to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the United States' contributions to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and United States involvement in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Respondents were asked to rate their feelings toward Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, China, France, Taiwan, South Korea, Cuba, Argentina, Pakistan, Nigeria, Turkey, Italy, Russia, North Korea, Germany, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Israel, Iraq, India, Canada, and Brazil. Respondents were also asked for their opinions of President Bill Clinton, Russian President Boris Yeltsin, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, Pope John Paul II, former President George Bush, former President Jimmy Carter, German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder, South African President Nelson Mandela, European Union President Jacques Santer, Cuban President Fidel Castro, Chinese President Jiang Zemin, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Palestinian Leader Yasser Arafat, French President Jacques Chirac, and Serbian President Slobodan Milosovic. Further queries focused on whether United States troops should be used if North Korea invaded South Korea, if Iraq invaded Saudi Arabia, if Arab forces invaded Israel, if Russia invaded Poland, if the Cuban people attempted to overthrow the Castro regime, if China invaded Taiwan, or if Serbian forces killed large numbers of ethnic Albanians. Respondents were asked whether they supported the use of economic sanctions against Cuba, Iraq, Iran, North Korea, and China. Additional topics covered the elimination of tariffs, globalization, the establishment of a Palestinian state, the United States' role as a world leader, United States federal government program spending, and whether the United States should pay the $1.6 billion owed to the United Nations. Opinion leaders were asked an additional question about the possible threat of the "euro" (the unified monetary system to be implemented in January 1999 by the European Union) to the United States dollar's supremacy as a reserve currency. Background information on general public respondents includes age, race, sex, political party, political orientation, religion, marital status, spouse's employment status, age of children in household, amount of time spent at home, employment status, occupation, position in household, education, home ownership status, and household income. Background information on opinion leaders includes age, sex, education, political party, and political orientation.

Curated

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, 2002 (ICPSR 3673)

Released/updated on: 2005-12-15

Geographic coverage: United States

This study is part of a quadrennial series designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the general public and a select group of opinion leaders on matters related to foreign policy, and to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision-makers must operate. Respondents were asked for their opinions regarding the level of funding for federal programs such as aid to education, defense spending, military aid to other countries, gathering intelligence about other countries, homeland security, and the amount of the federal budget that does or should go toward foreign aid, as well as European government funding for defense spending and economic aid to other countries. Respondents were also queried regarding their support for or opposition to economic aid and the types of economic aid the United States gives to countries such as Egypt, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and African countries. Questions covered United States troop involvement throughout the world, the need for long-term military bases overseas, and the role that Japan and the European Union play as world leaders. The topic of critical threats to the United States was also queried, including the threat from the military power of Russia, economic competition from Japan, Europe, and low-wage countries, the development of China as a world power, Islamic fundamentalism, countries with nuclear capabilities, terrorism and the use of chemical or biological weapons, and conflicts in other parts of the world. Those surveyed were also asked about events that they thought would justify sending United States troops to other parts of the world, including invading Iraq and overthrowing the government of Saddam Hussein. Additional questions on the topic of United States military involvement included combating international terrorism through the use of such measures as air strikes, using ground troops, and assassination of terrorist leaders. Questions sought respondent opinions on possible U.S. foreign policy goals including the protection of weaker nations and helping to improve their standard of living, promoting and defending human rights, combating world hunger, improving the global environment, strengthening the United Nations, reducing the trade deficit, protecting American business interests and promoting market economies abroad, and controlling and reducing illegal immigration and stopping the flow of illegal drugs into the United States. Opinions were also gathered on the United States' participation in treaties to reduce global warming, ban land mines, prohibit nuclear weapon tests, and establish an International Court to try individuals on war crimes. Additional topics were presented only to the general population sample. Respondents' level of interest in the actions of the government was assessed by asking about their level of political activism, whether they had ever written to a public official, and whether they knew who or which party held particular offices. Opinion on the United States military and its role was assessed through questions regarding the sale of military equipment to foreign countries, whether the United States should have military bases overseas, and whether United States troops should get involved in international conflicts. Respondents were also queried on the topics of globalization, trade, and the use of tariffs, as well as internationalism and the role of NATO and the European Union. Those surveyed were asked to rate their feelings toward countries such as Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, China, France, Afghanistan, South Korea, and Brazil among others. Respondents were also asked to similarly rate American and foreign leaders, such as former President Bill Clinton, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Secretary of State Colin Powell, Pope John Paul II, German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder, United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, Chinese President Jiang Zemin, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, Palestinian Leader Yasir Arafat, and French President Jacques Chirac, as well as institutions such as the United Nations, the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, the European Union, and the World Court. Background information on general public respondents includes age, race, sex, political party, political orientation, political involvement, religion, marital status, spouse's employment status, age of children in household, amount of time spent at home, employment status, occupation, position in household, education, home ownership status, and household income. Background information on opinion leaders includes age, sex, education, political party, and political orientation.

Curated

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy: General Public, 1978 (ICPSR 7748)

Released/updated on: 2007-10-16

Geographic coverage: United States

These data were gathered in personal interviews with a national sample of United States citizens by the Gallup Organization, Inc., to measure attitudes toward foreign affairs in November 1978. Respondents were asked to list the biggest problems facing the country, in general, as well as the biggest foreign policy problems. Other questions explored the relationship between domestic and foreign policy priorities, e.g., aid to education, defense spending, farm subsidies, economic and military aid to other nations, and domestic welfare/reliefprograms. Respondents gave their opinions of what constituted appropriate responses to the growing military power of the United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), and they rated the threat that communism presented in several other countries. Respondents were asked to respond favorably or unfavorably to several scenarios in which the use of United States armed forces in other parts of the world could be justified. Respondents were asked to rate the performance of Secretary of State Cyrus Vance and to use a "thermometer" scale to measure their feelings (warm or cold) toward several politicians and world leaders, as well as toward several countries that were important to the United States for political, economic, or security reasons. Opinions were sought about the type of role that various individuals and institutions (e.g., the president, the CIA, the military, the United Nations, and the Congress) should play in the creation of foreign policy. Respondents' political participation was also measured. Demographic information includes age, race, sex, income, sources of information in the media, religion, educational level, occupation, and political orientation. In a similar survey conducted from November 1978 to January 1979, many of the same questions were asked of Americans in senior positions with knowledge of and influence on foreign policy. The results of that survey are collected in AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: NATIONAL LEADERS, 1979 (ICPSR 7786).

Curated

American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy: National Leaders, 1979 (ICPSR 7786)

Released/updated on: 2007-08-02

Geographic coverage: United States

These data were gathered in personal interviews with respondents who represented Americans in senior positions with knowledge of and influence upon international affairs and foreign policy by the Gallup Organization, Inc., between November 20, 1978, and January 12, 1979. These individuals were chosen from the areas of national politics, governmental offices, business, education, the media, national unions, and other organizations with national influence. Respondents were asked to list the biggest problems facing the country, in general, as well as the biggest foreign policy problems. Other questions explored the relationship between domestic and foreign policy priorities, e.g., aid to education, defense spending, farm subsidies, and domestic welfare/relief programs. Respondents' opinions were sought about the roles of various individuals and institutions in the creation of foreign policy, and the appropriate responses of the United States to actions by the former Soviet Union and other countries. They also guaged the threat of communism to the United States in several countries. Other questions covered foreign economic aid, military aid/selling military equipment to other nations, the role of the United States in world affairs, and the use of United States troops in other parts of the world. Respondents were asked to rate the performance of Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, and opinions were sought about the type of role that various individuals and institutions (e.g., the president, the CIA, the military, the United Nations, and the Congress) should play in the creation of foreign policy. Respondents' political participation and orientation was also measured. In a similar survey conducted in November 1978, many of the same questions were asked of a sample of the general public in the United States. The results of that survey are collected in AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: GENERAL PUBLIC, 1979 (ICPSR 7748).

Curated

ArtScan (ICPSR 37088)

Released/updated on: 2018-05-30

Geographic coverage: United States

ArtScan, a project of the Arts Education Partnership, is a searchable clearinghouse of the latest state policies supporting education in and through the arts from all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Since 1999, the Arts Education Partnership has tracked state policies for arts education in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. In 2013, AEP, with the cooperation of Education Commission of the States, merged its State Policy Database with the Education Commission of the States' database, ArtScan. To update the information for the 2014 edition of ArtScan, AEP staff conducted a comprehensive search of state education statutes and codes on each state's relevant websites. The new structure for the 2014 ArtScan allows users to explore the data in multiple ways, including a state-level profile for all policy areas, a comparison of selected states and policy areas, and several types of 50-state reports.

There are at least five ways to engage with the data housed in ArtScan.

Capture a snapshot of all the data ArtScan has to offer about your state including state policies in 14 policy areas.
Create custom side-by-side comparison reports using a search engine that allows you to choose individual states and policy areas/data points of interest to you.
Compare the policies of all 50 states and the District of Columbia within specific policy areas (e.g. requirements for high school art education).
Explore a summary of state policies for arts education identified in statute or code for all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Learn more about ArtScan and explore an analysis of the findings in A Snapshot of State Policies for Arts Education (March 2014).

Curated

ArtsEdSearch (ICPSR 36959)

Released/updated on: 2017-11-16

Geographic coverage: United States

ArtsEdSearch is an online clearinghouse that collects and summarizes high quality research studies on the impacts of arts education and analyzes their implications for educational policy and practice.

ArtsEdSearch is a project of the Arts Education Partnership (AEP), and builds on Critical Links: Learning in the Arts and Student Academic and Social Development, a compendium of research that AEP published in 2002 exploring the impact of arts education on student success in school, life, and work. AEP has developed ArtsEdSearch as a resource for policymakers and education stakeholders and leaders to better understand and articulate the role that arts education can play in preparing students to succeed in the changing contexts of the 21st Century.

ArtsEdSearch currently includes summaries of over 200 research studies, syntheses of the major findings of these studies, and implications of the collected research for educational policy.

ArtsEdSearch focuses on research examining how education in the arts--in both discrete arts classes and integrated arts lessons--affects students' cognitive, personal, social and civic development, as well as how the integration of the arts into the school curriculum affects educators' instructional practice and engagement in the teaching profession.

ArtsEdSearch does not include research studies about how to teach the arts well or about how to assess student content knowledge and technical skill in the arts. These topics are of great importance to ensuring that students receive a high quality arts education and are the subject of other clearinghouses devoted to research on teaching and learning within particular arts disciplines.

Curated

CBS News/New York Times Monthly Poll, April 1992 (ICPSR 6076)

Released/updated on: 2010-07-23

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1992-04-20--1992-04-23

This poll is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked to comment on what they thought was the most important problem facing the country, and to give their approval rating of George Bush with respect to his handling of the presidency, foreign policy, and the economy. Questions were posed regarding respondents' vote intentions for the 1992 presidential election, their opinions of potential 1992 presidential candidates, the likelihood of their voting in either a Republican or Democratic presidential primary or caucus, their candidate preferences for the Democratic and Republican presidential nominations, and issues presidential candidates should emphasize. Those surveyed were asked whether most members of Congress deserved reelection, whether particular representatives deserved reelection, and whether Bill Clinton had told the truth when answering charges about his personal life. Questions on the Bush administration evaluated its performance in dealing with illegal drugs, education, the economy, and the development of policies. Respondents were asked whether Bush, Clinton, and Ross Perot were liberal, moderate, or conservative, whether they had strong qualities of leadership, and who had more honesty and integrity. The poll also posed a series of questions about the media including whether the names of people accused of crimes and those who were victims of crimes should be made public, whether the media had gone too far in disclosing details of presidential candidates' private lives, and whether the media had been harder on Bush and Clinton than on the other presidential candidates. Respondents were also asked whether the government was in such bad shape that it needed a strong leader who would take charge, whether the federal government should run like a business with one person in charge, and whether it was better for people to take the law into their own hands rather than wait for the government to act. Those surveyed were asked if there was a connection between what a politician says and what he or she does after being elected, whether who was elected made any difference, whether the government would work better if all new people were elected, and whether a politician's methods mattered as long as he or she managed to get the right thing done. Additional questions dealt with the state of the economy, drug testing in the workplace, the respondent's financial situation, organized labor, the national economy, big business, the First Lady's working outside the White House, television news coverage of the presidential campaign, the most important quality the next president should have, call-in polls and programs on radio and television, and the amount of attention the government and Congress pay to what people think. Background information on respondents includes involvement in a labor union, sex, race, age, education, religious preference, family income, political orientation, and party preference.

Curated

Computer Analysis of United Nations General Assembly Resolutions, 1946-1968 (ICPSR 5503)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1946-01-01--1968-01-01

This data collection contains computer-coded content analyses of United Nations General Assembly resolutions in the period 1946-1968. The data were collected for the purpose of systematic study of the law-making capacities of the resolutions. For each resolution, coded information is provided for committee source, operative words, references (e.g., geographic entities and coordinates, subsidiary organizational units), and citations (e.g., United Nations Charter, the Statute and decisions of the International Court of Justice, the General Assembly Rules of Procedure, previous resolutions of the General Assembly and various Councils). Each resolution is further coded under other subject matters and functional categories, such as creation of committees, conciliation of a dispute, and interpretation of the United Nations Charter.

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

Consumer Healthcare Experience State Surveys, United States, 2023 (ICPSR 39031)

Released/updated on: 2026-04-16

Geographic coverage: Mississippi, United States, Louisiana, Florida, Utah

Altarum's Consumer Healthcare Experience State Survey (CHESS) is designed to elicit respondents' unbiased views on a wide range of health system issues, including confidence in using the health system, financial burden, and views on fixes that might be needed. The survey uses a web panel from Dynata with a demographically balanced sample of approximately 1500 respondents who live in a targeted state. The survey was conducted in English or Spanish and restricted to adults ages 18 and older. Respondents who finished the survey in less than half the median time were excluded from the final sample.

Curated

Diffusion of Public Policy Innovation Among the American States (ICPSR 66)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: North Carolina, Indiana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, Montana, Kentucky, California, Kansas, Florida, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Iowa, Illinois, Texas, Connecticut, Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, Idaho, Oregon, Vermont, United States, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Maine, Alabama, Arkansas, Washington, South Carolina, Nebraska, West Virginia, Massachusetts, Colorado, Missouri, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Nevada, District of Columbia, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Minnesota, New York (state), New Jersey, Michigan, New Mexico, New Hampshire, Louisiana, Ohio

This study contains data on the diffusion of innovative legislation and public programs among the 48 continental states of the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries. Information is provided for the year in which each state initiated each of 85 innovative programs and for the date when the state became a territory. Variables provide information on the programs enacted and on the innovative score, which was calculated for each state on each issue. Based on the number of years that elapsed between the first and the last legislative enactment of a program, each state received a score corresponding to the percentage of time that elapsed between the first adoption of the program and the state's own acceptance of the program.

Curated

Euro-barometer 37.0: Awareness and Importance of Maastricht and the Future of the European Community, March-April 1992 (ICPSR 9847)

Released/updated on: 1996-12-10

Geographic coverage: Europe, United Kingdom, Portugal, Global, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Denmark, Italy, France, Germany

Time period: 1992-03-18--1992-04-15

This round of Euro-Barometer surveys investigated the level of public support for the European Community (EC) and assessed attitudes toward European integration. Respondents were asked how well informed they felt about the EC, how supportive they were of efforts being made to unify Western Europe, whether their country had benefited from being an EC member, and how interested they were personally in EC matters. Other queries focused on respondent reaction to the European flag, the feeling of being a citizen of Europe both now and in the future, opinions relating to the speed of European unification, impressions of the work of the European Commission, and how well a list of statements corresponded to the respondent's hopes for the future of the EC. Respondents also judged which areas of policy should be decided by national governments and which by a central EC structure, and expressed their reactions to the Common Agricultural Policy, their expectations for the Single European Market and whether it should contain a social dimension, and their attitudes about the role and importance of the European Parliament. A number of questions focused specifically on the meeting and treaty produced in the Dutch town of Maastricht in December 1991. Respondents were queried about their knowledge of the gathering and its possible effects on the EC, on their own countries, and on their personal lives. Opinions were also sought on the desirability and positive and negative effects of certain countries joining the EC, and what the rights of citizens of other member countries should be when residing in the respondent's nation. Attitudes toward immigrants from nonmember countries were elicited as well. A set of questions focused on environmental problems, ecological concerns, and the priority assigned to economic development when assessing these issues. Respondents were asked to identify factors that caused serious damage to the environment, and to comment on what could be done to lessen pollution. They were also asked about the role of public bodies in protecting and informing the public about environmental concerns, sources of information about these concerns, and their hopes for the upcoming United Nations Conference for the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. As in previous Euro-Barometers, questions on political party preference were posed, including which party respondents felt closest to, how they voted in their country's last general election, and how they would vote if a general election were held tomorrow. Additional information was gathered on family income, number of people residing in the home, size of locality, home ownership, region of residence, occupation of the head of household, and the respondent's age, sex, occupation, education, religion, religiosity, subjective social class standing, socio-professional status, and left-right political self-placement.

Curated

Euro-barometer 37.1: Consumer Goods and Social Security, April-May 1992 (ICPSR 9957)

Released/updated on: 2000-09-25

Geographic coverage: United Kingdom, Portugal, Global, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Denmark, Italy, France, Germany

Time period: 1992-04-20--1992-05-24

This round of Euro-Barometer surveys queried respondents on standard Euro-Barometer measures such as public awareness of and attitudes toward the Common Market and the European Community (EC), and also focused on consumer goods, Social Security, health care and health care benefits, the elderly, retirement, and alcohol and drug use. Questions concerning consumer goods asked whether respondents read product information before purchasing, what additional product information they would like to see, what three things other than price were most important in deciding whether to purchase an item, and whether it was necessary to have the same type of product information available for all members of the European Community (EC). Respondents' attitudes and opinions on Social Security were probed with questions that asked whether they agreed that Social Security properly protects the unemployed, the elderly, the sick or disabled, those with work-related injuries or illness, and the poor. Respondents were also asked whether policies on pensions, minimum income, and unemployment should be decided by national governments or by the EC, and whether foreigners should have the same Social Security benefits as citizens. The general health of respondents and their health care benefits were assessed through questions that asked whether they had a long-standing illness, disability, or infirmity, whether they had cut down their activity due to illness or injury, and whether they had taken medicine or talked to a doctor within the last 30 days. Respondents were also queried about which conditions they would see a doctor for and what type of examinations they had had in the past three years. Respondents were asked to rate what they paid for various medical services, the general quality of their health care, and the nature and availability of health insurance. The main problems facing the elderly and the role the elderly play in society were also topics of investigation in this survey. Questions elicited respondents' views toward possible changes in pension terms, whether retirement should occur at a fixed age, what types of discrimination affect the elderly who are working, whether the government should introduce laws to try to stop age discrimination, whether a minimum level of income should be provided to the elderly, and whether the elderly needing personal care should go into residential/nursing homes or should have social services help them remain in their homes for as long as possible. Respondents were also asked whether they provided long-term care to anyone either living with them or not living with them, who was in the best position to decide which services are most important for the elderly, what the best method of financing long-term care for the elderly was, and whether the EC was doing enough with regard to the elderly. Questions on retirement dealt with what ages respondents retired/planned to retire, whether the retired felt their pensions to be adequate, whether working people looked forward to retiring, whether pensions should be extended to widows and dependent children, whether pensions should be reduced for those who work for earned income beyond retirement, and whether pensions should be provided through government taxation, employer/employee contributions, or private contracts between workers and pension companies. Queries about alcohol and drug usage probed the use of beer, wine, spirits, and other forms of alcohol, age at which the respondent began drinking, familiarity with major forms of drugs, age at which drugs were first offered, how difficult it was to get drugs, and the means available for getting drugs. Additional questions focused on how the respondent viewed the drug problem, the top priority in eliminating the drug problem, diminishing the effects of drug use, whether drug use leads to AIDS, prostitution, health problems, social problems, violence, suicide, personality breakdowns, and problems with the law, and the major reasons for alcohol and drug use. Demographic and other background information was gathered on life satisfaction, number of people residing in the home, size of locality, home ownership, trade union membership, region of residence, and occupation of the head of household, as well as the respondent's age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, work sector, religiosity, subjective social class, use of media, left-right political self-placement, and opinion leadership.

Curated

Euro-barometer 42.0: The First Year of the New European Union, November-December 1994 (ICPSR 6518)

Released/updated on: 1997-11-18

Geographic coverage: Europe, United Kingdom, Portugal, Global, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Denmark, Italy, France, Germany

Time period: 1994-11-28--1994-12-31

This round of Euro-Barometer surveys queried respondents on standard Euro-Barometer measures such as public awareness of and attitudes toward the Common Market and the European Union (EU), and also focused on the image of politics in Italy, nutrition and the risk of getting cancer, and awareness of the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO). EU matters covered included the powers, importance, and representativeness of the European Parliament, the protection of personal interests by the European Parliament, and the relative importance of European political policy areas in future elections. Respondents were also questioned on their awareness of outcomes in recent referenda for joining the EU. Questions on the image of politics in Italy included the respondent's awareness of politics in Italy and ratings of the political and economic situations in Italy. Regarding cancer risks, respondents rated 13 food items as increasing, decreasing, or causing no change in their risk of getting cancer. Respondents were also asked about their awareness of the ECHO logo, knowledge of ECHO's humanitarian assistance to the EU as a whole, to Rwanda, and to Yugoslavia, whether ECHO should increase its humanitarian assistance to non-EU countries, whether the EU, the United States, or Japan gives the most money for humanitarian assistance to non-EU countries, the most effective way for EU countries to give humanitarian assistance, and the level of involvement by the EU in distributing money for humanitarian aid. In France only, respondents were queried on their awareness and consumption of cola drinks. Demographic and other background information was gathered on the number of people residing in the home, region of residence, and occupation of the head of household, as well as the respondent's age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, religion, religiosity, subjective social class, and left-right political self-placement.

Curated

Eurobarometer 47.2: Women and Cancer, the European Parliament, and Expectations of the European Union, April-June 1997 (ICPSR 2090)

Released/updated on: 2004-09-23

Geographic coverage: Europe, United Kingdom, Portugal, Global, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Finland, Denmark, Italy, France, Germany

Time period: 1997-04-20--1997-06-07

This round of Eurobarometer surveys queried respondents on standard Eurobarometer measures, such as whether they attempted to persuade others close to them to share their views on subjects they held strong opinions about and whether they discussed political matters. Additional questions focused on the respondents' knowledge of and opinions on the European Union (EU), including what sources of information about the EU they used and whether their country had benefited from being an EU member. This study also focused on women and cancer, the role of the European Parliament, and expectations of the EU. All female respondents were asked if they thought they could ever have breast or cervical cancer, and if they knew anybody who currently had cancer, had had it, or had died from it. Female respondents also indicated the types of examinations they had had, their confidence in preventive examinations including whether or not cancer prevention is possible, and whether they thought manual breast examinations, mammographies, gynecological examinations, and cervical smear tests could detect cancer. Female respondents also commented on their knowledge of national screening programs, their willingness to participate in such programs, and which aspects of cancer they would like to be better informed about. Items concerning the European Parliament asked all respondents about its current importance within the EU, policy areas to which it should pay particular attention, and whether it protected citizen's interests. Other queries focused on fears and expectations regarding the EU. Respondents were asked if they feared loss of power for smaller member states, increased drug trafficking, language acculturation, loss of national identity, transfer of jobs, more taxes, or other countries joining the EU. Respondents indicated whether the EU should become more active in areas of peace, agriculture, fishing, immigration, environmental protection, consumerism, research efforts, unemployment, crime prevention, European law, gender equality, and protection from non-European competition. With respect to building Europe, opinions were sought on the necessity of policies such as a single internal market, a common agricultural policy, a European social policy, one foreign policy, one army, one currency, one tax system, and an elected European government. Demographic and other background information provided includes respondent's age, sex, marital status, and left-right political self-placement as well as household income, the number of people residing in the home, and region of residence. Respondents aged 15-24 years were also surveyed on a variety of additional topics including the EU, elderly people, family planning, religion, foreigners, employment, activities, and organization memberships. The data regarding this topic are reported in EUROBAROMETER 47.2OVR: YOUNG EUROPEANS, APRIL-JUNE 1997 (ICPSR 2091).

Curated

Eurobarometer 48.0: Holiday Travel, October-November 1997 (ICPSR 2353)

Released/updated on: 2002-06-27

Geographic coverage: Europe, United Kingdom, Portugal, Global, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Finland, Denmark, Italy, France, Germany

Time period: 1997-10-12--1997-11-16

This round of Eurobarometer surveys queried respondents on standard Eurobarometer measures, such as how satisfied they were with their present life, whether they attempted to persuade others close to them to share their views on subjects they held strong opinions about, whether they discussed political matters, and how they viewed the need for societal change. Additional questions focused on the respondents' knowledge of and opinions on the European Union (EU), including how well-informed they felt about the EU, what sources of information about the EU they used, and whether their country had benefited from being an EU member. The surveys also questioned respondents on the common European currency, whether certain policy decisions (e.g., defense, environmental protection, currency, health and social welfare, education, etc.) should be made at the national or EU level, what criteria were important for deciding whether a new country should join the EU, how the enlargement of the EU would affect the current members countries, the EU Common Agricultural Policy, the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Basque Country, their thoughts about the 21st century, and their feelings toward people of other nationalities, races, and religions. A set of questions also asked about respondents' attitudes toward the European Parliament, how this organization defended their interests, and whether they planned to vote in the next elections to the Parliament scheduled in June of 1999. A major focus of the surveys was issues surrounding vacations and holiday travel. Respondents were asked whether they had taken a trip in 1997 and, if not, the reason they did not travel, whether they had ever been on a holiday and, if so, when they went on their first holiday and for what duration, what subsequent vacations they took, which countries and locales they visited, who accompanied them, and how they traveled to their destinations. Other questions focused on where respondents stayed during their holiday, what criteria they used to select a holiday destination, how much they would spend in the current year for their holiday, what type of payment (e.g., checks, credit card) they used, what types of local products they purchased, what kinds of places they visited, and what kinds of events they attended. They were asked who arranged their holiday, how they obtained information and how they rated tourist information in general, if they sought out tourist information before or while on vacation, and how satisfied they were if they had already taken a vacation during the year. They also indicated whether they planned to travel in the following year and, if so, specified their intended destination. Demographic characteristics collected include nationality, left-right political self-placement, gender, age, occupation, marital status, age at completion of education, number of people in household, family income, size of locality, region, and whether a telephone was available in the household. Selected standard Eurobarometer constructed variables and indices are also included. For a comparable survey from this series, see EURO-BAROMETER 25: HOLIDAY TRAVEL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, APRIL 1986 (ICPSR 8616).

Curated

Eurobarometer 67.2: European Union Enlargement, Personal Data Privacy, the National Economy, and Scientific Research, April-May 2007 (ICPSR 21160)

Released/updated on: 2010-06-29

Geographic coverage: Cyprus, Portugal, Global, Malta, Greece, Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, Latvia, Luxembourg, Ireland, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, France, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Croatia, Romania, Hungary, Europe, United Kingdom, Spain, Czech Republic, Turkey, Belgium, Finland, Denmark, Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Estonia

Time period: 2007-04-10--2007-05-15

This round of Eurobarometer surveys queried respondents on standard Eurobarometer measures, such as how satisfied they were with their present life, whether they attempted to persuade others close to them to share their views on subjects they held strong opinions about, whether they discussed political matters, what their expectations were for the next 12 months, and how they viewed economic and social issues in their country compared to the European Union (EU). Additional questions focused on the respondents' knowledge of and opinions on the EU, including how well-informed they felt about the it, what sources of information about the EU they used, whether their country had benefited from being an EU member (or would benefit from being a future member), and the extent of their personal interest in EU matters. Another major focus of the surveys was personal data privacy. The survey asked respondents about their knowledge of the rules and requirements in protecting personal data, the ability of the law to protect citizens from entities accessing their information, and whether law enforcement should be able to access personal information for the purpose of fighting crime and terrorism. For the second major focus of the survey, the national economy, respondents were asked to evaluate their personal financial situation and their nation's economy, as well as to estimate the official growth rate (Gross Domestic Product), inflation rate, and unemployment rate, and then to compare these rates to those from previous or future years. Respondents also provided their opinion about the use of statistical information, especially for political decision-making. As a final major focus, respondents were asked about their interest in scientific research including how the media presents information about scientific research and what types of media they access to get information about this topic. Additional questions were asked of respondents in regard to globalization and involvement of the EU in this process, the 50th anniversary of EU achievements, the development of environmental, foreign, and immigration policies, and the European Council presidency. Demographic and other background information includes respondent's age, gender, nationality, origin of birth (personal and parental), marital status, left-to-right political self-placement, occupation, age when stopped full-time education, household composition, ownership of a fixed or a mobile telephone and other durable goods, type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (select countries).

Curated

Eurobarometer 68.1: The European Parliament and Media Usage, September-November 2007 (ICPSR 23368)

Released/updated on: 2011-04-06

Time period: 2007-09-22--2007-11-03

Curated

Eurobarometer 68.2: European Union Policy and Decision Making, Corruption, Civil Justice, E-Communications, Agriculture, and Environmental Protection, November 2007-January 2008 (ICPSR 25162)

Released/updated on: 2011-04-25

Geographic coverage: Cyprus, Portugal, Global, Malta, Greece, Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, Latvia, Luxembourg, Ireland, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, France, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Romania, Hungary, Europe, United Kingdom, Spain, Czech Republic, Belgium, Finland, Denmark, Italy, Germany, Estonia

Time period: 2007-11-09--2008-01-16

This round of Eurobarometer surveys diverged from the Standard Eurobarometer measures and queried respondents on the following major areas of focus: (1) European Union policy and decision-making, (2) corruption, (3) civil justice, (4) e-communications, (5) agriculture, and (6) environmental protection. For the first major focus, European Union (EU) policy and decision-making, respondents were queried about whether more or less decision-making should take place at the EU level in regards to the following topics: asylum and migration policy, exchange of police and judicial information between member states, the fight against drug abuse, the control of external borders of the EU, the fight against terrorism, and the promotion and protection of fundamental rights, including children's rights. Of these, respondents were asked which topics they thought should be the three priorities of the EU, which topics they felt well informed on, and which topics they would like to be better informed. For the second major focus, corruption, respondents were asked whether they agreed that corruption is a major problem in their country and a major problem in local, regional, national, and EU institutions. They also answered questions regarding how widespread they thought bribery and abuse of power were, if in the last 12 months they had been asked or expected to pay a bribe for services, whether they agreed that most corruption is caused by organized crime, and whose responsibility it is to prevent and fight corruption. For the third major focus, civil justice, respondents were asked if they had ever been involved in civil justice procedures in another EU member state, and what their opinion was about the ease of accessing civil justice outside of their own country. Respondents were also asked if additional measures should be taken to assist in access to civil justice in another EU member state, what their main concerns were about the procedures, and their preference for contract terms in purchasing products in other EU member states. In addition, respondents were queried about whether there should be uniform procedures in the EU for civil and commercial claims, if rulings made in one member state should freely apply in another member state, the main difficulties in enforcing rulings in another member state, if the EU should intervene in the enforcement of civil court rulings between member states, and the usefulness of having access to civil justice in another member state via the Internet. For the fourth major focus, e-communications, respondents provided information on the availability within their own households of each of the following communication systems: television, fixed telephone, mobile phones, and the Internet. Respondents were asked to identify reasons why they owned or did not own certain systems, including television, fixed/mobile phones, and telecommunication bundles, the accessibility of these systems in their household, their use of public payphones and telephone directories, and their knowledge of emergency service numbers. In addition, respondents assessed the performance of each system, shared their expectations as consumers, and rated the effectiveness of their service providers and available features of the systems (e.g., costs, tariffs, and flexibility with account changes). For the fifth major focus, agriculture, respondents shared their opinions about the importance of agriculture in the EU, their knowledge of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), whether they wanted more information about CAP, and from what sources they would gather that information. The survey also asked what should be the main priorities of the EU in terms of CAP, how well CAP fulfills its role, and what the main responsibilities of farmers should be. Respondents were further questioned in regard to the EU's reduction of the subsidy for farmers, what their opinions were about trade barriers, and whether the current amount of budgeting for agriculture was adequate. For the sixth major focus, environmental protection, queries included how important environmental protection was, what was meant by "the environment," what were the main environmental issues that worried them, how informed they felt about the environment, what issues they would like more information on, their main sources of environmental information, and who they trusted the most for information on environmental issues. In addition, respondents were queried about the best way to evaluate progress in environmental protection, the comparison of environmental protection versus economic competitiveness, personal efforts to protect the environment, what should be the priorities of citizens in daily life, and how environmental decisions should be made by government and by public authorities. Further questions included what the most effective way to tackle environmental problems should be, whether an EU civil protection force should be set up, and their opinions about the labeling of environmentally friendly products and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Demographic and other background information includes age, gender, nationality, origin of birth (personal and parental), marital status, left-right political self-placement, occupation, age when stopped full-time education, household composition, ownership of other durable goods, Internet use, type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (in select countries).

Curated

Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) Consensus Forecasts (ICPSR 22683)

Released/updated on: 2008-06-10

Geographic coverage: United States

In November 2007, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announced a change in the way it communicates its view of the economic outlook: It increased the frequency of its forecasts from two to four times per year, and it increased the length of the forecasting horizon from two to three years. The FOMC does not release the individual members' forecasts or standard measures of consensus such as the mean or median. Rather, it continues to release the forecast information as a range of forecasts, both the full range between the high and the low and a central tendency that omits the extreme values. This paper uses individual forecaster data from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) to mimic the FOMC's method for creating their central tendency. The authors show that the midpoint of the central tendency of the SPF is a reliable measure of the consensus, suggesting that the FOMC reporting method is also a reliable measure of consensus. For the dates when both are available, the authors also compare the relative forecast accuracy of the FOMC and SPF consensus forecasts for output growth and inflation. Overall, the differences in forecast accuracy are too small to be statistically significant.

Curated

The Fed, Liquidity, and Credit Allocation (ICPSR 24563)

Released/updated on: 2013-06-14

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1995-01-01--2008-11-30

The current financial turmoil has generated considerable discussion of liquidity. Moreover, it has been widely reported that the Federal Reserve played a major role in supplying liquidity to financial markets during this distressed time. This article describes two ways in which the Fed has supplied liquidity since late 2007. The first is traditional: The Fed supplies liquidity by providing credit through open market operations and by lending to depository institutions at the so-called discount window. The second is by enhancing the liquidity of portfolios of some institutions by replacing their less-liquid assets with more-liquid assets. The Fed has used the second approach since late 2007. Unlike several previous occasions, however, it began supplying liquidity in the first, more traditional way only recently in September 2008. This article notes that the Fed departed from its long-standing tradition of minimizing its effect on the allocation of credit by supplying liquidity to institutions that it believed to be most in need, at the same time, it neutralized the effects of these actions on the total supply of liquidity in the financial market. The article also discusses the Fed's reasons for reallocating credit this time rather than simply increasing the total supply of financial market liquidity.

Curated

Firm Volatility and Credit: A Macroeconomic Analysis (ICPSR 25062)

Released/updated on: 2009-03-11

Geographic coverage: United States

This paper examines a tractable real business cycle model with idiosyncratic productivity shocks and binding credit constraints on entrepreneurs. The model shows how firm volatility increases in combination with credit market development. It further generates the observed co-movement of credit and firm volatility with output at business cycle frequencies in response to aggregate productivity shocks.

Curated

FOMC in 1993 and 1994: Monetary Policy in Transition (ICPSR 1147)

Released/updated on: 1998-08-27

Geographic coverage: United States

The data collection contains data on the actions of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Federal Reserve's primary policymaking body, over the last two years.

Curated

Global Views 2008: American Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (ICPSR 26301)

Released/updated on: 2010-04-12

Geographic coverage: United States

This study is part of a quadrennial series designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the general public on matters related to foreign policy, and to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision-makers must operate. This public opinion study of the United States focused on respondents' opinions of the United States leadership role in the world and the challenges the country faces internationally and is comprised of two parts, the July 2008 and the September 2008 surveys. In particular, the July 2008 survey covers United States foreign policy, globalization, trade and immigration, the rise of China, and the United States-Japan relationship. Regarding United States foreign policy, respondents were asked to give their views on whether the United States should take an active part in world affairs, threats to vital interests in the next ten years, foreign policy goals, treaties and agreements, the United Nations and the United Nations Security Council, conflict between Christians and Muslims, and combating terrorism. Additional questions included whether respondents favored the United States having military bases in other countries, their opinions about justifications for the use of United States troops abroad, the Iraq War, nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel, and participants' views on several countries and world organizations. Regarding globalization, trade, and immigration, respondents gave their opinions on whether globalization is good or bad for the United States, lowering trade barriers, the trade practices of various countries, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), economic competitiveness of the United States economy, and the future of United States power and the next generation of Americans. In addition, on the topic of globalization and immigration, queries included the importance of Asia and Europe, the pace of globalization, fairness of income distribution, foreign investments in American companies, the level of legal immigration into the United States and whether or not immigration is good. Concerning the rise of China, respondents were asked to compare the size and potential of the United States and China economies and their implications, loans between the countries, how to deal with China's increase in power, and whether China or Japan is more important to the United States. On the subject of the United States-Japan relationship, participants gave their opinions regarding the amending of Japan's constitution to allow for a wider range of military activities, Japan's development of nuclear weapons, and what factors contribute to Japan's global influence. Part 2, the September 2008 survey, commissioned to gauge whether any substantial changes in attitudes occurred due to the financial crisis, repeated a subset of questions from the July 2008 survey and focused on respondents' attitudes toward trade and globalization. Demographic and other background information includes age, race, gender, marital status, religious affiliation, political party affiliation, employment status, education, household composition, type of housing, state of residence, and access to the Internet.

Curated

History of the Asymmetric Policy Directive (ICPSR 1230)

Released/updated on: 2000-12-06

Geographic coverage: United States

From 1983 through 1999, policy directives issued by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) contained a statement pertaining to possible future policy actions, which was known as the "symmetry," "tilt," or "bias" of the directive. In May 1999, the FOMC began to announce publicly the symmetry of its current directive. This resulted in much speculation about the meaning of asymmetric directives, which the FOMC had never officially defined. In this article, the authors. investigate three suggested interpretations: (1) Asymmetry was intended to convey likely changes in policy either between FOMC meetings or at the next meeting, (2) Asymmetry increased the chairman's authority to change policy in the direction indicated by the specified asymmetry, and (3) Asymmetric language was used primarily to build consensus among voting FOMC members. The authors find strong support in the implementation of monetary policy only for the consensus-building hypothesis.

Curated

How Well Does Employment Predict Output? (ICPSR 20963)

Released/updated on: 2007-09-17

Geographic coverage: United States

Economists, policymakers, and financial market analysts typically pay close attention to aggregate employment trends because employment is thought to be an important indicator of macroeconomic conditions. One difficulty is that there are two separate surveys of employment, which can diverge widely from one another, as the previous and current economic expansions demonstrate. The conventional wisdom is that, for assessing economic conditions, the survey that counts the number of jobs (establishment survey) is preferable to the survey that counts the number of people employed (household survey). However, results from a one-quarter-ahead forecasting exercise presented in this paper suggest that analysts should question whether employment is a useful indicator for predicting output growth.

Curated

Illinois Lobbyists Study, 1964 (ICPSR 7283)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States, Illinois

This study collected information on persons who were registered as lobbyists in Illinois in 1963. The questionnaire assessed governmental experiences, motivation, lobbyists' perceptions of the legislative process and their role within it, and their policy stands on several state, national, and international questions from which a liberal-conservative index was constructed. Demographic data include sex, age, place of residence and place of birth, religion, level of education, present and past occupations, party affiliation, total income, and income from lobbying activities.

Curated

Incidents of Post-9/11 U.S. National Security Policies' Impact on Scientific Research and Higher Education in Diverse Geographic Locations, March 2002 to June 2005. (ICPSR 30206)

Released/updated on: 2011-05-26

Geographic coverage: United States, Global

Time period: 2002-03-01--2005-06-01

Through this study, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) sought to collect and disseminate information about the impacts of post-9/11 security policies on scientific research and higher education. The study resulted in the development of a searchable database that includes 92 separate incidents in which scientists and engineers, from across the United States and internationally, were affected by the implementation of those policies.

Data for this study were collected via the following methods: public literature and professional journal searches, the American Association for the Advancement of Science Web site, and announcements of the project.

Curated

Judicial Mind, 1946-1969 (ICPSR 7289)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1946-01-01--1969-01-01

This study employed a social-psychological approach to study how and why judicial decisions were made and to present a substantive interpretation of major post-World War II trends in the Supreme Court's policy-making on the basis of aggregate data measuring both manifest voting behavior and inferred political attitudes of the justices. Besides recording the position taken by each justice on the cases considered, several scales were constructed reflecting the ideological implications of judicial decisions. About a third of the decisions included in this study dealt with questions of political rights and civil liberties, and were used to create a political liberalism scale, with the following subcomponents: fair procedure, voting equality, political freedom, religious freedom, racial equality, and civic equality. Another third of the cases, concerned with questions of economic policy, were classified as a scale of economic liberalism, with two major components -- governmental regulation of economic activities and support for labor unions. The remaining third of the sampled decisions were used to construct minor scales: judicial activism and judicial centralization, focusing on the Supreme Court's own political role, a fiscal claims scale dealing with the financial interests of the federal government, and a nationalization scale concerned with the extent to which a justice tended to uphold the claims and interests of the national government.

Curated

Legislative Behavior Study, 1957 (ICPSR 7209)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States, Tennessee, Ohio, California, New Jersey

This study surveyed members of the state legislatures of California, New Jersey, Ohio, and Tennessee during the 1957 sessions. The interviews focused on the perceptions and behaviors of state legislators, with special emphasis on their perceptions of the workings of the legislature, the roles and tasks of legislators as well as institutional and party officials, the workings of political parties and pressure groups and their bearing on substantive policy issues, and the influence patterns within the legislature. In addition, the respondents were questioned on their recruitment into politics, their political orientation, perceptions of their job, political motivations and aspirations, and responsibilities toward their party, constituents, and pressure groups.

Curated

Legislative Issues in the Fifty States, 1963 (ICPSR 7012)

Released/updated on: 2010-03-03

This study of state legislative politics surveyed legislators from all 50 states. Questions were asked about areas of political conflict in the legislature, the determinants of conflict, the role of various political actors, and the accumulated effect of conflict upon policy formation. Background information was also collected.

Curated

A Look Inside Two Central Banks: The European System of Central Banks and the Federal Reserve System (ICPSR 1278)

Released/updated on: 2003-06-05

Geographic coverage: United States, Europe, Global

In 1998 the European Central Bank (ECB) became the world's 173rd central bank. The Eurosystem, with its structure of national central banks and the ECB, is similar to the Federal Reserve System, with its District Banks and Board of Governors. However, important differences exist in the way the two systems operate. This article compares the organization and tasks of the two central banks by examining differences in their monetary policy frameworks, specifically focusing on the goals, tools, and policymaking process. In addition it examines the independence, accountability, and transparency of these central banks.

Curated

Measuring Monetary Policy Inertia in Target Fed Funds Rate Changes (ICPSR 1212)

Released/updated on: 2000-05-03

Geographic coverage: United States

Recent research has grappled with an apparent paradox: Why would a central bank that is focused primarily on inflation control exhibit signs of inertia when making policy adjustments? In this article, the author argues that fully characterizing the policy inertia is a precondition toward resolving the apparent paradox. This research presents empirical estimates of adjustments to the target fed funds rate that take into account two facets of policy inertia: a partial-adjustment mechanism and thresholds for making discrete changes to the target fed funds rate. With a more complete picture of the policy inertia, subsequent research can investigate whether policy appears to display either too much or the right amount of inertia.

Curated

National Arts Administration and Policy Publications Database (ICPSR 37089)

Released/updated on: 2018-05-30

The National Arts Administration and Policy Publications Database is a bibliographic tool that enables users to access current and historical information on a multitude of topics related to arts administration and policy. Records in the database are classified into four types:

Americans for the Arts archive
research abstracts
sample documents
one-pagers (infographics).

The database contains over 7,000 bibliographic records--providing arts administrators, policy researchers, and advocates with information to help them locate information on arts policy and practice and arts administration resources and best practices. More recent entries to the database may also include the actual publication for download. To obtain the publications, please contact the publisher listed in the abstract. When possible Americans for the Arts had included the publication for download, but in most cases, the database is bibliographic by design.

Curated

Partially restricted

Simple Crosstabs

National Survey of Juvenile Justice Professionals, 2005-2007 [United States] (ICPSR 26381)

Released/updated on: 2013-03-21

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2005-10-01--2007-12-01

This study involved a survey of juvenile court judges, chief probation officers, prosecutors, and public defenders to measure their impressions of recent policy changes and the critical needs facing today's juvenile justice system. In addition the study garnered recommendations for improving the administration and effectiveness of this system. The study's primary objective was to provide policymakers, administrators, and practitioners with actionable information about how to improve the operations and effectiveness of the juvenile justice system, and to examine the role practitioners could play in constructing sound juvenile justice policy. A total of 534 juvenile court judges, chief probation officers, court administrators, prosecutors, and defense attorneys in 44 states and the District of Columbia participated in the Assessing the Policy Options (APO) national practitioner survey. The survey consisted of four major sections: demographics, critical needs, policies and practices, and practitioner recommendations. Critical needs facing the juvenile justice system were measured by asking respondents about the policy priority of 13 issues in their respective jurisdictions; topics ranged from staff training and development to effective juvenile defense counsel to information technology. Respondents were also asked to assess the effectiveness of 17 different policies and practices -- ranging from parental accountability laws to transfer and treatment -- in achieving 6 vital juvenile justice outcomes.

Curated

Nature of Party Governance, Connecting Conceptualization and Measurement (ICPSR 1133)

Released/updated on: 1998-01-20

Geographic coverage: United States

Research on the policy consequences of partisan turnover in state policymaking institutions in the United States generally has found that parties have, at most, conditional effects. Yet many of these analyses have constructed the partisanship variable as if parties in state government were fully unified. This paper explores the results stemming from various measurement choices, namely measures implying complete unity and those derived from a conceptualization of parties as undisciplined. The analysis demonstrates that a strong relationship between the partisanship of state legislatures and policy outcomes emerges only when the indicators are based upon our substantive knowledge of parties in state government.

Curated

Oil and the United States Macroeconomy: An Update and a Simple Forecasting Exercise (ICPSR 23220)

Released/updated on: 2008-09-05

Geographic coverage: United States

Some analysts and economists recently warned that the United States economy faces a much higher risk of recession should the price of oil rise to $100 per barrel or more. In February 2008, spot crude oil prices closed above $100 per barrel for the first time ever, and since then they have climbed even higher. Meanwhile, according to some surveys of economists, it is highly probable that a recession began in the United States in late 2007 or early 2008. Although the findings in this paper are consistent with the view that the United States economy has become much less sensitive to large changes in oil prices, a simple forecasting exercise using Hamilton's model augmented with the first principal component of 85 macroeconomic variables reveals that a permanent increase in the price of crude oil to $150 per barrel by the end of 2008 could have a significant negative effect on the growth rate of real gross domestic product in the short run. Moreover, the model also predicts that such an increase in oil prices would produce much higher overall and core inflation rates in 2009 than most policymakers expect.

Curated

Politics of Public Utility Regulation in the United States, 1980 (ICPSR 8080)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

For this data collection, interviews were conducted in 1979-1980 with managers associated with the public utility regulation process in 12 states. Respondents were public utility commissioners, public utility commission staff members, utility company executives, assistant attorneys general, and representatives of citizens' groups (both governmental and nongovernmental advocates). Variables include attitudinal measures regarding issues in the public utility regulation process, as well as perceptions of organizational accountability, decision-making processes, allocation of resources, and diffusion of innovations within the various organizations associated with the regulatory process. Background information on each respondent was also collected, but many of these variables were recoded as missing data to protect the anonymity of the respondents.

Curated

Prime Ministerial Power in 22 Countries, 1980-2000 (ICPSR 24341)

Released/updated on: 2010-07-08

Geographic coverage: Japan, United Kingdom, Portugal, Iceland, Global, Spain, Malta, New Zealand, Greece, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Norway, Luxembourg, Ireland, Finland, Denmark, Italy, Israel, Australia, Germany

Time period: 1980-01-01--2000-01-01

This study offers a measure of prime ministerial power to set government policy in 22 countries with established parliamentary democracies. The collection comprises variables relating to the power of prime ministers including an index of prime ministerial power, which consists of a quantitative score of the power of individually named prime ministers in their different terms based on an expert survey conducted in 2001-2003. The expert survey included questions in regard to the prime minister's degree of freedom in selecting cabinet ministers, moving or removing the cabinet ministers, and calling an election when desired. In addition, respondents were queried about the prime minister's ability to influence the cabinet agenda and the policy output of the current government, and the degree of government control over the parliament agenda. Additional variables in the data examined the political and institutional resources available to the prime ministers, of which the following topics were explored: the composition of the cabinet and prime minister's party, rate of government survival, strength of prime minister's party in the parliament, impact of the opposition party on policy, score of leadership influence, policy diversity in government, and government's ideological complexion.

Curated

Repeated Events Survival Models: The Conditional Frailty Model (ICPSR 1339)

Released/updated on: 2007-01-15

Repeated events processes are ubiquitous across a great range of important health, medical, and public policy applications, but models for these processes have serious limitations. Alternative estimators often produce different inferences concerning treatment effects due to bias and inefficiency. We recommend a robust strategy for the estimation of effects in medical treatments, social conditions, individual behaviors, and public policy programs in repeated events survival models under three common conditions: heterogeneity across individuals, dependence across the number of events, and both heterogeneity and event dependence. We develop a new model for repeated events processes that accurately accounts for the various conditions of heterogeneity and event dependence by using a frailty term, stratification, and gap time formulation of the risk set. We examine the performance of these models and others that are commonly used in applied work using Monte Carlo simulations, and apply the findings to data on chronic granulomatous disease and cystic.

Curated

Social Organization of the United States National Labor Policy Domain, 1981-1987 (ICPSR 9802)

Released/updated on: 1993-02-12

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1981-01-01--1987-01-01

The purpose of this data collection is to provide information about the process by which various organizations become involved in debates about national labor policy. A policy domain is a set of organizations, both governmental and in the private sector, operating at the federal level and seeking to influence the decisions of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government in some substantive arena--in this case, the regulation of labor practices. The central issue of the research is how the social structure of relationships among organizations in the national labor policy domain affect the processes by which policy proposals are generated, placed on the national political agenda, and subsequently enacted or blocked. To address this issue, the most active organizations in the United States labor policy domain were identified and contacted for interviews. A knowledgeable representative from each organization, typically a director of governmental affairs, was asked a battery of questions about his or her organization's involvement in shaping national policies. The general scope of these questions was (1) What particular issues in the labor field are of interest to the organization? (2) In what specific policy events between 1981 and 1987 did the organization participate, and what was the nature of that involvement? (3) What general patterns of interaction does the organization have with other participants in the national labor policy domain? Variables in the collection include collective bargaining regulations, participation of labor in management and control of enterprises, employee stock ownership plans, and internal organization and governance of labor unions and employer associations. Other items cover working conditions (safety and physical conditions), employment conditions (hiring, promotion, firing, layoff, retirement, time, and wages), social policies (pensions, insurance, maternity leave, and job rights), disadvantaged populations in the labor market (women, minorities, the handicapped, youth, the elderly, veterans, welfare, vocational education and retraining), discrimination in employment, and labor market policies (job creation, immigration, underground economy, and plant closings).

Curated

Soviet Elites in the Post-Stalin Period, 1966 (ICPSR 7521)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: Global, Soviet Union

The data were collected in 1966 to facilitate the exploration of relationships between the demographic and career pattern attributes of the Soviet leadership and attitudinal variance within the leadership. Two types of data were included in the study: attitudinal and demographic/career pattern data. The attitudinal data were generated by a content analysis of a sample of articles in "representative" Soviet periodicals for the year 1965. Information on the process of policy-making, socialization, resource allocation, and popular mobilization within the Soviet party was collected. Demographic and career pattern data were also gathered to supplement the information on the Soviet officials in the attitudinal sample. Demographic variables specify date of birth, nationality, social class, education, party membership and positions held, membership year, membership of the Communist Politburo, types of career, and fields of specialization.

Curated

Partially restricted

Simple Crosstabs

Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior, May 2004 (ICPSR 35361)

Released/updated on: 2024-11-07

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2004-04-01--2004-05-01

The Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior series (also known as the Surveys of Consumers) was undertaken to measure changes in consumer attitudes and expectations, to understand why such changes occur, and to evaluate how they relate to consumer decisions to save, borrow, or make discretionary purchases. The data regularly include the Index of Consumer Sentiment, the Index of Current Economic Conditions, and the Index of Consumer Expectations. Since the 1940s, these surveys have been produced quarterly through 1977 and monthly thereafter.

The surveys conducted in 2004 focused on topics such as evaluations and expectations about personal finances, employment, price changes, and the national business situation. Opinions were collected regarding respondents' appraisals of present market conditions for purchasing houses, automobiles, computers, and other durables. Also explored in this survey, were respondents' types of savings and financial investments, loan use, family income, and retirement planning.

Other topics in this series typically include ownership, lease, and use of automobiles, respondents' use of personal computers at home and in the office, and respondents' familiarity with and use of the Internet. Demographic information includes ethnic origin, sex, age, marital status, and education.