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This repository contains the raw extraction of data from PSID, NLSY79, and NLSY97 used for the "LABOR-LLM" paper.Note: this repository does not contain (i) the intermediate model predictions we used for generating tables and figures in the table due to their sizes, (ii) checkpoints for fine-tuned LLMs due to their sizes, (iii) the proprietary Zippia resume dataset used for CAREER model training.

This is the replication package for "The Impact of Early Investments in Urban School Systems in the United States" by Ethan Schmick and Allison Shertzer. The Journal of Economic History. Forthcoming.

The Women's Employment Study, or "WES" combined the insights of poverty researchers, epidemiologists, and social workers by analyzing the ways in which a broad range of labor market, mental health, physical health, and family problems affect a welfare recipient's ability to obtain and retain employment over time.

WES initially began in the Fall of 1997, and five waves of the survey were completed by early 2004, with a high proportion of the original panel sample retained throughout the study.

The unique aspects of WES rest largely with the broad range of barriers it measures, and the longitudinal nature of the study that allows researchers to look at employment and welfare experiences over time.

Employment coaching involves trained staff working collaboratively with participants to help them set individualized goals directly or indirectly related to employment and providing motivation, support, and feedback as participants work toward those goals. Unlike most traditional case managers, coaches work in partnership with participants and do not tell the participants what goals they should pursue or what action steps to take in pursuing them. Recently, there has been growing interest among policymakers, practitioners, researchers, and others in using employment coaching to assist Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients and other adults with low incomes.

To learn more about the potential of employment coaching, the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) funded an experimental impact study of four employment coaching programs conducted as part of the Evaluation of Employment Coaching for TANF and Related Populations. The impact study evaluated the effectiveness of each program on study participants' self-regulation skills, employment, earnings, and other measures of personal and family well-being during the 21 months after participants enrolled in the study. Data and documentation for the longer term follow-up, 48 to 67 months after study enrollment, are forthcoming.

The four employment coaching programs included in the evaluation are:

• Family Development and Self-Sufficiency (FaDSS), which serves TANF recipients and their family members in Iowa. Participation in FaDSS is voluntary and most coaching sessions occur in the participant's home.
• Goal4 It!TM, which provides employment coaching to TANF recipients in Jefferson County, Colorado in lieu of traditional case management. Receipt of TANF benefits is conditional on participation in either Goal4 It! or traditional case management.
• LIFT, which is a voluntary coaching program operated in four U.S. cities. Most coaching is conducted by unpaid student interns from Master of Social Work programs.
• MyGoals for Employment Success (MyGoals), which is a voluntary coaching program that served recipients of public housing assistance in Baltimore, Maryland, and Houston, Texas.

The impact study addressed the following primary research questions:

Do the coaching programs improve the outcomes of adults with low incomes?

Specifically:

• Do the coaching programs affect participants' intermediate outcomes related to self-regulation and other skills associated with labor market success?
• Do the coaching programs affect participants' employment and economic security outcomes?
• How do the impacts of the coaching programs change over time?
• Are the coaching programs more effective for some groups of participants than others?

Between February 2017 and November 2019, about 4,300 adults who were eligible for one of the four employment coaching programs and who consented to participate in the evaluation were randomly assigned either to (1) a program group that had access to employment coaching, or (2) a control group that did not have access to employment coaching but could receive other services available in the community. The effectiveness of each employment coaching program was assessed based on differences in average outcomes between program and control group members. Impacts were estimated during two follow-up periods: at 9 to 12 months after study enrollment (depending on the program; Moore et al. 2023) and at 21 months after study enrollment (Moore et al. forthcoming).

To estimate the impacts of employment coaching, the study used data from: (1) a baseline survey or form administered to study participants at the time of study enrollment, (2) follow-up surveys administered to study participants approximately 9 to 12 months after study enrollment, and again approximately 21 months after study enrollment, (3) administrative employment and Unemployment Insurance records from the National Directory of New Hires (NDNH), and (4) administrative records from state and local agencies on participation in public assistance programs.

The employment coaching restricted-use data collection includes nine files with data from these sources, excluding administrative and Unemployment Insurance records from the NDNH. Some of the files include data for a single program, while others combine data for more than one program. A user guide provides documentation for each file.

Long-term data will be added to this study homepage in the future.

The Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior series (also known as the Surveys of Consumers) was undertaken to measure changes in consumer attitudes and expectations, to understand why such changes occur, and to evaluate how they relate to consumer decisions to save, borrow, or make discretionary purchases. The data regularly include the Index of Consumer Sentiment, the Index of Current Economic Conditions, and the Index of Consumer Expectations. Since the 1940s, these surveys have been produced quarterly through 1977 and monthly thereafter.

The surveys conducted in 2004 focused on topics such as evaluations and expectations about personal finances, employment, price changes, and the national business situation. Opinions were collected regarding respondents' appraisals of present market conditions for purchasing houses, automobiles, computers, and other durables. Also explored in this survey, were respondents' types of savings and financial investments, loan use, family income, and retirement planning.

Other topics in this series typically include ownership, lease, and use of automobiles, respondents' use of personal computers at home and in the office, and respondents' familiarity with and use of the Internet. Demographic information includes ethnic origin, sex, age, marital status, and education.

During 1994-2002, the Survey of Economic Expectations (SEE) was a periodic module in WISCON, a continuous national telephone survey conducted by the University of Wisconsin Survey Center (UWSC). The WISCON core questions asked respondents about their labor market experiences, demographics, and household income. The SEE module elicited probabilistic expectations of significant personal events. In all waves of SEE, respondents were asked to report expectations for crime victimization, health insurance, employment, and income. In some waves, they were asked about returns on mutual-fund investments and about their future Social Security benefits. In waves 1 to 15, demographic information such as age, gender, and race was collected.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

The Michigan Study of Life After Prison examined the association between neighborhood context and outcomes related to employment and recidivism among the cohort of former prisoners released on parole from Michigan state prisons in one calendar year (2003), controlling for pre-incarceration neighborhood context, local labor market conditions, and a large set of individual characteristics. The primary goals of this study were to answer two questions: (1) "Are ex-offenders who are released to more disadvantaged neighborhoods (those with greater poverty, unemployment, residential turnover, etc.) more likely to recidivate?" (2) "Are ex-offenders who are released to more disadvantaged neighborhoods less likely to gain stable employment?" This research sought to supplement available literature on prisoner reentry and criminal desistance, which the researchers posit existing literature has largely ignored the role that neighborhoods play in shaping the recidivism and employment of returning prisoners.

The 31 data files included as part of this collection are as follows:

Cleaned Data Files:

• casenotearrestsreps1-4_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 4,932 Cases, 12 Variables
• casenotearrestsreps5-8_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 5,302 Cases, 13 Variables
• casenotearrestsrep9_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 2,321 Cases, 13 Variables
• casenoteemploymentreps1-4_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 4,871 Cases, 28 Variables
• casenoteemploymentreps5-8_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 4,754 Cases, 23 Variables
• casenoteemploymentrep9_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 2,610 Cases, 23 Variables
• cleanedcasenoteaddressesreps1-8_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 50,207 Cases, 72 Variables
• cleanedcasenoteaddressesrep9_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 10,309 Cases, 69 Variables
• preprisonaddress_all_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 5,183 Cases, 30 Variables
• preprisonaddress_all_rep9_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 1,017 Cases, 63 Variables
• postprisads_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 11,064 Cases, 41 Variables
• cleaned-demographics-population_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 11,064 Cases, 57 Variables
• simplecrimhistory.dta: 11,064 Cases, 4 Variables
• popSAhistory.dta: 11,064 Cases, 8 Variables
• deathdates_ICPSR-EDITED.dta: 308 Cases, 3 Variables
• popprisonenterdates.dta: 11,064 Cases, 7 Variables
• discharge dates.dta: 7,369 Cases, 5 Variables
• parole and release dates for pop.dta: 11,064 cases, 3 Variables
• mdoc_recidivism_measures.dta: 11,064 Cases, 6 Variables
• recidivism dates from transits.dta: 11,064 Cases, 8 Variables
• recidivism from bir.dta: 11,064 Cases, 3 Variables
• sample marker.dta: 3,689 Cases, 2 Variables
• samplereps.dta: 3,689 Cases, 2 Variables
• tta_rsid_rep.dta: 1,363 Cases, 2 Variables

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) is a monthly survey conducted in the United States that has been developed to address the need for data on job openings, hires, and separations. The data provided by JOLTS serve as demand-side indicators of labor shortages at the national level. Data from a sample of approximately 16,000 U.S. business establishments are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics through the Atlanta JOLTS Data Collection Center. The JOLTS survey covers all nonagricultural industries in the public and private sectors for the 50 States and the District of Columbia. JOLTS collects and shares data on Total Employment, Job Openings, Hires, Quits, Layoffs and Discharges, and Other Separations. JOLTS provides data from as far back as December 2000.

The JOLTS database allow users to extract data by industry based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Policymakers working in the arts and culture fields will find the data on the "Arts, entertainment, and recreation" industry (NAICS code 710000) of particular interest. JOLTS has over 760 data series related to the arts industry and continues to collect data on this industry every month.