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Using discontinuities in the wage schedule of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), I document that higher WPA wages led to greater WPA employment but did not significantly reduce unemployment levels. The estimated impact on private wages is positive but imprecise. Higher WPA wages did not influence the characteristics of WPA employees. However, they led to lower school dropout rates of 15–16-year-old boys in WPA households.

This repository contains the raw extraction of data from PSID, NLSY79, and NLSY97 used for the "LABOR-LLM" paper.Note: this repository does not contain (i) the intermediate model predictions we used for generating tables and figures in the table due to their sizes, (ii) checkpoints for fine-tuned LLMs due to their sizes, (iii) the proprietary Zippia resume dataset used for CAREER model training.

This package replicates all tables and figures in the paper and online appendix for "Economic Conditions and Incarceration in the United States: Evidence from Missouri, 1850-1930.

This dataset is a custom extract from the public-use Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), produced through the PSID Data Center (Job ID J320456). The extract contains 775 family-level variables drawn from multiple survey waves spanning 1968 through 2019. Variables were selected to construct demographic, geographic, and educational measures for the household reference person (head) and spouse/partner.

The extract includes variables on age, sex, race, education, parental education, place of birth, state of residence, state grew up, state at age 25, and related interview year identifiers. The data are organized in wide format across waves in the original extract and are subsequently processed using the accompanying replication code to create harmonized cross-sectional measures based on the most recent non-missing report for each individual. The replication files also reshape the data into an individual-level long format separating head and spouse observations.

These data are publicly available as part of Michigan's Open Data Portal and are updated regularly by the state. The labor force participation rate is a measure of the labor force as a percentage of the civilian non-institutional population aged 16 years or older. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the labor force participation rate increased dramatically, largely driven by an increasing number of women joining the labor force. Since 2001, the rate has steadily declined, exacerbated by the 2001 and 2008 recessions.

This release features monthly labor force participation rates for January 1976 through September 2018.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) is a monthly survey conducted in the United States that has been developed to address the need for data on job openings, hires, and separations. The data provided by JOLTS serve as demand-side indicators of labor shortages at the national level. Data from a sample of approximately 16,000 U.S. business establishments are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics through the Atlanta JOLTS Data Collection Center. The JOLTS survey covers all nonagricultural industries in the public and private sectors for the 50 States and the District of Columbia. JOLTS collects and shares data on Total Employment, Job Openings, Hires, Quits, Layoffs and Discharges, and Other Separations. JOLTS provides data from as far back as December 2000.

The JOLTS database allow users to extract data by industry based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Policymakers working in the arts and culture fields will find the data on the "Arts, entertainment, and recreation" industry (NAICS code 710000) of particular interest. JOLTS has over 760 data series related to the arts industry and continues to collect data on this industry every month.