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This file explains the replication folder for the paper: “Empowerment or Indoctrination? Female Training Programs under Dictatorship”, accepted for publication at The Journal of Economic History

Authors: Felipe González, Mounu Prem, and Cristine von Dessauer

Folders

• dofiles: This folder contains all the codes necessary to replicate the paper. 
• • replicatePaper-Figures.do: This dofile creates all the figures presented in the paper. 
  • replicatePaper-Tables.do: This dofile creates all the figures presented in the paper. 
  • lassoShooting.ado: Ado used for the selection of covariates using LASSO.
• Tables: This folder contains the tables of the paper in tex and txt. They all have the state the name of the file number and panel (if necessary) as well as whether they are in the main paper or the appendix.
• Figures: This folder contains all the figures of the paper in pdf. They all have the state the name of the file number and panel (if necessary) as well as whether they are in the main paper or the appendix.
• Data: This folder contains all the final datasets needed to replicate the main analysis.

Software: All of the code for the paper was executed in Stata 18.0.

This dataset contains annual measures of training and vocational schools in the United States from 1990 through 2022. The data include counts, per capita densities, area densities, and employment figures for twelve categories of training and vocational establishments: business and secretarial schools, data processing schools, general educational services, beauty schools and barber colleges, vocational schools, dance schools, instruction schools and camps, arts and crafts schools, music and drama schools, vehicle driving schools, reading and speaking schools, and personal development schools.

The unit of analysis is either the Census Tract or ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA), with separate files standardized to 2010 Census Tract boundaries, 2020 Census Tract boundaries, 2010 ZCTA boundaries, and 2020 ZCTA boundaries. Each file covers all census tracts or ZCTAs in the fifty United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, and US island territories.

Business establishment data were drawn from the National Establishment Time Series (NETS) database, which was cleaned and geocoded to Census Bureau TIGER/Line shapefiles. Population denominators came from the American Community Survey and Decennial Census. The data cleaning protocol addressed known NETS limitations by re-geocoding addresses, standardizing SIC codes across time, collapsing duplicate records, and removing businesses located at residential addresses using Zillow's ZTRAX data.

Key variables include count (e.g., count_businesscho), per capita density per 1000 population (e.g., den_datascho), area density per square mile (e.g., aden_vocationscho), and total employment (e.g., emps_beautyscho) for each establishment category. The Census Tract 2020 dataset includes both tract_fips20 and tract_fips22 variables to accommodate Connecticut's 2022 county boundary changes.

The Pathways for Advancing Careers and Education (PACE) study was designed to produce rigorous evidence for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers about the effectiveness of nine career pathways approaches that sought to increase credentials, employment, and self-sufficiency among low-income, low-skilled Americans. Funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, PACE included nine program-specific evaluation reports. The study was led by Abt Associates, in partnership with MEF Associates, The Urban Institute, and the University of Michigan.

Each program-specific evaluation included an implementation study that examined the design and operation of the program and enrolled students' participation patterns, and an impact study that used an experimental design to measure differences in educational and employment outcomes between individuals randomly assigned to a group that could receive services from the PACE program (treatment group) and a group that could not but could participate in other services in the community (control group). Program impacts were measured 18 to 24 months following random assignment, depending on the program. Follow-up impact reports will cover three and six years after random assignment.

The collection includes the following 15 data files:

• Analysis Data File (9,242 cases; 152 variables)
• Basic Information Form Data File (9,242 cases; 79 variables)
• Case Manager/Advisor Data File (108 cases; 223 variables)
• Instructional Staff Data File (135 cases; 510 variables)
• Manager/Supervisor Data File (41 cases; 202 variables)
• First Follow-up Data File (7,139 cases; 1,432 variables)
• Self-Administered Questionnaire Data File (9,242 cases; 96 variables)
• 3 Year Updated Analysis Data File (9,242 cases; 1,676 variables)
• Augmented Credentials Data File (5,862 cases; 29 variables)
• Augmented Job Spells Data File (13,540 cases; 31 variables)
• Augmented School Spells Data File (7,013 cases; 29 variables)
• Job Conditions Data File (5,702 cases; 28 variables)
• Person Level Data File (6,772 cases; 290 variables)
• 6 Year Follow-up Survey Data File (3,279 cases; 322 variables)
• 6 Year Updated Analysis Data File (3,279 cases; 177 variables)

The Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG), administered by the Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, was created to provide education and training to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients and other low-income individuals for occupations in the healthcare field that pay well and are expected to either experience labor shortages or be in high demand.

HPOG programs are expected to target skills and competencies demanded by the healthcare industry; support career pathways; result in an employer- or industry-recognized certificate or degree; combine supportive services with education and training services to help participants overcome barriers to employment; and provide services at times and locations that are easily accessible to targeted populations.

In 2010, the first round of HPOG awards was made to 27 organizations located across 20 states to carry out five-year programs in their areas. The first round of HPOG grant awards is referred to as HPOG 1.0. In 2015, a second round of HPOG grant awards was made to 32 organizations located across 21 states for a new five-year period. This second round of grants is referred to as HPOG 2.0.

HPOG is authorized as a demonstration program with a mandated federal evaluation. The Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation (OPRE) is utilizing a multi-pronged evaluation strategy to document the operations and assess the success of the HPOG program. The evaluation strategy aims to provide information on program implementation, systems change, outcomes, and impacts.

This collection is organized into 22 data parts, including:

• 3 HPOG National Implementation Evaluation datasets of employers (DS1), grantees (DS2), and management and staff (DS3) surveys
• a HPOG 15-month follow-up survey dataset (DS4)
• an analysis file with HPOG participant covariates and outcomes (DS5)
• 6 Performance Reporting System (PRS) datasets
• 3 datasets from the Pathways for Advancing Careers and Education Evaluation (PACE) containing a subset of respondents who participated in both HPOG and PACE studies
• 5 datasets from the 3 year follow up impact reports (DS15 to DS20)
• 2 datasets from the 6 year follow up impact reports (DS21 and DS22)

The PRS is the federal management information system for HPOG grantees that was designed to support participant record and case management, program performance measurement, and program evaluation research.

• The Participant dataset (DS6) is at the person-level and contains background information on participants at the time of intake into the HPOG program.

• The Participant Supplemental dataset (DS7) is at the person-level and contains supplemental information for participants who participated in the HPOG impact evaluation.

• The Education dataset (DS8) contains the date and type of remedial pre-training activities of participants during the HPOG program. This dataset is at the training-level, with one row for each educational activity.

• The Employment dataset (DS9) contains the date and type of employment development activities of participants during the HPOG program, as well as job characteristics of participants who find employment. This dataset is at the employment activity level, with one row for each employment activity.

• The Services dataset (DS10) is at the person-level and contains the date and type of supportive services received by participants from the HPOG program.

• The Training dataset (DS11) contains the date and type of vocational training received by participants from the HPOG program. This dataset is at the training level, with one row for each occupational training activity.

The PACE study was designed to produce rigorous evidence for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers about the effectiveness of nine career pathways approaches that sought to increase credentials, employment, and self-sufficiency among low-income, low-skilled Americans. The 3 HPOG subset datasets from this study include the Basic Information Form Data File (DS12), the First Follow-Up Data File (DS13), and the Self-Administered Questionnaire Data File (DS14). For more information about the PACE study, please see its ICPSR study page (ICPSR #37289).

The follow-up impact report contains a 3 Year Updated Analysis Data File (DS15). Augmented Credentials Data File (DS16) contains data about previous academic and trade school accreditations. Augmented Job Spells Data File (DS17) pertains to the participant's duration of the training and income-based questions. Augmented School Spells Data File (DS18) contains data about the duration of education. Job Conditions Data File (DS19) pertains to job conditions and coworker support. Person Level Data File (DS20) contains person-level data on job benefits and conditions, training, income, self-perception, support networks, and childcare. The 6 year follow-up impact report contains a 6 year Updated Analysis Data File (DS21) and a 6 Year Survey Data File (D22).

Various demographic information, such as age, sex, race, and ethnicity, is also included in the data.

The Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG), administered by the Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, was created to provide education and training to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients and other low-income individuals for occupations in the healthcare field that pay well and were expected to either experience labor shortages or be in high demand. Following on a first round of HPOG awards in 2010 ("HPOG 1.0"), a second round of 32 five-year grants across 21 states were funded in 2015 ("HPOG 2.0"). After an additional one-year extension, the HPOG 2.0 grants concluded in 2021.

Local HPOG programs were expected to target skills and competencies demanded by the healthcare industry; support career pathways; result in an employer- or industry-recognized certificate or degree; combine supportive services with education and training services to help participants overcome barriers to employment; and provide services at times and locations that are easily accessible to targeted populations.

HPOG was authorized as a demonstration program with a mandated federal evaluation. The Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation (OPRE) is utilizing a multi-pronged evaluation strategy to document the operations and assess the success of the HPOG program. The evaluation strategy for HPOG 2.0 includes several key components:

• The impact evaluation randomly assigns eligible participants to either a treatment group that has access to HPOG services or a control group that does not have access to HPOG but can receive other services available in the community ("business as usual") to assess the impacts of the HPOG programs. Data from the short-term impact evaluation are DS1-DS5.
• The participant and program data includes baseline intake and services data, including data captured in the HPOG 2.0 Participant Accomplishment and Grant Evaluation System (PAGES), a participant tracking and program management system that included data on participant characteristics, engagement in activities and services, and training and employment outcomes. PAGES also included the activities and supports that grantees offered. HPOG 2.0 grantee staff entered data in PAGES. Data from baseline and PAGES are DS6-DS11.
• The descriptive evaluation includes implementation, outcomes, and local service delivery systems studies of the grants and will help interpret findings from the impact study. The descriptive study also includes in-depth qualitative interviews with a small sample of HPOG study participants. Data from the in-depth interviews are available in ICPSR 38561.
• The cost benefit analyses will assess the costs and benefits of a standard HPOG program. Data from this component are forthcoming.

For more information, users are encouraged to see the National Evaluation of the 2nd Generation of Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG 2.0 National Evaluation) on the OPRE website.

The purpose of the Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG) Program was to provide education and training to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients and other individuals with low incomes for occupations in the healthcare field that pay well and are expected to either experience labor shortages or be in high demand.

HPOG programs used the career pathways framework that combines education, occupational training, and support services to help participants enter and advance in a sequence of occupations within a specific sector or occupational cluster. Such programs seek to address many of the challenges that might prevent low-income and other disadvantaged adults from succeeding on a chosen pathway. For example, programs are flexible, with strong supports, and connect participants to employers and employment, including work-based learning opportunities. HPOG programs were expected to:

• target skills and competencies demanded by the healthcare industry
• support clearly defined career pathways
• result in an employer- or industry-recognized certificate or degree
• combine supportive services with education and training services to help participants overcome barriers to employment; and
• provide training and services at times and locations that are easily accessible to targeted populations.

Both rounds of HPOG funding were administered by the Office of Family Assistance (OFA) within the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. In 2010, OFA awarded a first round of five-year HPOG funding (HPOG 1.0) to 32 organizations located across 23 states. In 2015, OFA awarded a second round of HPOG funding (HPOG 2.0) to 32 organizations located across 21 states for a new five-year period.

Abt Associates and its partners conducted a National Evaluation of HPOG 2.0. The Abt research team (Abt) conducted in-depth interviews with program participants as part of the Descriptive Evaluation component of the National Evaluation. The goal of these in-depth interviews was to gain insights into the motivations, decision making, expectations, and experiences of HPOG 2.0 program participants. The sample included 153 program participants across 14 local HPOG 2.0 programs. Interviews were semi-structured and covered a common set of topics: career pathways; employment and education histories; experience of the HPOG 2.0 training; managing work, family, and training; and finances.

Quantitative data from HPOG 2.0 are available in ICPSR 38247.

New Chance was an intervention designed for young mothers who had first given birth as teenagers, who had dropped out of high school, and who were receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). The program was evaluated in 16 sites around the country, using an experimental research design with randomly selected experimental and control groups. The total size of the 42-month impact sample was 2,079, of which 1,401 were in the experimental group and 678 were in the control group. Those assigned to the experimental group were offered access to the New Chance program; those in the control group were excluded from the program but could pursue services elsewhere. The New Chance program was "two-generational" in its focus: it combined services to increase the employability of the young women in the program with services targeted at their children. Consequently, data on the experiences of the young women in the New Chance sample are supplemented with outcomes for a "focal child" selected from children of their own who were living with them.

The East Asian Social Survey (EASS) is a biennial social survey project that serves as a cross-national network of the following four General Social Survey type surveys in East Asia: Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), Japanese General Social Survey (JGSS), Korean General Social Survey (KGSS), Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), and comparatively examines diverse aspects of social life in these regions. Since its 1st module survey in 2006, EASS produces and disseminates its module survey datasets and this is the harmonized data for the 4th module survey, called 'Work Life in East Asia,' which was carried out during 2015 in China, Japan, and Taiwan.

Survey information in this module focuses on work related issues such as equity at work place, work orientation, and work-family balance. Additionally, respondents were asked about global economic crisis, social disparity and mobility as well as entrepreneurship.

Demographic information specific to the respondent and their spouse includes age, sex, marital status, education, employment status and hours worked, occupation, earnings and income, religion, class, size of community, and region.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This study, with assistance from the National Institute of Justice's Data Resources Program (FY2012), is a reanalysis of data from the national evaluation of the federal Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI). SVORI provided funding to 69 agencies across the United States to enhance reentry programs and coordination between corrections and community services. The national evaluation covered 16 of these sites, twelve of which provided services to the 2,054 adult ex-prisoners who are the focus of the present study.

The purpose of this study is to understand whether or not offenders receive the services they say they need, and whether the degree of 'fit' between this self-reported criminogenic need and services received is related to recidivism. This study analyzes data from the SVORI multisite evaluation to assess the potential explanations for the mixed effectiveness of reentry programs. The goal is to understand whether or not service-risk/need fit is related to successful reentry outcomes, or whether the needs of returning prisoners are unrelated to their risk of recidivism regardless of how well they are addressed. For the present study researchers obtained the SVORI (ICPSR 27101) outcome evaluation datasets from the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD). The archive holds four separate datasets from the evaluation: Adult Males Data (Part 1, N=1,697), Adult Females Data (Part 2, N=357), Juvenile Males Data (Part 3, N=337) and official recidivism and reincarceration data (Part 4, N=35,469), which can be linked on a one-to-many basis with the individual-level data in the other three datasets. To prepare the SVORI data for analysis researchers merged Datasets 1 and 2 (Adult Males and Adult Females) and created seven separate datasets containing Waves 1 through 4 survey data, National Crime Information Center (NCIC) crime data, administrative data, and sampling weights.

This deposit to NACJD is intended to complement the existing SVORI dataset (ICPSR 27101). It contains an R syntax file to be used with the datasets contained in the ICPSR 27101 collection.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS) survey sponsored by The National Cancer Institute (NCI). The TUS 2010-2011 Wave consists of four collections: May 2010, August 2010, January 2011, and May 2010-May 2011.

The Current Population Survey, administered monthly, is the source of the official government statistics on employment and unemployment. From time to time, additional questions are included on health, education, and previous work experience.

Similar to other CPS supplements, the Tobacco Use Supplement was designed for both proxy and self-respondents. All CPS household members aged 18 and older who had completed CPS core items were eligible for the supplement items. Both proxy and self-respondents were asked about their smoking status and the use of other tobacco products. For self-respondents only, different questions were asked depending on their tobacco use status; for former/current smokers, questions were asked about type of cigarettes smoked, measures of addiction, attempts to quit smoking, methods and treatments used to quit, cost of cigarettes, age initiating everyday cigarette smoking and the state of residence at that time, etc. Current smokers were asked whether the medical and dental community had advised them to quit smoking, and if they were planning to quit in the future. All self-respondents were asked about smoking policy at their work place and their attitudes towards smoking in different locations.

A unique feature of the CPS is its panel design, in which each household in the sample is surveyed for four consecutive months and nine months later for four more consecutive months. NCI took advantage of this panel design to follow-up with respondents from the May 2010 TUS by asking them similar questionnaire items in May 2011, resulting in a one year longitudinal cohort for half the May 2010 sample size.

Demographic information within the study includes age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS) survey sponsored by The National Cancer Institute (NCI). The TUS 2010-2011 Wave consists of four collections: May 2010, August 2010, January 2011, and May 2010 - May 2011.

The Current Population Survey, administered monthly, is the source of the official government statistics on employment and unemployment. From time to time, additional questions are included on health, education, and previous work experience.

Similar to other CPS supplements, the Tobacco Use Supplement was designed for both proxy and self-respondents. All CPS household members age 18 and older who had completed CPS core items were eligible for the supplement items. Both proxy and self-respondents were asked about their smoking status and the use of other tobacco products. For self-respondents only, different questions were asked depending on their tobacco use status: For former/current smokers, questions were asked about type of cigarettes smoked, measures of addiction, attempts to quit smoking, methods and treatments used to quit, cost of cigarettes and age initiating everyday cigarette smoking and the state of residence at that time, etc. Current smokers were asked whether the medical and dental community had advised them to quit smoking, and if they were planning to quit in the future. All self-respondents were asked about smoking policy at their work place and their attitudes towards smoking in different locations.

Demographic information within this collection includes age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS) survey sponsored by The National Cancer Institute (NCI). The TUS 2010-2011 Wave consists of four collections: May 2010, August 2010, January 2011, and May 2010-May 2011.

The Current Population Survey, administered monthly, is the source of the official government statistics on employment and unemployment. From time to time, additional questions are included on health, education, and previous work experience.

Similar to other CPS supplements, the Tobacco Use Supplement was designed for both proxy and self-respondents. All CPS household members aged 18 and older who had completed CPS core items were eligible for the supplement items. Both proxy and self-respondents were asked about their smoking status and the use of other tobacco products. For self-respondents only, different questions were asked depending on their tobacco use status; for former/current smokers, questions were asked about type of cigarettes smoked, measures of addiction, attempts to quit smoking, methods and treatments used to quit, cost of cigarettes, age initiating everyday cigarette smoking and the state of residence at that time, etc. Current smokers were asked whether the medical and dental community had advised them to quit smoking, and if they were planning to quit in the future. All self-respondents were asked about smoking policy at their work place and their attitudes towards smoking in different locations.

Demographic information within the study includes age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS) survey. The TUS 2010-2011 Wave consists of four collections: May 2010, August 2010, January 2011, and May 2010-May 2011.

The Current Population Survey, administered monthly, is the source of the official government statistics on employment and unemployment. From time to time, additional questions are included on health, education, and previous work experience.

Similar to other CPS supplements, the Tobacco Use Supplement was designed for both proxy and self-respondents. All CPS household members age 18 and older who had completed CPS core items were eligible for the supplement items. Both proxy and self-respondents were asked about their smoking status and the use of other tobacco products. For self-respondents only, different questions were asked depending on their tobacco use status: For former/current smokers, questions were asked about type of cigarettes smoked, measures of addiction, attempts to quit smoking, methods and treatments used to quit, cost of cigarettes and age initiating everyday cigarette smoking and the state of residence at that time, etc. Current smokers were asked whether the medical and dental community had advised them to quit smoking, and if they were planning to quit in the future. All self-respondents were asked about smoking policy at their work place and their attitudes towards smoking in different locations.

Demographic information within this collection includes age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) program was a randomized housing experiment administered by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) that gave low-income families living in high-poverty areas the chance to move to lower-poverty areas. This Restricted Access Dataset (RAD) includes data from the 3,273 adults interviewed as part of the MTO long-term evaluation and is comprised of variables analyzed for the article "Neighborhood Effects on the Long-Term Well-Being of Low-Income Adults" that was published in the journal Science on September 21, 2012. The article focused on subjective well-being, physical and mental health, social networks, neighborhoods, housing, and economic self-sufficiency. Families were tracked from the baseline survey (1994-1998) through the long-term evaluation survey fielding period (2008-2010) with the purpose of determining the effects of "neighborhood" on participating families from five United States cities. Households were randomly assigned to one of three groups:

1. The low-poverty voucher (LPV) group (also called the experimental group) received Section 8 rental assistance certificates or vouchers that they could use only in census tracts with 1990 poverty rates below 10 percent. The families received mobility counseling and help in leasing a new unit. One year after relocating, families could use their voucher to move again if they wished, without any special constraints on location.
2. The traditional voucher (TRV) group (also called the Section 8 group) received regular Section 8 certificates or vouchers that they could use anywhere; these families received no special mobility counseling.
3. The control group received no certificates or vouchers through MTO, but continued to be eligible for project-based housing assistance and other social programs and services to which they would otherwise be entitled.

The dataset contains all outcomes and mediators analyzed for the Science article, as well as a variety of demographic and other baseline measures that were controlled for in the analysis. Demographic information includes age, gender, race/ethnicity, employment status, and education level.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey on the topic of Veterans in the United States, which was administered as a supplement to the August 2011 CPS questionnaire. The sponsor of the biennial supplement survey were the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), formerly the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Labor.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

The Veterans Supplement portion of the study was designed to be a self-response survey and interviewers were instructed to make up to two personal or telephone callbacks before accepting a proxy interview. The Veterans Supplement provided estimates on the demographic and labor force characteristics of veterans 17 years old and over, including those who had a service-connected disability. The data also identified Gulf War era veterans and Vietnam theater veterans -- those who actually served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Estimates of the number of veterans with and without a service-connected disability along with their labor force participation rates, occupational distributions, unemployment rates, periods of military service, and use of certain educational and job-training programs are provided.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

The Eurobarometer series is a unique cross-national and cross-temporal survey program conducted on behalf of the European Commission. These surveys regularly monitor public opinion in the European Union (EU) member countries and consist of standard modules and special topic modules. The standard modules address attitudes towards European unification, institutions and policies, measurements for general socio-political orientations, as well as respondent and household demographics. The special topic modules address such topics as agriculture, education, natural environment and resources, public health, public safety and crime, and science and technology.

This round of Eurobarometer surveys covers the special topics of employment and social policy, and active aging. Questions pertain to opinions about job security, starting one's own business, as well as opinions of and participation in training courses and voluntary work. Also, opinions were collected on poverty, retirement age, and general perceptions and attitudes on aging and age groups.

Demographic and other background information collected includes age, gender, nationality, marital status and parental relations, occupation, age when stopped full-time education, household composition, ownership of a fixed or mobile telephone and other goods, difficulties in paying bills, level in society, and Internet use. In addition, country-specific data includes type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (select countries).

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the February 2003 questionnaire on the topic of tobacco use in the United States. The Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS), sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was also administered in June 2003 (ICPSR 4527) and November 2003 (ICPSR 4528). These three supplements comprise the 2003 wave of TUS data.

The basic CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

The TUS, like most CPS supplements, was designed to be a proxy response supplement, meaning a single respondent could provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent was a household member 15 years of age or older. Unique to the TUS design were also a set of self-respondent supplement questions. All household members age 15 years and older who had completed the basic CPS core items were eligible for the February 2003 supplement items.

The TUS consisted of items PEA1 through PEK5. Self-respondents were eligible for the entire supplement, whereas proxy respondents were only eligible for certain items. Information was collected from proxies on topics such as smoking status (items PEA1-PEA3) and the use of other tobacco-related products, such as pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff (items PEJ1a -PEJ2a).

In addition to these smoking status and other tobacco use questions, self-respondents were queried on the following topics depending on their smoking/tobacco use status (i.e., every day, some days, or former cigarette smokers and/or users of other non-cigarette tobacco products):

• Smoking history

• Current cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption

• Type of cigarettes smoked

• Price of last pack/carton of cigarettes purchased and state where purchased

• Medical and dental advice to quit smoking

• Attempts and intentions to quit smoking cigarettes and/or other forms of tobacco use

• Workplace smoking policies and smoking rules in the home

• Attitudes toward smoking in public places

Another generally unique feature to the 2003 TUS-CPS was the administration of questions to former smokers on their previous level of addiction, products/resources/methods used to quit smoking, and advice from health professionals. This feature enables comparisons between characteristics of former smokers (or successful quitters) and current smokers attempting to quit.

Administrative information was collected on who the proxy respondents were, the language in which the interview was conducted, and the survey method (telephone vs. personal-visit interviews; Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) vs. Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)). Demographic information collected include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the June 2003 questionnaire on the topic of tobacco use in the United States. The Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS), sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was also administered in February 2003 (ICPSR 4526) and November 2003 (ICPSR 4528). These three supplements comprise the 2003 wave of TUS data.

The basic CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

The TUS, like most CPS supplements, was designed to be a proxy response supplement, meaning a single respondent could provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent was a household member 15 years of age or older. Unique to the TUS design were also a set of self-respondent supplement questions. All household members age 15 years and older who had completed the basic CPS core items were eligible for the June 2003 supplement items.

The TUS consisted of items PEA1 through PEK5. Self-respondents were eligible for the entire supplement, whereas proxy respondents were only eligible for certain items. Information was collected from proxies on topics such as smoking status (items PEA1-PEA3) and the use of other tobacco-related products, such as pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff (items PEJ1a -PEJ2a).

In addition to these smoking status and other tobacco use questions, self-respondents were queried on the following topics depending on their smoking/tobacco use status (i.e., every day, some days, or former cigarette smokers and/or users of other non-cigarette tobacco products):

• Smoking history

• Current cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption

• Type of cigarettes smoked

• Price of last pack/carton of cigarettes purchased and state where purchased

• Medical and dental advice to quit smoking

• Attempts and intentions to quit smoking cigarettes and/or other forms of tobacco use

• Workplace smoking policies and smoking rules in the home

• Attitudes toward smoking in public places

Another generally unique feature to the 2003 TUS-CPS was the administration of questions to former smokers on their previous level of addiction, products/resources/methods used to quit smoking, and advice from health professionals. This feature enables comparisons between characteristics of former smokers (or successful quitters) and current smokers attempting to quit.

Administrative information was collected on who the proxy respondents were, the language in which the interview was conducted, and the survey method (telephone vs. personal-visit interviews; Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) vs. Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)). Demographic information collected include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the November 2003 questionnaire on the topic of tobacco use in the United States. The Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS), sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was also administered in February 2003 (ICPSR 4526) and June 2003 (ICPSR 4527). These three supplements comprise the 2003 wave of TUS data.

The basic CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

The TUS, like most CPS supplements, was designed to be a proxy response supplement, meaning a single respondent could provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent was a household member 15 years of age or older. Unique to the TUS design were also a set of self-respondent supplement questions. All household members age 15 years and older who had completed the basic CPS core items were eligible for the November 2003 supplement items.

The TUS consisted of items PEA1 through PEK5. Self-respondents were eligible for the entire supplement, whereas proxy respondents were only eligible for certain items. Information was collected from proxies on topics such as smoking status (items PEA1-PEA3) and the use of other tobacco-related products, such as pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff (items PEJ1a-PEJ2a).

In addition to these smoking status and other tobacco use questions, self-respondents were queried on the following topics depending on their smoking/tobacco use status (i.e., every day, some days, or former cigarette smokers and/or users of other non-cigarette tobacco products):

• Smoking history

• Current cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption

• Type of cigarettes smoked

• Price of last pack/carton of cigarettes purchased and state where purchased

• Medical and dental advice to quit smoking

• Attempts and intentions to quit smoking cigarettes and/or other forms of tobacco use

• Workplace smoking policies and smoking rules in the home

• Attitudes toward smoking in public places

Another generally unique feature to the 2003 TUS-CPS was the administration of questions to former smokers on their previous level of addiction, products/resources/methods used to quit smoking, and advice from health professionals. This feature enables comparisons between characteristics of former smokers (or successful quitters) and current smokers attempting to quit.

Administrative information was collected on who the proxy respondents were, the language in which the interview was conducted, and the survey method (telephone vs. personal-visit interviews; Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) vs. Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)). Demographic information collected include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the May 2006 questionnaire on the topic of tobacco use in the United States. The Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS), sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was also administered in August 2006 (ICPSR 24782) and January 2007 (ICPSR 24783). These three supplements comprise the 2006-2007 waves of TUS data.

The basic CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

The TUS -- like most CPS supplements -- was designed to be a proxy response supplement, meaning a single respondent could provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent was a household member 15 years of age or older. Unique to the TUS design were also a set of self-respondent supplement questions. All household members age 15 years and older who had completed the basic CPS core items were eligible for the May 2006 supplement items. Beginning in August 2006, 15-17 year old respondents were phased out of the TUS and they were entirely omitted from the January 2007 sample due to Census Bureau budget constraints.

The TUS consisted of items PEA1 through SINTTP. Self-respondents were eligible for the entire supplement, whereas proxy respondents were only eligible for certain items. Information was collected from proxies on topics such as smoking status (items PEA1-PEA3) and the use of other tobacco-related products, such as pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff (items PEAJ1A1-PEAJ1A4 and PEJ2A1-PEJSA4).

In addition to these smoking and other tobacco use status questions, self-respondents were queried on the following topics depending on their smoking/tobacco use status (i.e., every day, some days, or former cigarette smokers and/or users of other non-cigarette tobacco products):

• Smoking history

• Current cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption

• Type of cigarettes smoked

• Price of last pack/carton of cigarettes purchased and state of purchase

• Medical and dental advice to quit smoking

• Attempts and intentions to quit smoking cigarettes and/or other forms of tobacco use

• Awareness of 1-800-QUIT-NOW

• Workplace smoking policies and smoking rules in the home

• Attitudes toward smoking in public places

Another generally unique feature to the 2006-2007 TUS-CPS was the administration of questions to former smokers on their previous level of addiction, use of quitlines, and advice from health professionals. This feature enables comparisons between characteristics of former smokers (or successful quitters) and current smokers attempting to quit.

Demographic information collected include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the August 2006 basic CPS questionnaire on the topic of tobacco use in the United States. The Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS), sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was also administered in May 2006 (ICPSR 24781) and January 2007 (ICPSR 24783). These three supplements comprise the 2006-2007 waves of TUS data.

The basic CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

The TUS, like most CPS supplements, was designed to be a proxy response supplement, meaning a single respondent could provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent was a household member 15 years of age or older. Unique to the TUS design were also a set of self-respondent supplement questions. All household members age 15 years and older who had completed the basic CPS core items were eligible for the August 2006 supplement items. Beginning in August 2006, 15-17 year old respondents were phased out of the TUS and they were entirely omitted from the January 2007 sample due to Census Bureau budget constraints.

The TUS consisted of items PEA1 through SINTTP. Self-respondents were eligible for the entire supplement, whereas proxy respondents were only eligible for certain items. Information was collected from proxies on topics such as smoking status (items PEA1-PEA3) and the use of other tobacco-related products, such as pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff (items PEAJ1A1-PEAJ1A4 and PEJ2A1-PEJSA4).

In addition to these smoking and other tobacco use status questions, self-respondents were queried on the following topics depending on their smoking/tobacco use status (i.e., every day, some days, or former cigarette smokers and/or users of other non-cigarette tobacco products):

• Smoking history

• Current cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption

• Type of cigarettes smoked

• Price of last pack/carton of cigarettes purchased and state of purchase

• Medical and dental advice to quit smoking

• Attempts and intentions to quit smoking cigarettes and/or other forms of tobacco use

• Awareness of 1-800-QUIT-NOW

• Workplace smoking policies and smoking rules in the home

• Attitudes toward smoking in public places

Another generally unique feature to the 2006-2007 TUS-CPS was the administration of questions to former smokers on their previous level of addiction, use of quitlines, and advice from health professionals. This feature enables comparisons between characteristics of former smokers (or successful quitters) and current smokers attempting to quit.

Demographic information collected include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the January 2007 basic CPS questionnaire on the topic of tobacco use in the United States. The Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS), sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was also administered in May 2006 (ICPSR 24781) and August 2006 (ICPSR 24782). These three supplements comprise the 2006-2007 waves of TUS data.

The basic CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

The TUS, like most CPS supplements, was designed to be a proxy response supplement, meaning a single respondent could provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent was a household member 15 years of age or older. Unique to the TUS design were also a set of self-respondent supplement questions. All household members age 18 years and older who had completed the basic CPS core items were eligible for the January 2007 supplement items. Beginning in August 2006, 15-17 year old respondents were phased out of the TUS and they were entirely omitted from the January 2007 sample due to Census Bureau budget constraints (but remained for the May and August 2006 waves).

The TUS consisted of items PEA1 through SINTTP. Self-respondents were eligible for the entire supplement, whereas proxy respondents were only eligible for certain items. Information was collected from proxies on topics such as smoking status (items PEA1-PEA3) and the use of other tobacco-related products, such as pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff (items PEAJ1A1-PEAJ1A4 and PEJ2A1-PEJSA4).

In addition to these smoking and other tobacco use status questions, self-respondents were queried on the following topics depending on their smoking/tobacco use status (i.e., every day, some days, or former cigarette smokers and/or users of other non-cigarette tobacco products):

• Smoking history

• Current cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption

• Type of cigarettes smoked

• Price of last pack/carton of cigarettes purchased and state of purchase

• Medical and dental advice to quit smoking

• Attempts and intentions to quit smoking cigarettes and/or other forms of tobacco use

• Awareness of 1-800-QUIT-NOW

• Workplace smoking policies and smoking rules in the home

• Attitudes toward smoking in public places

Another generally unique feature to the 2006-2007 TUS-CPS was the administration of questions to former smokers on their previous level of addiction, use of quitlines, and advice from health professionals. This feature enables comparisons between characteristics of former smokers (or successful quitters) and current smokers attempting to quit.

Demographic information collected include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, family relationship, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey on the topic of veterans in the United States, which was administered as a supplement to the July 2010 CPS questionnaire. The sponsor of the biennial supplement survey were the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), formerly the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Labor.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

All veterans aged 17 or older received questions from the Veterans Supplement, which provides estimates on the demographic and labor force characteristics of veterans who have a service-connected disability in comparison to all other veterans. The data also made distinctions between Gulf War era veterans and Vietnam theater veterans; the latter being veterans who served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Estimates were also provided on the number of veterans with or without a service-connected disability and their labor force participation rate, occupational distributions, unemployment rates, periods of military service, and use of certain educational and job training programs. The Veterans Supplement portion of the study was designed to be a self-response survey and general interviewers were instructed to make up to two personal or telephone callbacks before accepting a proxy interview.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a biennial survey on the topic of veterans in the United States, which was administered as a supplement to the August 2007 CPS questionnaire. The sponsors of the Veterans Supplement were the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), formerly the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Labor.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

All veterans aged 17 or older received questions from the Veterans Supplement, which provides estimates on the demographic and labor force characteristics of veterans who have a service-connected disability in comparison to all other veterans. The data also made distinctions between Gulf War era veterans and Vietnam theater veterans; the latter being veterans who served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Estimates were also provided on the number of veterans with or without a service-connected disability and their labor force participation rate, occupational distributions, unemployment rates, periods of military service, and use of certain educational and job training programs. The Veterans Supplement portion of the study was designed to be a self-response survey and general interviewers were instructed to make up to two personal or telephone callbacks before accepting a proxy interview.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a biennial survey on the topic of veterans in the United States, which was administered as a supplement to the August 2005 CPS questionnaire. The sponsors of the Veterans Supplement were the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), formerly the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Labor.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

All veterans aged 17 or older received questions from the Veterans Supplement, which provides estimates on the demographic and labor force characteristics of veterans who have a service-connected disability in comparison to all other veterans. The data also made distinctions between Gulf War era veterans and Vietnam theater veterans; the latter being veterans who served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Estimates were also provided on the number of veterans with or without a service-connected disability and their labor force participation rate, occupational distributions, unemployment rates, periods of military service, and use of certain educational and job training programs. The Veterans Supplement portion of the study was designed to be a self-response survey and general interviewers were instructed to make up to two personal or telephone callbacks before accepting a proxy interview.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a biennial survey on the topic of veterans in the United States, which was administered as a supplement to the August 2001 CPS questionnaire. The sponsors of the Veterans Supplement were the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), formerly the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Labor.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

All veterans aged 18 or older received questions from the Veterans Supplement, which provides estimates on the demographic and labor force characteristics of veterans who have a service-connected disability in comparison to all other veterans. The data also made distinctions between Gulf War era veterans and Vietnam theater veterans; the latter being veterans who served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Estimates were also provided on the number of veterans with or without a service-connected disability and their labor force participation rate, occupational distributions, unemployment rates, periods of military service, and use of certain educational and job training programs. The Veterans Supplement portion of the study was designed to be a self-response survey and general interviewers were instructed to make up to two personal or telephone callbacks before accepting a proxy interview.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a biennial survey on the topic of veterans in the United States, which was administered as a supplement to the August 2003 CPS questionnaire. The sponsors of the Veterans Supplement were the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), formerly the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Labor.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

All veterans aged 18 or older received questions from the Veterans Supplement, which provides estimates on the demographic and labor force characteristics of veterans who have a service-connected disability in comparison to all other veterans. The data also made distinctions between Gulf War era veterans and Vietnam theater veterans; the latter being veterans who served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Estimates were also provided on the number of veterans with or without a service-connected disability and their labor force participation rate, occupational distributions, unemployment rates, periods of military service, and use of certain educational and job training programs. The Veterans Supplement portion of the study was designed to be a self-response survey and general interviewers were instructed to make up to two personal or telephone callbacks before accepting a proxy interview.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a biennial survey on the topic of veterans in the United States, which was administered as a supplement to the August 2009 CPS questionnaire. The sponsors of the Veterans Supplement were the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), formerly the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Labor.

The CPS, administered monthly, is a labor force survey providing current estimates of the economic status and activities of the population of the United States. Specifically, the CPS provides estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the survey.

All veterans aged 17 or older received questions from the Veterans Supplement, which provides estimates on the demographic and labor force characteristics of veterans who have a service-connected disability in comparison to all other veterans. The data also made distinctions between Gulf War era veterans and Vietnam theater veterans; the latter being veterans who served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Estimates were also provided on the number of veterans with or without a service-connected disability and their labor force participation rate, occupational distributions, unemployment rates, periods of military service, and use of certain educational and job training programs. The Veterans Supplement portion of the study was designed to be a self-response survey and general interviewers were instructed to make up to two personal or telephone callbacks before accepting a proxy interview.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational attainment, occupation, and income.