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• • Closed System E-cigarette Taxes by State/County from 2010 to 2023, 35% Retailer Markup, Time-Invariant Tax Units
  • Open System E-cigarette Taxes by State/County from 2010 to 2023, 35% Retailer Markup, Time-Invariant Tax Units

• • E-cigarette Taxes by State/County from 2010 to 2020, 35% Retailer Markup, Time-Invariant Tax Units
  • E-cigarette Taxes by State/County from 2010 to 2020, 20% Retailer Markup, Time-Invariant Tax Units
  • E-cigarette Taxes by State/County from 2010 to 2020, 35% Retailer Markup, Time-Varying Tax Units

Obtaining a better understanding of the organizational and operational attributes of public health delivery systems is a critical step in elucidating pathways for improving public health services. This survey of local governmental public health agencies was conducted to that end, as part of a larger study designed to classify the structural characteristics of local public health delivery systems and to examine variation and change in these characteristics over time. In 1998 and again in 2006, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2023 local governmental public health agencies serving populations of 100,000 residents or more were surveyed about 20 core public health activities devoted to public health assessment, policy development, and assurance.

For each activity, the survey instrument asked agency directors to report whether the activity was performed at all in the agency's jurisdiction and if so, which types of organizations were involved in performing the activity. Response options for the second item consisted of a pre-defined list of organization types, including hospitals, physician practices, health insurers, community health centers, educational institutions, community-based and faith-based organizations, state and local government agencies, and private businesses/employers. The instrument also asked what proportion of the total community effort for each activity was contributed by the local public health agency and asked how effectively the activity was performed.

The National Association of County and City Health Officials' (NACCHO's) Forces of Change Survey was developed as an evolution to NACCHO's Job Losses and Program Cuts surveys, which measured the impact of the economic recession on local health departments' (LHDs) budgets, staff, and programs.

Beginning in 2014, NACCHO began conducting the Forces of Change survey yearly in years that the National Profile Study of Local Health Departments (Profile) was not fielded. The Forces of Change Survey continues to measure changes in LHD budgets, staff, programs, and assess more broadly the impact of forces affecting change in LHDs.

More specifically, the survey collected information about staffing and budget changes, agency governance, engagement with fellowship/training programs, public health nursing activities, evaluation capacity, and services to address the infectious disease consequences of the opioid crisis.

This dataset contains measures of the number and density of businesses and their employees deemed essential in the first year (2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic by the US Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) in versions 3.0 (April 17, 2020) and 4.0 (August 18, 2020) of their advisory guidance on the essential critical infrastructure workforce. Measures are provided for 2020 per United States Census Tract or ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA). This 2020 dataset includes four separate files for four different geographic areas (GIS shapefiles from the United States Census Bureau). The four geographies include:

• Census Tract 2010
• Census Tract 2020
• ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) 2010
• ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) 2020

Information about which dataset to use can be found in the Usage Notes section of the data documentation.

The 2022 ASTHO Profile Survey is a survey conducted by the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) to gather information on state, territorial, and freely associated state public health agencies (S/THAs) and their activities, structure, and resources. The Profile aims to define the scope of S/THA services, identify variations in practice among public health agencies, and contribute to the development of best practices in governmental public health. The Profile began in 2007 and was fielded on average every three years between 2007 and 2022. The data collected through the Profile represent the breadth of work overseen by health agencies and shows how the public health field has shifted in response to societal changes and emergent needs. Data also reflect the structural nuances and limitations in which agencies conduct their work.

Changes may be made to the dataset after it is archived. Please contact [email protected] to request the most updated datasets. Additional information on the study can be found by visiting the ASTHO Profile Survey website.

This study's objective is to assess how state-level COVID-19 mitigation policies have affected psychological health and related mortality from drug overdose and suicide among working age and older adults. Research to date has investigated how state-level COVID-19 policies in the United States--specifically those limiting in-person activities (e.g., stay-at-home orders, school closures) and those providing economic support (e.g., direct cash payments, eviction moratoria)--were associated with drug overdose mortality rates among U.S. working-age adults (25-64 years) during 2020 (Wolf et al., 2024). Research has also identified shifts in the predictive importance of key contextual variables--including socioeconomic conditions, racial-ethnic composition, population health profiles, and physician supply--for all-cause mortality, drug poisoning, and COVID-19-related deaths (Montez et al., 2024).

The ICPSR provides variable-level metadata for the data associated with this study. The actual data may only be available from the Principal Investigator directly. The variable descriptions available through ICPSR also include information regarding the source of each variable listed, as does the Data Source field of these metadata.

Since 2013, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) has led the development of a pioneering national action framework to advance a "culture that enables all in our diverse society to lead healthier lives now and for generations to come." Accomplishing these principles requires a national paradigm shift from a traditionally disease and health care-centric view of health toward one that focuses on well-being. Recognizing that paradigm shifts require intentional actions, RWJF worked with RAND researchers to design an actionable path to fulfill the Culture of Health (CoH) vision. A central piece of this work is the development of measures to assess constructs underlying a CoH.

The National Survey of Health Attitudes (NSHA) is a survey that RWJF and RAND analysts developed and conducted as part of the foundation's CoH strategic framework. The foundation undertook this survey to measure key constructs that could not be measured in other data sources. Thus, the survey was not meant to capture the full action framework that informs CoH, but rather just selected measure areas. The questions in this survey primarily addressed the action area: making health a shared value. The survey covers a variety of topics, including views regarding what factors influence health, such as the notion of health interdependence (peer, family, neighborhood, and workplace drivers of health), values related to national and community investment for health and well-being; behaviors around health and well-being, including civic engagement on behalf of health, and the role of community engagement and sense of community in relation to health attitudes and values.

This study includes the results from the 2023 RWJF National Survey of Health Attitudes. The 2023 survey is the third wave of the NSHA. The first wave was conducted in 2015 (ICPSR 37405) and the second wave in 2018 (ICPSR 37633). The 2023 report complements the overview of the 2015 survey described in the RAND report Development of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation National Survey of Health Attitudes (Carman et al., 2016), and its subsequent topline 2018 Survey of National Health Attitudes: Description and Top-Line Summary (Carman et al., 2019) and is organized similarly for consistency. A companion set of longitudinal surveys during the COVID-19 pandemic was fielded between 2020 and 2021 and is further described in four top-line reports, COVID-19 and the Experiences of Populations at Greater Risk (Carman et al., 2020-2021).

The questions in the 2023 survey uniquely capture aspects of American mindset about health, health equity, structural racism, and wellbeing in ways that are not present in other surveys. This version of the NSHA can be viewed in three main sections: (1) individual health experiences, perspectives, and knowledge (making health a shared value); (2) health equity perspectives; and (3) community wellbeing, including climate views and barriers to community engagement. Insights from the surveys referenced above, including this one, have established a baseline and set of cross-sectional pulse checks on where the American public is regarding their recognition of social determinants of health, their understanding of health inequities including structural racism, their willingness to address those inequities and their indication of who in society should be responsible for solving health inequities.

The Youth, Education, and Society (YES) study was conducted as part of the Bridging the Gap initiative, a national research project funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation dedicated to improving the understanding of how policies and environmental policies influence diet, physical activity and obesity among youth, as well as youth tobacco use. YES surveyed secondary schools participating in the Monitoring the Future study and a larger supplementary sample of secondary schools. This data collection covers only the latter sample. The YES Supplement consists of annual surveys of school administrators in representative samples of middle schools and high schools, beginning with the 2006-2007 school year and ending with the 2013-2014 school year. Topics covered by the YES Supplement questionnaire include school characteristics, school nutrition and physical education policies, school lunch programs, and school vending machines, stores and snack bars.

The 2019 ASTHO Profile Survey is a survey conducted by the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) to gather information on state, territorial, and freely associated state public health agencies (S/THAs) and their activities, structure, and resources. The survey aims to define the scope of state and territorial public health services, identify variations in practice among public health agencies, and contribute to the development of best practices in governmental public health. The instrument was disseminated electronically in April 2019 and completed by state and territorial health agency staff at each S/THA including senior deputies, chief financial officers, and human resource directors. The survey closed in January 2020; the response rate was 100% percent among the 50 states and D.C., and 98% percent among all states, territories, and freely associated states.

Changes may be made to the dataset after it is archived. Please contact [email protected] to request the most updated datasets. Additional information on the study can be found by visiting the ASTHO Profile Survey website.

The 2020 ASTHO Profile Survey is a survey conducted by the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) to gather information on state, territorial, and freely associated state public health agencies (S/THAs) and their activities, structure, and resources. The survey aims to define the scope of state and territorial public health services, identify variations in practice among public health agencies, and contribute to the development of best practices in governmental public health. The instrument was significantly shortened for this data collection and separated into three separate surveys. The surveys were administered in December 2020 and completed by state and territorial health agency staff at each S/THA including senior deputies, chief financial officers, and human resource directors. The survey closed in March 2021; 80% of states and DC responded to at least one survey, of which 40% of states and DC responded to all three surveys; 38% of territories responded to at least one survey, of which 11% responded to all three surveys.

Changes may be made to the dataset after it is archived. Please contact [email protected] to request the most updated datasets. Additional information on the study can be found by visiting the ASTHO Profile Survey website.

The 2016 ASTHO Profile Survey is a survey conducted by the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) to gather information on state, territorial, and freely associated state public health agencies (S/THAs) and their activities, structure, and resources. The survey aims to define the scope of state and territorial public health services, identify variations in practice among public health agencies, and contribute to the development of best practices in governmental public health. The 129-question instrument was disseminated electronically in April 2016 and completed by senior deputies at each S/THA. The survey closed in September 2016; the response rate was 98 percent among the 50 states and D.C., and 97 percent among all states, territories, and freely associated states.

Changes may be made to the dataset after it is archived. Please contact [email protected] to request the most updated datasets. Additional information on the study can be found by visiting the ASTHO Profile Survey website.

The current collection includes data collected as part of a planned evaluation of New York City's proposed soda portion cap policy. Baseline data collection was conducted in three waves. Wave 1 began in early January 2013 and ended in April 2013; Wave 2 was conducted from August to November 2013; and Wave 3 was conducted between January and June 2014.

Data was collected at point-of-purchase on the availability, sizing, promotion, and cost of beverages in the fast food restaurants of New York City, New York and of Newark and Jersey City in New Jersey. This data was also collected in these areas for their nearest convenience stores/bodegas and supermarkets. Consumer receipts were also gathered to supplement this survey data. Additional data collection was conducted using environmental scans of fast food and grocery store locations to evaluate the healthfulness of the beverage environment. Lastly, some participants also completed a telephone interview where data was gathered on participant's dietary recall.

These data are intended to gather a fuller picture of the factors that may influence beverage purchases.

The Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior series (also known as the Surveys of Consumers) was undertaken to measure changes in consumer attitudes and expectations, to understand why such changes occur, and to evaluate how they relate to consumer decisions to save, borrow, or make discretionary purchases. The data regularly include the Index of Consumer Sentiment, the Index of Current Economic Conditions, and the Index of Consumer Expectations. Since the 1940s, these surveys have been produced quarterly through 1977 and monthly thereafter.

The surveys conducted in 2014 focused on topics such as evaluations and expectations about personal finances, energy, health care, employment, price changes, and the national business situation. Opinions were collected regarding respondents' appraisals of present market conditions for purchasing houses, automobiles, computers, and other durables. Also explored in this survey, were respondents' types of savings and financial investments, loan use, family income, and retirement planning.

Other topics in this series typically include ownership, lease, and use of automobiles, respondents' use of personal computers at home and in the office, and respondents' familiarity with and use of the Internet. Demographic information includes ethnic origin, sex, age, marital status, and education.

The New York City Community Health Survey (CHS) is a telephone survey conducted annually by the DOHMH, Division of Epidemiology, Bureau of Epidemiology Services. The CHS provides data on the health of New Yorkers, including neighborhood, borough, and citywide estimates on a broad range of chronic diseases and behavioral risk factors.

The CHS is a cross-sectional telephone survey with an annual sample of approximately 8,500 randomly selected adults aged 18 and older from all five boroughs of New York City (Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx, and Staten Island). A computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) system is used to collect survey data from selected respondents with landline telephones and cell phones (since 2009). Interviews are conducted in English, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese). All data collected are self-reported.

The survey results are analyzed and disseminated in order to track the health of New Yorkers, influence health program decisions, and increase the understanding of the relationship between health behavior and health status.

The Eurobarometer series is a unique cross-national and cross-temporal survey program conducted on behalf of the European Commission. These surveys regularly monitor public opinion in the European Union (EU) member countries and consist of standard modules and special topic modules. The standard modules address attitudes towards European unification, institutions and policies, measurements for general socio-political orientations, as well as respondent and household demographics. The special topic modules address such topics as agriculture, education, natural environment and resources, public health, public safety and crime, and science and technology.

This round of Eurobarometer surveys diverged from the Standard Eurobarometer measures and queried respondents on the following major areas of focus: (1) the European Parliament (EP), (2) energy supply, (3) data protection and electronic identity, (4) chemical labeling, and (5) rare diseases. For the first major area of focus, the European Parliament, respondents were asked about their knowledge and opinion of the EP, whether the EP should play a more important or less important role, which policies should be given priority by the EP, and which values should be defended by the EP. For the second major area of focus, energy supply, respondents were queried about what goals should be prioritized in energy policies, what energy policies should be adopted, and whether or not there should be a communal European Union (EU) energy policy. Additionally, respondents were asked whether they believed it was in their country's energy security interest to assist other EU member states facing energy supply problems, as well as whether they believed it was desirable that their country provide assistance to other EU member states in the name of European solidarity. For the third major area of focus, questions address activities one performs on the Internet, opinions about types of information and data considered to be personal, types of information disclosed on social networking and online shopping sites and the risks, and measures taken to protect one's identity. Opinions were also collected on how personal information and data are acquired, treated, stored and protected by public and private organizations. For the fourth major area of focus, chemical labeling, respondents were asked about their use and perception of chemical products in various circumstances, how they determine whether or not a chemical product is hazardous, what the proper handling of chemical products is, where respondents find information about the potential dangers of chemical products, who to trust for information about chemical product safety, and whether or not they could correctly identify chemical product warning labels. For the fifth major area of focus, rare diseases, respondents were interviewed about what they believe rare diseases are, whether or not they knew or heard of someone with a rare disease, what society should do about rare diseases, what specific policy responses to rare diseases should be implemented by national health services and the EU as a whole, as well as whether or not they had heard of certain rare diseases.

Demographic and other background information collected includes age, gender, nationality, marital status and parental relations, left-right political self-placement, occupation, age when stopped full-time education, household composition, ownership of a fixed or a mobile telephone, difficulties in paying bills, level in society, and Internet use. In addition, country-specific data includes type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (select countries).

Background. Medically underserved groups are more likely to have poorly-controlled chronic illness and to experience barriers in accessing health care. Traditional chronic disease management through the 20-minute clinic visit presents significant challenges for these patients. Health information technology (HIT) can be used to help patients manage chronic conditions outside the clinic setting. Text messaging has been associated with improved glycemic control when used to assist with diabetes case management, and high rates of cell phone access are reported among groups with low rates of computer and internet use (e.g. 71 percent among African Americans and 59 percent among Hispanics/Latinos).

Population. The study was conducted among adult diabetic patients in possession of cell phones who receive regular treatment at federally qualified community health centers in Denver, CO, which serves an urban population that is predominantly either uninsured (41 percent) or on Medicaid or Medicare (56 percent). A total of 133 patients were enrolled in the feasibility study, of which 65.5 percent were Latino, 8.5 percent were Black, and 25 percent were White. The majority of patients were over age 50 (70 percent), with more women (65 percent) than men (35 percent).

mHealth Infrastructure. A software platform, the Patient Relationship Manager (PRM), was created in partnership with EMC Consulting and Microsoft Corporation (MS Customer Relationship Management software- name, version number) to send and receive text messages reminding patients of upcoming appointments and requesting patient self-reported blood sugar measurements according to an automated schedule. Platform functionality was expanded with grant funding from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), adding support for self-reported blood pressure and step count data and automated links to clinical laboratory and pharmacy data sources to support outreach to patients overdue for laboratory tests and medication refills. The PRM system transmitted regularly-scheduled outbound text messages and processed patient-provided text message responses. Response data were transformed by PRM into standard formats, integrated into the electronic medical record, and made available to providers at the point of care. Structured, de-identified research data were incorporated into a REDCap dataset to provide access via a platform used by 380 institutions to facilitate comparative effectiveness research. Misformatted responses and home measurements outside established ranges were automatically flagged by PRM and added to a work queue for review and follow-up action by clinical personnel. A registered nurse reviewed all flagged messages, coordinated with primary care providers, and contacted patients by telephone for follow-up according to clinical guidelines.

Design and Methods. In an initial pilot study, patients (N=47) received text message prompts over a three month period. Blood sugar readings were requested 3 times per week (MWF), and appointment reminders were sent 7, 3, and 1 day(s) prior to each scheduled appointment.

A subsequent 6-month feasibility study (N=133) offered support for patients to report up to 3 different types of home measurements (blood sugars, blood pressures, and step counts) up to 5 days per week, according to patient preferences, and automated outreach to patients late for medication refills and overdue for laboratory tests. Review of text message data gauged the accuracy of home measurement prompts and automated outreach based on laboratory and pharmacy clinical datasets.

Three focus groups were conducted among feasibility study participants in English and Spanish, with group composition purposively structured based on patients' primary language and frequency of text message response.

Data Access. These data are not available from ICPSR. The data from this study are hosted at REDCap and require the signature on a data use agreement with Denver Health. To access these data, users must complete and submit the attached data use agreement to Dr. Henry Fischer ([email protected]) or Susan Moore ([email protected]).

Documentation files, however, including the data dictionary and the Stanford Self-Efficacy Scale, can be found on the ICPSR site.

Asthma is one of the nation's most common and costly chronic conditions, affecting over 38 million Americans at some time in their lives. Managing asthma requires a long term, multifaceted approach, including patient education, behavior changes, asthma trigger avoidance, pharmacological therapy, and frequent medical follow-up. This study provides asthma data available at the state and local level to direct and evaluate interventions undertaken by asthma control programs located in the state health departments. Improved tracking for asthma is critical for planning and evaluating efforts to reduce the health burden from the disease.

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a state-based system of health surveys that collects information on health risk behaviors, preventive health practices, and health care access primarily related to chronic disease and injury. For many states, the BRFSS is the only available source of timely, accurate data on health-related behaviors. BRFSS was established in 1984 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); currently data are collected monthly in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, and Guam. More than 350,000 adults are interviewed each year, making the BRFSS the largest telephone health survey in the world. States use BRFSS data to identify emerging health problems, establish and track health objectives, and develop and evaluate public health policies and programs. The BRFSS is a cross-sectional telephone survey conducted by state health departments with technical and methodological assistance provided by CDC. States conduct monthly telephone surveillance using a standardized questionnaire to determine the distribution of risk behaviors and health practices among adults. Responses are forwarded to CDC, where the monthly data are aggregated for each state, returned with standard tabulations, and published at the year's end by each state. The BRFSS questionnaire was developed jointly by CDC's Behavioral Surveillance Branch (BSB) and the states. Data derived from the questionnaire provide health departments, public health officials, and policymakers with necessary behavioral information. When combined with mortality and morbidity statistics, these data enable public health officials to establish policies and priorities and to initiate and assess health promotion strategies. Demographic variables include race, age, sex, education level, marital status, employment status, and income level.

Oral contraceptive (OC) users living in El Paso, Texas were interviewed to assess motivations for patronizing a United States clinic or a Mexican pharmacy with over-the-counter (OTC) pills and to determine which women were likely to use the OTC option. The experiences of OC users who obtained their contraception from Mexican pharmacies were compared with those of women who obtained their pills from family planning clinics in El Paso, Texas, where eligible low-income women often pay nothing. 532 clinic users and 514 pharmacy users were surveyed about background characteristics, motivations for choosing their oral contraception source, and satisfaction with this source. For more information, please see the Border Contraceptive Access Study website.

This data collection was created to study agenda-setting and alternative specification in the federal government. It concentrates on two federal policy areas, health and transportation, but the theories generated in the research may be quite widely applicable beyond those two areas. The aim of the work was not to study how issues are decided in some authoritative process like a congressional vote, but instead to study how issues get to be issues in the first place, how items rise and fall on the governmental agenda, and how the alternatives from which choices are made are generated.

The results of the study were published in John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (First Edition, Little Brown, 1984; Second Edition, HarperCollins, 1995; Longman Classics in Political Science Edition, Longman, 2003; Updated Second Edition, with Epilogue on Health Care Reform, Longman, 2011). The study's methods are described in detail in the Appendix to that book, and are included as part of the documentation for this data collection.

The major data source is a set of interviews that John Kingdon conducted in four waves (the summers of 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979), with well-informed respondents either in the federal government (both congressional and executive) or involved in health or transportation policy around the federal government (e.g., lobbyists, journalists, academics, consultants). "Elite and specialized" interviews, to use Lewis Dexter's terminology (see Elite and Specialized Interviewing, Northwestern University Press, 1969), are conducted differently than standard survey research interviewing. The idea is to have a two-way conversation with a well-informed and highly involved respondent, rather than strict question and response. As such, the list of questions used was not a hard-and-fast interview schedule or questionnaire, but a kind of guide. The questions were not always asked in the same order, and indeed, not all of the questions were always asked. Question wording may have varied slightly from one interview to another. Various ad hoc probes were inserted as they seemed appropriate. Sometimes in this sort of interview, the interviewer makes a statement rather than asking a question. Still, the central questions were usually asked in roughly the same wording. Thus, when the interview write-up says "Q1," that is the first question in the standard list of questions used.

Interviews were not taped or otherwise recorded verbatim, since the principal investigator firmly believed that, with these sorts of respondents, taping dampened their ability and willingness to be candid. The principal investigator did not want respondents to feel that they were on the record, as respondents were accustomed to dealing with reporters, and when a microphone was in their face, they knew the encounter would be on the record. Notes were taken during the interview, and then written up immediately after; hence, the typescripts of the interviews are labeled "write-up" instead of "transcript." All 247 write-ups have a respondent identification number and the date of the interview on the top of the first page.

The principal investigator also coded the interview write-ups into quantitative data files, despite the nonrandom selection of respondents and the fluid conduct of the interviews. He did this to support quantitative judgments (e.g., "this issue was mentioned frequently in 1978 and not frequently in 1979," or "this factor was hardly ever mentioned in the interviews"). Each interview was coded by two coders, and then their judgments were combined. In addition to generic identifying information, there are two general categories of variables. One category, referred to as "global codes" in the codebook, is composed of ratings of the importance of each of several actors (e.g., mass media, president himself, interest groups, congressional staffers). The other category, referred to as "problem codes" is a coding of the problems that respondents discussed in their interviews, and is divided into health and transportation. A full description of coding procedures is contained in the data collection documentation.

Interview data are supplemented by a series of 23 case studies in health and transportation, and by some attention to other sources of data like congressional hearing records and public opinion data. In addition to various nonquantitative uses of the cases in the study, a quantitative dataset of the case studies was created. Two coders worked independently to judge each of a set of hypothesized influences in the case to be very important, somewhat important, of little importance, or not important. For example, after reading all of the materials for a given case study, a coder would rate the importance of congressional staffers as "very, somewhat, of little, or not" important. In contrast to the interviews, differences between the two coders were not resolved by a combination rule. Instead, the principal investigator and the two coders discussed and reached consensus in each instance in which there had been a disagreement. A full description of coding procedures is contained in the data collection documentation.