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Zillow Transaction and Assessment Database (ZTRAX), United States, 1940-2020 (ICPSR 39652)

Released/updated on: 2026-01-27

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1940-01-01--2020-12-31

The Zillow Transaction and Assessment Database (ZTRAX) is the country's largest collection of real estate data. Zillow makes the data available in the interest of greater transparency in the real estate market. ZTRAX's temporal coverage varies greatly by county. Some counties have digitized records extending back to the early 1990s, whereas other counties have only provided data to the mid-2000s. In Zillow's work analyzing these data to create home value indices, they have found sample sizes are sufficient for most areas going back to April 1996. Zillow sources ZTRAX from a major large third-party provider and supplemented through an internal Zillow initiative called "County Direct." The data coverage gaps inherited through the third-party source are due to county recording procedures, as well as the data collection process of that third party. Changes to the collection process have occurred over time due to mergers and other organizational changes, as well as process improvements. Because of the gaps in coverage, Zillow instituted its County Direct program. This program prioritizes counties on a variety of characteristics and supplements the third-party coverage by collecting data directly from county assessor and recorder's offices. These data include:

More than 400 million detailed public records across 2,750+ U.S. counties;
More than 20 years of deed transfers, mortgages, foreclosures, auctions, property tax delinquencies, and more, for both commercial and residential properties;
Property characteristics, geographic information, and prior valuations for approximately 150 million parcels in 3,100+ counties nationwide.

ZTRAX does not contain:

Zestimates
Rent data (such as rent prices)
Listing data (such as time on market)
User search data

The ZTrax data will be updated approximately twice per year. These datasets are very large. Researchers wishing to use the data should plan to download subsets containing only the geographic areas in which they are specifically interested. ICPSR suggests going to the following resources for examples of code for utilizing the ZTRAX data. Please note that code will need to be updated based on local pathnames, files included, and the like:

GitHub - zillow-research/ztrax: A repository for dataset creation code using ZTRAX.
Import ZTRAX Flat Files to R or SQL Database * ztraxr
https://github.com/matthewstern/ztrax
https://placeslab.org/hedonic-data-practices/.
Additional text resources for guidance in using the data can be found in the Data-related Publications for this study.

These data are now solely distributed through ICPSR. Users can begin the process of applying to access the data using the button on the study homepage.

Self-published

Foreclosures and mortgage lending during the Great Depression (ICPSR 119723)

Released/updated on: 2020-06-04

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1927-01-01--1940-12-31

These are the replication files for the paper "Collateral Damage: The Impact of Foreclosures on New Home Mortgage Lending in the 1930s" to be published in the September 2020 issue of the Journal of Economic History.Abstract of the paper: The Great Depression of the 1930s involved a severe disruption in the supply of home mortgage credit. This paper empirically identifies a mechanism lying behind this credit crunch: the impairment of lenders’ balance sheets by illiquid foreclosed real estate. With data on hundreds of building and loans (B&Ls), the leading mortgage lenders in this period, we find that the overhang of foreclosed real estate explains about 30 percent of the drop in new lending between 1930 and 1935

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

American Housing Survey, 2015 National Data, Including an Arts and Culture Module (ICPSR 36801)

Released/updated on: 2019-03-05

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2015-01-01--2015-12-31

The 2015 American Housing Survey marks the first release of a newly integrated national sample and independent metropolitan area samples. The 2015 release features many variable name revisions, as well as the integration of an AHS Codebook Interactive Tool available on the U.S. Census Bureau We site. This data collection provides information on the characteristics of a national sample of housing units in 2015, including apartments, single-family homes, mobile homes, and vacant housing units. Data from the 15 largest metropolitan areas in the United States are included in the national sample survey (the AHS 2015 Metropolitan Data are also available as ICPSR 36805). The data are presented in three separate parts: Part 1, Household Record (Main Record), Part 2, Person Record, and Part 3, Project Record.

Household Record data includes questions about household occupancy and tenure, household exterior and interior structural features, household equipment and appliances, housing problems, housing costs, home improvement, neighborhood features, recent moving information, income, and basic demographic information. The household record data also features four rotating topical modules: Arts and Culture, Food Security, Housing Counseling, and Healthy Homes.

Person Record data includes questions about personal disabilities, income, and basic demographic information. Finally, the Project Record data includes questions about home improvement projects. Specific questions were asked about the types of projects, costs, funding sources, and year of completion.

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

American Housing Survey, 2015 Metropolitan Data, Including an Arts and Culture Module (ICPSR 36805)

Released/updated on: 2019-03-05

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2015-01-01--2015-12-31

The 2015 American Housing Survey marks the first release of a newly integrated national sample and independent metropolitan area samples. The 2015 release features many variable name revisions, as well as the integration of an AHS Codebook Interactive Tool available on the U.S. Census Bureau Web site. This data collection provides information on representative samples of each of the 15 largest metropolitan areas across the United States, which are also included in the integrated national sample (available as ICPSR 36801). The metropolitan area sample also features representative samples of 10 additional metropolitan areas that are not present in the national sample. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the U.S. Census Bureau intend to survey the 15 largest metropolitan areas once every 2 years.

To ensure the sample was representative of all housing units within each metro area, the U.S. Census Bureau stratified all housing units into one of the following categories: (1) A HUD-assisted unit (as of 2013); (2) Trailer or mobile home; (3) Owner-occupied and one unit in structure; (4) Owner-occupied and two or more units in structure; (5) Renter-occupied and one unit in structure; (6) Renter-occupied and two or more units in structure; (7) Vacant and one unit in structure; (8) Vacant and two or more units in structure; and (9) Other units, such as houseboats and recreational vehicles.

The data are presented in three separate parts: Part 1, Household Record (Main Record); Part 2, Person Record; and Part 3, Project Record. Household Record data includes questions about household occupancy and tenure, household exterior and interior structural features, household equipment and appliances, housing problems, housing costs, home improvement, neighborhood features, recent moving information, income, and basic demographic information. The Household Record data also features four rotating topical modules: Arts and Culture, Food Security, Housing Counseling, and Healthy Homes. Person Record data includes questions about personal disabilities, income, and basic demographic information. Finally, Project Record data includes questions about home improvement projects. Specific questions were asked about the types of projects, costs, funding sources, and year of completion.

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Foreclosure and Crime data for the District of Columbia and Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2003-2011 (ICPSR 35349)

Released/updated on: 2017-06-26

Geographic coverage: District of Columbia, United States, Florida, Miami

Time period: 2003-01-01--2010-12-31, 2003-08-01--2011-06-30

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they there received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except of the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompany readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collections and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This study was a systematic assessment of the impacts of foreclosures and crime levels on each other, using sophisticated spatial analysis methods, informed by qualitative research on the topic. Using data on foreclosures and crime in District of Columbia and Miami-Dade County, Florida from 2003 to 2011, this study considered the effects of the two phenomena on each other through a dynamic systems approach.

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Impact of Foreclosures on Neighborhood Crime in Five Cities in the United States, 2002-2011 (ICPSR 34978)

Released/updated on: 2016-10-31

Geographic coverage: New York City, United States, Chicago, Atlanta, Illinois, Georgia, Florida, New York (state), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Miami

Time period: 2002-01-01--2011-12-31

The purpose of the study was to examine whether and how foreclosures affect neighborhood crime in five cities in the United States. Point-specific crime data was provide by the New York (New York) Police Department, the Chicago (Illinois) Police Department, the Miami (Florida) Police Department, the Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Police Department, and the Atlanta (Georgia) Police Department. Researchers also created measures of violent and property crimes based on Uniform Crime Report (UCR) categories, and a measure of public order crime, which includes less serious offenses including loitering, prostitution, drug crimes, graffiti, and weapons offenses. Researchers obtained data on the number of foreclosure notices (Lis Pendens) filed, the number of Lis Pendens filed that do not become real estate owned (REO), and number of REO properties from court fillings, mortgage deeds and tax assessor's offices.

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Assessing the Link Between Foreclosure and Crime Rates: A Multi-level Analysis of Neighborhoods Across 29 Large United States Cities, 2007-2009 (ICPSR 34570)

Released/updated on: 2016-09-29

Geographic coverage: North Carolina, Oregon, Indiana, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Arkansas, Washington, Nebraska, Colorado, Missouri, Wisconsin, Arizona, Nevada, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Minnesota, California, Kansas, Florida, New York (state), Michigan, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Illinois, Texas, Ohio, Georgia, Virginia, Maryland

Time period: 2007-01-01--2009-12-31

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

The study integrated neighborhood-level data on robbery and burglary gathered from local police agencies across the United States, foreclosure data from RealtyTrac (a real estate information company), and a wide variety of social, economic, and demographic control variables from multiple sources. Using census tracts to approximate neighborhoods, the study regressed 2009 neighborhood robbery and burglary rates on foreclosure rates measured for 2007-2008 (a period during which foreclosure spiked dramatically in the nation), while accounting for 2007 robbery and burglary rates and other control variables that captured differences in social, economic, and demographic context across American neighborhoods and cities for this period. The analysis was based on more than 7,200 census tracts in over 60 large cities spread across 29 states. Core research questions were addressed with a series of multivariate multilevel and single-level regression models that accounted for the skewed nature of neighborhood crime patterns and the well-documented spatial dependence of crime.

The study contains one data file with 8,198 cases and 99 variables.

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior, July 2011 (ICPSR 35447)

Released/updated on: 2015-07-13

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2011-06-01--2011-07-31

The Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior series (also known as the Surveys of Consumers) was undertaken to measure changes in consumer attitudes and expectations, to understand why such changes occur, and to evaluate how they relate to consumer decisions to save, borrow, or make discretionary purchases. The data regularly include the Index of Consumer Sentiment, the Index of Current Economic Conditions, and the Index of Consumer Expectations. Since the 1940s, these surveys have been produced quarterly through 1977 and monthly thereafter. The surveys conducted in 2011 focused on topics such as evaluations and expectations about personal finances, employment, price changes, and the national business situation. Opinions were collected regarding respondents' appraisals of present market conditions for purchasing houses, automobiles, computers, and other durables. Also explored in this survey, were respondents' types of savings and financial investments, loan use, family income, and retirement planning. Other topics in this series typically include ownership, lease, and use of automobiles, respondents' use of personal computers at home and in the office, and respondents' familiarity with and use of the Internet. Demographic information includes ethnic origin, sex, age, marital status, and education.

Curated

CBS News/New York Times National Poll, June #3, 2011 (ICPSR 33967)

Released/updated on: 2012-06-14

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2011-06-01--2011-06-30

This poll, fielded June 24-28, 2011, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked whether they approved of the way Barack Obama was handling his job as president, the economy, the housing market, the situation with Afghanistan, the threat of terrorism, and the situation with Libya. Multiple questions addressed the national economy, including its condition and outlook. Several questions also sought opinions on the Democratic and Republican parties, and which party would best achieve certain goals. Further questions asked for respondents' perspectives on the housing market in terms of buying, selling, and in general in their communities. Opinions were also sought concerning the investment of buying a home, blame for the mortgage crisis, government involvement in the mortgage crisis, mortgage interest as a tax deduction, whether it was best to rent or buy, benefits of foreclosure, and home affordability. Respondents were also asked if they had missed mortgage payments or made improvements to their home in the last three years. Additional topics include the war in Afghanistan, the role of the United States in Libya, social media, college affordability, the 2012 Republican presidential candidates, and knowledge of and relationship to an individual killed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, education level, household income, religious preference, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), whether respondents thought of themselves as born-again Christians, marital status, employment status, number of children, number of people in the household between the ages of 18 and 29 years old, political party affiliation, political philosophy, and voter registration status.

Curated

CBS News/New York Times Monthly Poll #4, October 2010 (ICPSR 33183)

Released/updated on: 2012-03-15

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2010-10-01--2010-10-31

This poll, fielded October 21-26, 2010, is a part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on a range of political and social issues. A national sample, with an oversample of African Americans were asked whether they approved of the way Barack Obama was handling his job as president and the economy, whether they felt the country was going in the right direction, whether they approved of the way Congress was handling its job, how they would rate the condition of the national economy, and whether they thought the economy was getting better or worse. Respondents were queried on how likely it was that they would vote in the 2010 election for United States Congress, how much attention they have been paying to the 2010 election campaign, which candidate they would vote for, how enthusiastic they were about voting in the congressional elections, whether they thought their representative in Congress had performed their job well enough to deserve re-election, and whether they were willing to vote for someone from a different political party other than their own. Information was collected on how optimistic or pessimistic respondents were about the next two years with Obama as president, how often they thought they could trust the government in Washington to do what is right, whether they preferred a smaller government with fewer services or a bigger government with more services, how important it was to them to reduce government spending, and whether they thought the economic downturn was temporary and would eventually fully recover or it is part of a long-term permanent decline that would never fully recover. Respondents were asked who they thought deserved the most blame for the current state of the economy, whether they had a favorable opinion of the Republican Party, the Democratic Party, Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner, whether they thought Obama had a clear plan for creating jobs, and how much progress they thought Obama had made in making health care affordable for all Americans, improving the economy, and ending the war in Iraq and in Afghanistan. Respondents were queried on whether they thought the media was harder on Obama than other presidents, which party they thought was more likely to improve the health care system, create new jobs, and reduce the federal budget deficit, whether they thought it was a good idea to let the tax cuts passed in 2001 expire for households earning over $250,000 a year, whether they thought Congress should repeal the health care law, and whether they favored or opposed raising the age to receive social security benefits if it were necessary in order to continue paying benefits. Respondents were asked whether they have heard of the Republican "Pledge to America", whether they thought Republicans would repeal the health care law if they were to win control of the United States House of Representatives, whether they would try to make permanent tax cuts on households earning $250,000 a year or more, whether they thought Obama, the Democrats and the Republicans in Congress should compromise on some of their positions in order to get things done, whether they had a favorable opinion of the Tea Party movement, what their impression was on how the war in Afghanistan was going, whether they thought race relations in the United States are generally good or bad, and whether they favored or opposed allowing gay men and lesbians to serve openly in the military. Finally, respondents were asked how important it was to them to limit the amount of money election campaigns can spend, how important it was to them that campaigns be required by law to disclose how much money they have raised and from whom the money came from, whether their family's financial situation was better today than it was two years ago, whether they were concerned that they or someone in their household might be out of work in the next year, whether they were concerned about losing their home in the next year, whether they voted in the 2008 presidential election and the 2006 United States House of Representatives election, whether they were a supporter of the Tea Party movement, and how long they have lived at their current residence. Demographic information includes sex, age, race, marital status, education level, household income, social class, employment status, religious preference, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), political party affiliation, political philosophy, voter registration status, and whether respondents thought of themselves as born again Christians.

Curated

Mortgage Innovation, Mortgage Choice, and Housing Decisions (ICPSR 25063)

Released/updated on: 2009-03-12

Geographic coverage: United States

This paper examines some of the more recent mortgage products now available to borrowers. The authors describe how these products differ across important characteristics, such as the down payment requirement, repayment structure, and amortization schedule. The paper also presents a model with the potential to analyze the implications for various mortgage contracts for individual households, as well as to address many current housing market issues. The authors use the model to examine the implications of alternative mortgages for homeownership and to show that interest rate-adjustable mortgages and combo loans can help explain the rise-and fall-in homeownership since 1994.

Curated

Changing the Rules: State Mortgage Foreclosure Moratoria During the Great Depression (ICPSR 24542)

Released/updated on: 2009-01-09

Geographic coverage: United States

Many U.S. states imposed temporary moratoria on farm and nonfarm residential mortgage foreclosures during the Great Depression. This article describes the conditions that led some states to impose these moratoria and other mortgage relief during the Depression and discusses the economic effects. Moratoria were more common in states with large farm populations (as a percentage of total state population) and high farm mortgage foreclosure rates, although nonfarm mortgage distress appears to help explain why a few states with relatively low farm foreclosure rates also imposed moratoria. The moratoria reduced farm foreclosure rates in the short run, but they also appear to have reduced the supply of loans and made credit more expensive for subsequent borrowers. The evidence from the Great Depression demonstrates how government actions to reduce foreclosures can impose costs that should be weighed against potential benefits.