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Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital payment systems has transformed financial transactions in the Philippines, with mobile wallet platforms becoming central to everyday economic activities. This study examines the market dominance of GCash within the Philippine digital payment ecosystem using a secondary data analysis approach. Data were synthesized from official statistics, industry reports, and fintech market analyses to examine trends in digital payment adoption, mobile wallet usage, merchant integration, and market growth. Findings indicate an increase in digital payment adoption, with the share of digital retail payments rising from approximately 1% in 2013 to 57.4% in 2024. Concurrently, GCash experienced user expansion, growing from 20 million registered users in 2019 to more than 81 million in 2023, alongside a merchant network exceeding 2.5 million partners nationwide. Comparative analysis also shows that GCash maintains the most comprehensive service ecosystem among Philippine e-wallet platforms, contributing to its widespread adoption among consumers and small businesses. The results suggest that platform accessibility, trust, convenience, and network effects contribute to the platform’s dominant position. This study provides empirical insight into the structural and behavioral factors shaping digital payment adoption in the Philippines and highlights the role of fintech platforms in supporting the country’s expanding digital economy.

The NCS-2 was a re-interview of 5,001 individuals who participated in the Baseline (NCS-1). The study was conducted a decade after the initial baseline survey. The aim was to collect information about changes in mental disorders, substance use disorders, and the predictors and consequences of these changes over the ten years between the two surveys. The collection contains four major sections: the main survey, demographic data, diagnostic data, and state, county, and tract FIPS data.

In the main survey, respondents were asked about general physical and mental health. Questions focused on a variety of health issues, including limitations caused by respondents' health issues, substance use, childhood health, life-threatening illnesses, chronic conditions, medications taken in the past 12 months, level of functioning and symptoms experienced in the past 30 days, and any services used by the respondents since the (NCS-1). Additional questions focused on mental disorders including depression, bipolar disorder, specific and social phobias, generalized anxiety, intermittent explosive disorder, suicidality, post-traumatic stress disorder, neurasthenia, pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and separation anxiety. Respondents were also asked about their lives in general, with topics including employment, finances, marriage, children, their social lives, and stressful life events experienced in the past 12 months. Additionally, two personality assessments were included consisting of respondents' opinions on whether various true/false statements accurately described their personalities. Another focus of the main survey dealt with substance use and abuse, nonmedical use of prescription drugs, and polysubstance use. Interview questions in the NCS-2 Main Survey were customized to each respondent based on previous responses in the Baseline (NCS-1).

The second part contains demographic and other background information including age, education, employment, household composition, household income, marital status, and region.

The third part focuses on whether respondents met diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders asked about in the main survey.

The fourth part contains respondents' state, county, and tract FIPS data.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of Health Insurance Coverage Survey, a survey by Harvard School of Public Health/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by ICR Survey Research Group. Topics covered in this survey include:

• Important Health Problems
• Satisfaction
• Important Health Issues
• Uninsured
• Health Plans
• Financial Consequences
• News and Consequences
• News

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of Poll # 2006-PRIOR2: Priorities 2--Medical Care, a survey from the Harvard School of Public Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by ICR-International Communications Research. Topics covered in this survey include:

• Rating of nation's system for providing health care
• Problems with the nation's medical care system
• Problems with the nation's medical care system that government should address
• Recent receipt of medical care
• Rating of recent medical care received
• Problems paying medical bills
• Need for medical care but not seeking it
• Access to the most modern medical technologies/treatments
• Availability of high quality medical services in community
• Health insurance coverage

The data and documentation files for this survey are available through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [Roper #31092315]. Frequencies and summary statistics for the 96 variables from this survey are available through the ICPSR social science variable database and can be accessed from the Variables tab.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of Poll # 2006-VUL: Vulnerable Populations, a survey from the Harvard School of Public Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by ICR-International Communications Research. Topics covered in this survey include:

• Knowledge of maximum yearly income for family of 4 to be considered to be living in poverty
• Knowledge of proportion of United States children who do not complete high school
• Proportion of children living in poverty who do not complete high school
• Government aid to children of legal immigrants
• Favor/oppose continuing government support for children in foster care until age 25
• Most important services for government to spend more money on for children in foster care
• Responsibility for paying for long-term care for older adults
• Preferred place to be if elderly and ill/disabled
• Long-term care insurance
• Seriousness of gun/domestic violence in the community

The data and documentation files for this survey are available through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [Roper #31092321]. Frequencies and summary statistics for the 108 variables from this survey are available through the ICPSR social science variable database and can be accessed from the Variables tab.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of Poll # 2007-PRIOR2: Priorities 2--Medical Care, a survey from the Harvard School of Public Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by ICR-International Communications Research. Topics covered in this survey include:

• Rating of nation's system for providing medical care
• Problems with the nation's medical care system
• Top problems with the nation's medical care system for the government address
• Favor/oppose national health insurance financed by tax money
• Medical care received
• Problems paying medical bills
• Unsought medical care
• Access to most modern medical technologies/treatments
• Availability of high quality medical care in community
• Access to high quality medical care
• Health insurance coverage
• Cost of health insurance

The data and documentation files for this survey are available through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [Roper #31092327]. Frequencies and summary statistics for the 100 variables from this survey are available through the ICPSR social science variable database and can be accessed from the Variables tab.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of Poll # 2008-PRIOR1: Health Priorities 1--Americans' Views of the Medical Care System, a survey from the Harvard School of Public Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by ICR-International Communications Research. Topics covered in this survey include:

• Nation's system to protect against health threats
• United States health care system
• National health insurance
• Respondent's personal medical care
• Ability to afford medical bills
• Local institutions
• Personal information regarding respondent
• Other codes

The data and documentation files for this survey are available through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [Roper #31092332]. Frequencies and summary statistics for the 131 variables from this survey are available through the ICPSR social science variable database and can be accessed from the Variables tab.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of the 2013 poll The Public's Health Care Agenda for the 113th Congress, a survey from Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by Social Science Research Solutions (SSRS). Topics covered in this survey include:

• Most important Congressional issues
• Role of government in health care system
• One way to improve health care
• When to work on budget deficit
• Best way to reduce deficit
• Support for program spending reductions
• Support for deficit reduction proposals
• View of 2010 healthcare law
• Importance of government insurance programs to family
• Medicare working well
• Wealthier seniors paying higher premiums
• Changes to Medicare to reduce deficit
• Raising eligibility age
• Need for Medicare reductions
• Program cuts without increasing costs
• State government priorities
• Medicaid working well
• State participation in Medicaid funding
• Greatest health threats to Americans
• Priorities of federal spending
• Preventative care saving money in long run

The data and documentation files for this survey are available through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [Roper #31092360]. Frequencies and summary statistics for the 185 variables from this survey are available through the ICPSR social science variable database and can be accessed from the Variables tab.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of Poll # 2005-DIS: Disparities, a survey from the Harvard School of Public Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by ICR-International Communications Research. Topics covered in this survey include:

• Receipt of poor quality medical care
• Problems receiving quality health care due to race/ethnicity
• Action to ensure racial/ethnic minorities have the same chance to get good quality health care as whites
• Expectation of doctor to understand personal and cultural background's effects on quality of care

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data.

This collection includes variable-level metadata of the Subethnicities Survey, a survey from the Harvard School of Public Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation conducted by ICR-International Communications Research. Topics covered in this survey include:

• Family heritage
• Country born
• Healthcare system in U.S.
• Healthcare experiences
• Public health in the U.S.
• Avian or Bird Flu

The Veterans Metrics Initiative Transitioning Veterans Survey was designed to examine well-being as veterans transition from military to civilian life for three years from 2016 to 2019, and identify the use of transition and reintegration programs. The study aims are to:

1. Document veteran well-being in four key domains--vocation, finances, mental and physical health, and social relationships--over the first three years of the transition from military to civilian life.
2. Describe programs that are used by veterans as they reintegrate into civilian life, distill them into their components, and identify common components across programs.
3. Examine the link between common program components and veteran well-being, and between program components and veteran characteristics or subgroups.

The study is administratively directed by the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF).

The Supplemental Fraud Survey (SFS) obtained additional information about fraud-related victimizations so that policymakers; academic researchers; practitioners at the federal, state, and local levels; and special interest groups who are concerned with these crimes can make informed decisions concerning policies and programs. The SFS asked questions related to victims' experiences with fraud. These responses are linked to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) survey instrument responses for a more complete understanding of the individual victim's circumstances.

The 2017 Supplemental Fraud Survey (SFS) was the first implementation of this supplement to the annual NCVS to obtain specific information about fraud-related victimization and disorder on a national level. Since the SFS is a supplement to the NCVS, it is conducted under the authority of Title 34, United States Code, section 10132. Only Census employees sworn to preserve confidentiality may see the completed questionnaires.

In 1995-1996, the MacArthur Midlife Research Network carried out a national survey of over 7,000 Americans aged 25 to 74 [ICPSR 2760]. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of behavioral, psychological, and social factors in understanding age-related differences in physical and mental health. The study was innovative for its broad scientific scope, its diverse samples (which included siblings of the main sample respondents and a national sample of twin pairs), and its creative use of in-depth assessments in key areas (e.g. daily diary of stressful experiences [ICPSR 3725] and cognitive functioning [ICPSR 3596]) on a subset of participants. A detailed description of the study and findings generated by it are available at: http://www.midus.wisc.edu

With support from the National Institute on Aging, a follow-up of the original Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) sample was conducted in 2004 (MIDUS 2 [ICPSR 4652]). The daily stress and cognitive functioning projects were repeated and expanded at MIDUS 2; in addition the protocol was expanded to include biomarkers and neuroscience.

In 2013 a third wave (MIDUS 3) of survey data was collected on longitudinal participants. Data collection for this follow-up wave largely repeated baseline assessments (e.g., phone interview and extensive self-administered questionnaire), with additional questions in selected areas such as economic recession experiences. Cognitive functioning data were also collected at the same time, while data collection for the daily diary, biomarker, and neuroscience projects commenced in 2017.

MIDUS also maintains a Colectica portal, which allows users to interact with variables across waves and create customized subsets. Registration is required.

In 2008, with funding from the National Institute on Aging (NIA), baseline survey data for the Survey of Midlife in Japan (MIDJA), April-September 2008 were collected from a probability sample of Japanese adults (N=1,027) aged 30 to 79 from the Tokyo metropolitan area (ICPSR 30822). In 2009-2010 biomarker data was obtained from a subset of these cases (ICPSR 34969).

The survey and biomarker measures obtained parallel those in a national longitudinal sample of Americans known as Midlife in the United States or MIDUS (ICPSR 2760: MIDUS 1 and ICPSR 4652: MIDUS 2). The central objective was to compare the Japanese sample (MIDJA) with the United States sample (MIDUS) to test hypotheses about the role of psychosocial factors in the health (broadly defined) of mid- and later-life adults in Japan and the United States.

In 2012, with additional support from NIA, a longitudinal follow-up of the MIDJA sample was completed. The data collection for this second wave (N=657) largely repeated the baseline assessments. The goal of the follow-up wave was to conduct comparisons of longitudinal data available from the Japanese sample (MIDJA) and the United States sample (MIDUS) to test the hypothesis about the role of psychosocial factors in predicting health changes (including biomarkers) in both cultural contexts. Cultural influences on age differences in health and well-being were also of interest.

Demographic and background information included gender, age, education, marital status, household composition, and income.

The California Families Project (CFP) is an ongoing longitudinal study of Mexican origin families in Northern California. This study uses community, school, family, and individual characteristics to examine developmental pathways that increase risk for and resilience to drug use in Mexican-origin youth. This study also examines the impact that economic disadvantage and cultural traditions have in Mexican-origin youth. The CFP includes a community-based sample of 674 families and children of Mexican origin living in Northern California, and includes annual assessments of parents and children. Participants with Mexican surnames were drawn at random from school rosters of students during the 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 school year. Data collection included multi-method assessments of a broad range of psychological, familial, scholastic, cultural, and neighborhood factors. Initiation of the research at age 10 was designed to assess the focal children before the onset of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug (ATOD) use, thus enabling the evaluation of how hypothesized risk and resilience mechanisms operate to exacerbate early onset during adolescence or help prevent its occurrence. This study includes a diversity of families that represent a wide range of incomes, education, family history, and family structures, including two-parent and single-parent families.

The accompanying data file consists of 674 family cases with each case representing a focal child and at least one parent (Two-parent: n=549, 82 percent; Single-parent: n=125, 18 percent). Of the 3,139 total variables, 839 pertain to the focal child, 1,376 correspond to the mother, and 908 items pertain to the father.

Please note: While the California Families Project is a longitudinal study, only the baseline data are currently available in this data collection.

The Eurobarometer series is a unique cross-national and cross-temporal survey program conducted on behalf of the European Commission. These surveys regularly monitor public opinion in the European Union (EU) member countries and consist of standard modules and special topic modules. The standard modules address attitudes towards European unification, institutions and policies, measurements for general socio-political orientations, as well as respondent and household demographics. In Eurobarometer 79.2 the standard Eurobarometer module is not included however respondent and household demographics are included. The special topic modules address such topics as agriculture, education, natural environment and resources, public health, public safety and crime, and science and technology.

This round of Eurobarometer surveys cover the following special topics: (1) internal market (2) cultural activities (3) non-urban road use, quality and tolls (4) science and technology, and (5) undeclared work and tax fraud. In regard to the internal market, opinions were collected on the frequency of online purchases, technology used to make orders, types of goods purchased, problems experienced with online shopping, reasons why respondents do not purchase products online from other EU member states and distrust of online retailers. Respondents were asked if they were ever employed in an European state other than their home country and ways to assess quality of professional service providers. In queries on cultural activities, the frequency in which respondents visit museums, the cinema, public libraries in their home country and other EU countries were recorded as well as why they did not participate in cultural activities. Respondents were also asked if they participated in expressive arts such as dancing, writing poems, handicrafts, or playing musical instruments. In regard to non-urban road tolls respondents are polled on the frequency in which they use roads outside of cities, the quality and amount of congestion on those roads, purpose for using those roads. Opinions were collected on whether the government should spend more money on roads and their willingness to pay higher tolls. In the science and technology section, there are questions about interests in and knowledge of developments in science and technology, whether family members have formal credentials in science and technology, their source of information about the latest developments. Additionally, respondents were asked about the usefulness of science and technology. Lastly as it relates to undeclared work in the European Union respondents were asked if they know people who do not declare income, their awareness of the risk of getting caught, the consequences of getting caught and opinions on reasons for doing undeclared work.

Demographic and other background information collected includes age, gender, nationality, marital status and parental relations, occupation, age when stopped full-time education, household composition, ownership of a fixed or a mobile telephone and other durable goods, difficulties in paying bills, level in society, and Internet use. In addition, country-specific data includes type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (select countries).

The NCS-2 was a re-interview of 5,001 individuals who participated in the Baseline (NCS-1). The study was conducted a decade after the initial baseline survey. The aim was to collect information about changes in mental disorders, substance use disorders, and the predictors and consequences of these changes over the ten years between the two surveys. The collection contains three major sections: the main survey, demographic data, and diagnostic data.

In the main survey, respondents were asked about general physical and mental health. Questions focused on a variety of health issues, including limitations caused by respondents' health issues, substance use, childhood health, life-threatening illnesses, chronic conditions, medications taken in the past 12 months, level of functioning and symptoms experienced in the past 30 days, and any services used by the respondents since the (NCS-1). Additional questions focused on mental disorders including depression, bipolar disorder, specific and social phobias, generalized anxiety, intermittent explosive disorder, suicidality, post-traumatic stress disorder, neurasthenia, pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and separation anxiety. Respondents were also asked about their lives in general, with topics including employment, finances, marriage, children, their social lives, and stressful life events experienced in the past 12 months. Additionally, two personality assessments were included consisting of respondents' opinions on whether various true/false statements accurately described their personalities. Another focus of the main survey dealt with substance use and abuse, nonmedical use of prescription drugs, and polysubstance use. Interview questions in the NCS-2 Main Survey were customized to each respondent based on previous responses in the Baseline (NCS-1).

The middle section contains demographic and other background information including age, education, employment, household composition, household income, marital status, and region.

The last section of the collection focused on whether respondents met diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders asked about in the main survey.

The Eurobarometer series is a unique cross-national and cross-temporal survey program conducted on behalf of the European Commission. These surveys regularly monitor public opinion in the European Union (EU) member countries and consist of standard modules and special topic modules. The standard modules address attitudes towards European unification, institutions and policies, measurements for general socio-political orientations, as well as respondent and household demographics. The special topic modules address such topics as agriculture, education, natural environment and resources, public health, public safety and crime, and science and technology.

This round of Eurobarometer surveys covers the standard modules and the following special topics: (1) Europe 2020, (2) the financial and economic crisis, and (3) information on European political matters. Questions pertain to opinions about EU objectives and priorities for the next decade, as well as EU initiatives to recover from the financial crisis. Other questions address respondents' knowledge of EU policies and institutions, media habits, and opinions of media coverage on politics.

Demographic and other background information includes age, gender, nationality, marital status, left-right political self-placement, occupation, age when stopped full-time education, household composition, ownership of a fixed or mobile telephone, difficulties in paying bills, level in society, Internet use, type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (select countries).

The Eurobarometer series is a unique cross-national and cross-temporal survey program conducted on behalf of the European Commission. These surveys regularly monitor public opinion in the European Union (EU) member countries and consist of standard modules and special topic modules. The standard modules address attitudes towards European unification, institutions and policies, measurements for general socio-political orientations, as well as respondent and household demographics. The special topic modules address such topics as agriculture, education, natural environment and resources, public health, public safety and crime, and science and technology.

This round of Eurobarometer surveys covers the standard modules and covers the following special topics: (1) the European Parliament, (2) Europe 2020, (3) the financial and economic crisis, and (4) media use for political information. Questions pertain to perceptions of the European Parliament and its policies, economic governance in the EU, the EU growth strategy, and EU citizenship. Other questions address political involvement and media use habits concerning political matters and information.

Demographic and other background information collected includes age, gender, nationality, marital status and parental relations, current and previous occupation, age when stopped full-time education, household composition, ownership of a fixed or mobile telephone and other goods, difficulties in paying bills, level in society, and Internet use. In addition, country-specific data includes type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (select countries).