Search results

This dataset was assembled to study the fiscal effects of Italy's 1889 Crispi Law, which introduced indirect mayoral elections in municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants or district-capital status. It combines archival municipal budget records with population and enfranchisement data to enable a difference-in-discontinuities analysis of how the reform affected local public spending, particularly on primary education.

The dataset covers 8,257 Italian municipalities and includes: (i) digitized municipal-level fiscal data (public revenues and expenditures, including per capita primary education spending) for the years 1884 and 1895, drawn from official budget records; (ii) municipal expenditure on primary schooling for 1862-63, from Ministero dell'Educazione Nazionale (1865); (iii) local enfranchisement rates for 1865-66 and 1895, distinguishing tax-based and literacy-based voting eligibility, from MAIC (1867) and MAIC (1897); and (iv) a set of municipality-level covariates (e.g., demographic and geographic characteristics) used as controls in the empirical analysis. All monetary values are expressed at 1911 constant prices. The analytical sample is restricted to municipalities with populations between 3,000 and 30,000 (2,587 municipalities) to ensure a credible comparison group around the 10,000-inhabitant policy threshold.

The Survey of Russian Elites consists of one dataset that covers the years 1993, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020. The data were collected as part of a larger study of mass-elite interactions in post-Soviet Russia, with particular emphasis on the links between the domestic political economy and foreign policy perspectives. The dataset includes questions on international relations, threat perceptions, foreign policy decision-making, domestic politics, and economic issues.

In particular, respondents were asked their opinions about the national interests of Russia, the role of military force in international relations, the greatest threats to stability and security, the enlargement of the European Union, NATO expansion, the need for order in Russia, and how closely Russia should follow the path of developed countries. Additional questions asked respondents about their level of influence on foreign policy decision-making, how they find out about world and domestic events, how often they discuss such events with friends or family members, whether the United States represents a threat to Russia, whether they favor giving military aid to other countries, the importance of various foreign policy goals to Russia, the influence of various governmental institutions on foreign policy, and the permissibility of using military force. Questions focusing on domestic issues asked about their attitudes regarding government spending, the rights of individuals versus those of society, the role of political competition, the responsibility of the government to its citizens, the importance and meaning of democracy, and the type of political system that is most appropriate for Russia. Respondents were also asked about Russia's relations with other countries (e.g., Ukraine, Belarus, Japan, and China), various forms of property ownership, their willingness to open a new business, national pride, political protests, the environment, their views toward immigrants and other societal groups, and Russia's political and economic future.

Demographic questions include nationality, education, occupation of the respondent and other family members, sex, age, country of birth, marital status, language spoken in the home, income level, household composition, political party affiliation, religion, military service, and foreign travel.