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Aligning Forces for Quality Evaluation: Consumer Survey Round 1, 2007-2008 and 2010 (ICPSR 35259)

Released/updated on: 2024-02-14
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2007-06-01--2008-08-01, 2010-01-01--2010-05-01
This survey was conducted as part of the evaluation of the Aligning Forces for Quality (AF4Q) initiative, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's signature effort to lift the overall quality of health care in 17 targeted communities, reduce racial and ethnic disparities and provide models of national reform. The survey was administered to adults with one or more of five chronic illnesses -- diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, asthma and depression -- in the AF4Q communities and a national sample residing in non-AF4Q communities to provide a basis for comparison between the AF4Q communities and the rest of the United States. Survey questions focused on patient activation; consumer knowledge of publicly available performance reports that highlight quality differences among physicians, hospitals, and health plans; the ability to be an effective consumer in the context of a physician visit; patient knowledge about her/his illness; skills and willingness to self-manage one's illness; the impact of insurance and payment models; and the relationship between out-of-pocket costs and health care utilization.
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Aligning Forces for Quality Evaluation: Consumer Survey Round 2, 2011-2012 (ICPSR 37220)

Released/updated on: 2019-10-14
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2011-01-01--2012-01-01
This survey was conducted as part of the evaluation of the Aligning Forces for Quality (AF4Q) initiative, which is the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's effort to lift the overall quality of health care in 17 targeted communities, reduce racial and ethnic disparities, and provide models of national reform. The survey was administered to adults with one or more of five chronic illnesses, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, asthma and depression, in the AF4Q communities and a national sample residing in non-AF4Q communities to provide a basis for comparison between the AF4Q communities and the rest of the United States. Survey questions focused on patient activation; consumer knowledge of publicly available performance reports that highlight quality differences among physicians, hospitals, and health plans; the ability to be an effective consumer in the context of a physician visit; patient knowledge about her/his illness; skills and willingness to self-manage one's illness; the impact of insurance and payment models; and the relationship between out-of-pocket costs and health care utilization. In 2011 the AF4Q evaluation team contracted with RTI International (RTI) to conduct the Aligning Forces for Quality Consumer Survey 2.0 (AF4Q 2.0).
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Americans' Changing Lives: Waves I, II, III, IV, V, and VI, 1986, 1989, 1994, 2002, 2011, and 2021 (ICPSR 4690)

Released/updated on: 2024-12-12
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1986-01-01--2021-01-01

The Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) survey series is an ongoing, nationally representative, longitudinal study focusing especially on differences between Black and White Americans in middle and late life. These data constitute the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth waves in a panel survey covering a wide range of sociological, psychological, mental, and physical health items. Wave I of the study began in 1986 with a nation face-to-face survey of 3,617 adults ages 25 and up, with Black Americans and people aged 60 and over over-sampled at twice the rate of the others. Wave II constitutes face-to-face re-interviews in 1989 of those still alive. Survivors have been re-interviewed by telephone, and when necessary face-to-face, in 1994 (Wave III), 2001/02 (Wave IV), 2011 (Wave V), and 2019/21 (Wave VI).

Please note that for Wave VI, the majority of data collection occurred in 2019, with only a small subset (n=39) of participants surveyed in 2021.

ACL was designed and sought to investigate the following: (1) The ways in which a wide range of activities and social relationships that people engage in are broadly "productive," (2) how individuals adapt to acute life events and chronic stresses that threaten the maintenance of health, effective functioning, and productive activity, and (3) sociocultural variations in the nature, meaning, determinants, and consequences of productive activity and relationships. Among the topics covered are interpersonal relationships (spouse/partner, children, parents, friends), sources and levels of satisfaction, social interactions and leisure activities, traumatic life events (physical assault, serious illness, divorce, death of a loved one, financial or legal problems), perceptions of retirement, health behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight, rest), and utilization of health care services (doctor visits, hospitalization, nursing home institutionalization, bed days). Also included are measures of physical health, psychological well-being, and indices referring to cognitive functioning.

Demographic information provided for individuals includes household composition, number of children and grandchildren, employment status, occupation and work history, income, family financial situation, religious beliefs and practices, ethnicity, race, education, sex, and region of residence.

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Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (STARRS) (ICPSR 35197)

Released/updated on: 2025-10-01
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2011-01-01--2024-01-01

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April 29, 2025: STARRS - Longitudinal Study Wave 4 (LSW4) data released

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The Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (STARRS) is an extensive study of mental health risk and resilience among military personnel. Army STARRS consists of eight separate but integrated epidemiologic and neurobiologic studies. Survey data for three of the Army STARRS study components are available via Secure Dissemination or via the ICPSR Virtual Data Enclave: New Soldier Study (NSS); All Army Study (AAS) and Pre-Post Deployment Study (PPDS). Also available are data for the STARRS-Longitudinal Study (STARRS-LS), which are follow-up surveys conducted with Army STARRS participants from AAS, NSS and PPDS studies. Lastly, baseline administrative data from the Army/Department of Defense (DoD) and blood sample flags for Soldiers who had blood drawn as a part of their participation in NSS or PPDS are available.

The AAS component of Army STARRS assesses soldiers' psychological and physical health, events encountered during training, combat, and non-combat operations, and life and work experiences across all phases of Army service. The AAS data includes data on soldiers' psychological resilience, mental health, and risk for self-harm.

The NSS data are drawn from new soldiers who have just entered the Army. The data contain information on soldier health, personal characteristics, and prior experiences. Results from a series of neurocognitive tests are also included in the NSS data.

The PPDS data are drawn from active duty soldiers who were interviewed at four points in time: 3-4 months prior to deployment to Afghanistan; within 1-2 weeks after return from deployment; 1-3 months after return from deployment; and 9-12 months after return from deployment. The PPDS data contain information on soldiers' psychological resilience, mental health, deployment experiences, and risk for self-harm.

The STARRS-LS data are from multiple follow-up interviews with individuals who previously participated in the AAS, NSS and PPDS study components of Army STARRS. STARRS-LS data contain follow-up information on soldiers' and veterans' physical and mental health, resilience and risk for self-harm, military and employment status, deployment experience, and personal characteristics as they move through their Army careers and after they leave the Army.

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Barriers and Facilitators to the Receipt of Treatment for Psychiatric Disturbances following Traumatic Brain Injury, United States, 2015-2016 (ICPSR 38039)

Released/updated on: 2021-06-09
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2015-01-01--2016-12-31
The objective of the study was to explore perceptions of barriers and facilitators to diagnosis and receipt of treatment for neuropsychiatric disturbances (NPD) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) from the viewpoint of the healthcare provider, patient, and caregiver. The data comprise deidentified transcripts of ten semi-structured interviews conducted with healthcare providers who treat individuals with TBI and four focus groups conducted among individuals aged 18 years and older with TBI who had been diagnosed with an NPD (primarily anxiety and depression). Participants in the semi-structured interviews included three neuropsychiatrists, a psychiatric nurse practitioner, two psychotherapists, a neurologist, an emergency department physician, an occupational therapist and a speech pathologist. Interviews were conducted by phone and lasted 40-50 minutes. The four focus groups comprised 23 individuals, of whom five were caregivers. Time since TBI ranged from 18 months to 15 years and levels of TBI severity ranged from mild to severe.
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Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC): A Study of Spousal Bereavement in the Detroit Area, 1987-1993 (ICPSR 3370)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18
Geographic coverage: Detroit, United States, Michigan
Time period: 1987-01-01--1993-01-01
Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) is a large multi-wave prospective study of spousal bereavement. Face-to-face baseline interviews with married older adults in the Detroit, Michigan standardized metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) were conducted between June 1987 and April 1988, and follow-up interviews were conducted at six months (Wave 1), 18 months (Wave 2), and 48 months (Wave 3) after a spouse's death. Each widowed person was assigned a same-age, same-sex, same-race matched control from the baseline sample. Controls were interviewed again at each of the three follow-ups as well. Spousal loss was monitored using state-provided monthly death records and through daily obituaries from local area newspapers. The National Death Index (NDI) and direct ascertainment of death certificates were used to confirm all deaths. The primary strength of the CLOC study is its ability to measure spousal bereavement quantitatively. For this purpose a global grief scale and six grief subscales, unique to the CLOC study, were prepared. Depression was measured for all respondents with conceptualizations of depression at each wave, as well as major depressive episodes according to DSM-III-R criteria. Other survey questions focused on the social, psychological, and physical functioning of older adults (e.g., demographic, financial, housing, life events, social support, work and activities, marriage and family, religion, health and well-being). For a portion of the respondents (n = 432) in what was referred to as the MacBat study, various biomedical indicators (motor and cognitive, physiological, endocrinological and biochemical) were measured as well. The CLOC study has been subset into four primary datasets. The core, or Complete, dataset (Part 1) contains all available variables from all four waves of the study (Baseline, W1, W2, W3) for the entire sample of 1,532 persons (excluding clones, the 13 individuals who initially participated in a follow-up interview as control subjects, but who subsequently experienced spousal loss, and then entered the study as bereaved subjects). The Baseline Only dataset (Part 2) contains all variables collected at the baseline interview (V1-V957) for the entire sample of 1,532 persons (excluding clones). It also contains the baseline physiological variables (V20001-V20991) from the subsample of 432 persons who also participated in the baseline MacBat portion of the study. The Widowed-Controls Only datasets (Parts 3 and 4) contain all available data from anyone who participated as either a widowed person or a control subject in at least one of the three CLOC follow-up surveys (W1, W2, W3). This dataset is available with or without clones (n = 558 subjects including clones, and n= 545 excluding clones). The Couples Only dataset (Part 5) contains data collected from both the husband and the wife of 423 couples (n = 846) and includes all available data from all four waves of data collection (baseline, W1, W2, W3). Each record contains data for the wife (the "V" variables) and data for the husband (the "S" variables). A Clones Only dataset (Part 6) is also included for the advanced user and contains data for the 13 individuals identified as clones. A case-control matched design is recommended for analysis of the Clones Only data.
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Charleston Heart Study, Charleston, South Carolina, 1960-2000 (ICPSR 4050)

Released/updated on: 2021-06-03
Geographic coverage: Charleston (South Carolina), United States, South Carolina
Time period: 1960-01-01--2000-01-01
The Charleston Heart Study (CHS) represents data collected over a 41-year period (1960-2000) in order to provide an understanding of the natural progression of aging in a community-based cohort. In 1960 the CHS began enrolling a random selection of community residents who were 35 years of age and older -- including men and women, Black and White. The primary hypothesis of the original study was to investigate racial differences in the manifestation and risk factors for coronary disease. Over the ensuing 40+ years, a variety of outcome measurements were incorporated into the re-examination of the participants, including psychosocial, behavioral, aging, and functional measures. As a longitudinal study, the CHS allows for the study of the risk factors, correlates, and consequences of aging, while simultaneously allowing for exploration of racial disparity in the manifestation of putative risk factors and outcomes. The CHS began with baseline data and added a special cohort of Black men. In subsequent years three separate follow-ups were conducted. The data include death information for respondents and background characteristics (age, race, sex, occupation, education, and marital status).
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Childhood Adversity and Traumatic Stress among Inpatients at a Psychiatric Hospital in the Baltimore Area from 1993-1995 (ICPSR 36168)

Released/updated on: 2016-04-15
Geographic coverage: Baltimore, United States, Maryland
Time period: 1993-02-01--1995-10-01

Childhood Adversity and Traumatic Stress among Inpatients at a Psychiatric Hospital in the Baltimore Area from 1993-1995 includes data collected from adult patients at a psychiatric hospital about their experiences and symptoms throughout their lives.

The study sought to address the following research topics:

  1. The capacity of childhood family environment (caretaker dysfunction, neglect, perceived social support), violent abuse (physical and sexual), and individual variables (other abuse) to predict adult psychiatric symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociation, and depression.
  2. How psychiatric inpatient research participants appraised the level of upset and potential usefulness of research participation related to trauma-focused research interviews.
  3. What patterns of gaps in memory are reported across types of abuse (physical, sexual, neglect) and other types of traumatic stress.
  4. Whether and how low positive affect is related to specific childhood adversities, including abuse, neglect, caretaker dysfunction, and low childhood social support.

In addition, data from the study were used to develop and validate a self-report measure of traumatic stress symptoms and a brief, structured interview of self-destructiveness.

The data include diagnoses, psychological symptoms, and structured interview responses related to physical and sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, and self-destructive behavior. Age, sex, marital status, race, and socioeconomic status comprise the demographic data.

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Collaborative National Network Examining Comparative Effectiveness Trials (CoNNECT) in 12 U.S. States, August 2010-July 2012 (ICPSR 34672)

Released/updated on: 2013-09-08
Geographic coverage: North Carolina, Vermont, United States, Minnesota, New York (state), Arkansas, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Texas, Colorado, Missouri, Virginia
Time period: 2010-08-01--2012-07-01

Purpose. The CoNNECT Project enables comparative effectiveness research on mental health, behavioral health, and substance use in primary care. CoNNECT tracked two main elements: (1) the number of patients identified with a comorbid mental health and physical health diagnosis; (2) the number of patients who initiate treatment secondary to a mental health diagnosis. CoNNECT created the capacity to build a base for mental health in primary care comparative effectiveness research using electronic connectivity to generate retrospective and in time prospective clinical data.

Data Access. CoNNECT data are not available from ICPSR. The data from this study are hosted at DARTNet.

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Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), 2001-2003 [United States] (ICPSR 20240)

Released/updated on: 2024-02-28
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2001-01-01--2003-01-01
The Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES) were initiated in recognition of the need for contemporary, comprehensive epidemiological data regarding the distributions, correlates and risk factors of mental disorders among the general population with special emphasis on minority groups. The primary objective of the CPES was to collect data about the prevalence of mental disorders, impairments associated with these disorders, and their treatment patterns from representative samples of majority and minority adult populations in the United States. Secondary goals were to obtain information about language use and ethnic disparities, support systems, discrimination and assimilation, in order to examine whether and how closely various mental health disorders are linked to social and cultural issues. To this end, CPES joins together three nationally representative surveys: the NATIONAL COMORBIDITY SURVEY REPLICATION (NCS-R), the NATIONAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN LIFE (NSAL), and the NATIONAL LATINO AND ASIAN AMERICAN STUDY (NLAAS). These surveys collectively provide the first national data with sufficient power to investigate cultural and ethnic influences on mental disorders. In this manner, CPES permits analysts to approach analysis of the combined dataset as though it were a single, nationally representative survey. Each of the CPES surveys has been documented in a comprehensive and flexible manner that promotes cross-survey linking of key data and scientific constructs.
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Consequences of Childhood Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence in Chicago, Illinois, 1994-2000 (ICPSR 20344)

Released/updated on: 2008-04-15
Geographic coverage: United States, Chicago, Illinois
Time period: 1994-01-01--2000-01-01
This study used data from the first two waves of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) to analyze the consequences of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence. The researcher for this study attempted to make four contributions: (1) provide theory driven research in the field of intimate partner violence, (2) do practical research, (3) strike a balance between the resolution of measurement problems and the examination of concrete outcomes, and (4) use high quality data and advanced statistical techniques to adjudicate between conflicting findings in existing literature. The nine data files used in this study were drawn from multiple imputed iterations using the Expectation-Maximization (E.M.) algorithm and data augmentation to address missing data. They included data from two waves of the PHDCN, with 4,955 records for each wave. The data included information for subjects aged 0 to 18 and covered the years 1994 to 2000. The researcher used various scales to measure domestic violence exposer, the impact of exposure on the child's cognitive functioning, the behavioral impact of exposure to domestic violence, anxiety, and the parent-child relationship. Data include the variables that the researcher used to study the effect of domestic violence exposure on not only externalizing, internalizing, and total behavior problems, and academic and cognitive ability, but also truancy, grade repetition, and drug use. This study also contains a selection of variables from several PHDCN studies including those pertaining to intimate partner violence, child abuse, juvenile delinquency, deviance of peers, alcohol use, primary caregiver involvement in the subject's life, and demographics.
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CTDA 1005: Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Risk Screening in Children Age 8 to 17 Seen in the Emergency Department for Unintentional Injury and Their Parents, United States, 2003 (ICPSR 39173)

Released/updated on: 2025-05-27
Geographic coverage: United States

After pediatric injury, posttraumatic stress and other emotional outcomes in children and their parents often go unrecognized and untreated. This is due in part to the challenges in identifying at-risk children and their parents in the emergency care setting. The aims of this study were to assess the extent to which nurses were able to implement a brief screener for posttraumatic stress symptoms risk within the course of normal care of injured patients, and to assess posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms in injured children (aged 8-17 years) and their parents after emergency department care, and the relationship of these symptoms to parent-reported overall recovery.

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CTDA 1009: Posttraumatic Stress and Depression in Adolescents Age 12 to 17 Seen in the Emergency Department for Violent Injury, United States, 2001-2003 (ICPSR 39195)

Released/updated on: 2025-03-04
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2001-01-01--2003-01-01

Because the emergency department (ED) is often the only point of contact with the health care system for violently injured adolescents, it provides a unique opportunity to assess children following a violent injury. In violently injured teens, depressive and acute posttraumatic stress symptoms may help predict future behavioral risk factors and reinjury. The objective of this study was to examine whether emergency department (ED) assessments of depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms after an episode of interpersonal violence are associated with future risk behaviors, re-injury and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescents.

Injured adolescents (age 12-17 years) were assessed for posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms and self-reported risk behaviors either during or soon after (within 2 weeks) an ED visit and completed a telephone follow-up assessment between 6 and 18 months later, during which they were assessed again for self-reported risk behaviors, posttraumatic stress symptoms and re-injury.

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CTDA 1010: Posttraumatic Stress in Children Age 6 to 16 Hospitalized for Accident-Related Injury and Their Parents, Australia, 2000-2004 (ICPSR 39198)

Released/updated on: 2025-05-27
Geographic coverage: Australia
Time period: 2000-01-01--2004-01-01

Trajectory modeling can identify patterns of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and parents. This study aimed to describe trajectories of child and parent posttraumatic stress symptoms across 2 years post-injury, and to examine potential risk factors predicting problematic trajectories. The study enrolled children age 7 to 16 admitted to general or intensive care units for treatment of accidental injury, and one parent/caregiver per child. Within 2 weeks of injury, and at 4-6 weeks, 6 months, and (a subset) at 2 years post-injury, children and parents were assessed for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Parents also completed measures of parenting behavior and pre-injury child mental health.

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CTDA 1022: Posttraumatic Stress in Children Age 7 to 17 Seen in Hospital for Acute Injury, Australia, 2004-2006 (ICPSR 39196)

Released/updated on: 2024-09-18
Geographic coverage: Australia
Time period: 2004-01-01--2007-01-01

The broad aims of this overall project were to examine predictors of children's adjustment, mainly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), after a single-incident injury. The overarching hypothesis was that a combination of physiological/biological, cognitive, and parental anxiety factors would predict children's later adjustment. The dataset in this collection comes from the combination of two broad projects that recruited from the same hospitals, with the first (smaller) project being built upon by the second project (which contained additional measures and an additional follow-up).

Children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 and their families (n=135) were recruited for the study after presentation to either of two major metropolitan Australian hospitals following a single-incident injury. Children's heart rate was recorded at hospital triage. Children and parents completed risk screening measures within 4 weeks of injury. Measures for cognitive appraisals, social support, traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms were assessed at 3 months and 6 months post-injury.

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CTDA 1032: Posttraumatic Stress in Children Age 7 to 15 Hospitalized for Burn or Traffic Injury and Their Parents, Switzerland, 2016-2018 (ICPSR 39197)

Released/updated on: 2024-09-16
Geographic coverage: Switzerland
Time period: 2016-01-01--2018-01-01

This study enrolled children ages 7 to 15 who received medical care at the hospital after an acute traffic accident or burn injury, and up to two parents/caregivers per child. Within 1 month of injury, and at 3 months, and 6 months post-injury, children and parents were assessed for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depression. Parents also completed measures of their own anxiety symptoms and of child behavior and health-related quality of life. The study aimed to achieve a better understanding of dysfunctional trauma-related cognitions considering child and environmental factors in a cross-sectional and a longitudinal design.

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CTDA 1035: Posttraumatic Stress in Children Age 8 to 16 and Their Parents After Hurricane, United States, 2005-2008 (ICPSR 39322)

Released/updated on: 2025-06-18
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2005-01-01--2008-01-01

The overall objective of this study was to examine trajectories and predictors of posttraumatic stress and depression in children and parents after a major hurricane, with a particular focus on hurricane exposure and on parenting variables that might be amenable to intervention.

Three months after the hurricane, the study enrolled students in grades four through eight (age 8 to 16) in local schools and invited parent participation, and conducted assessments at four time points post-hurricane. Children reported on prior violence exposure and hurricane-related trauma exposure, and on posttraumatic stress, coping, social support; and parents reported on child behavior as well as their own posttraumatic stress and other mental health symptoms, coping, and parenting practices. (Note: The current dataset does not include measures of parenting practices.)

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Culturally Focused Psychiatric Consultation Service For Massachusetts General Hospital's Asian American and Latino American Primary Care Patients with Depression, 2009-2011 (ICPSR 34495)

Released/updated on: 2024-02-14
Geographic coverage: United States, Massachusetts
Time period: 2009-12-16--2011-08-17

This randomized controlled trial evaluated a culturally appropriate intervention to improve the recognition and treatment of depression among Asian and Latino American primary care patients at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), using a culturally focused psychiatric (CFP) consultation with a team of mental health providers who were bilingual/bicultural, trained in culturally competent techniques, and familiar with the cultures and languages of the patients served. Targeted minority patients who screened positive for clinical depression were eligible to participate in the trial. The intervention patients were offered the CFP consultation at baseline and, if eligible, received the CFP patient toolkit as part of their treatment. The toolkit provided psychoeducation and tools for managing depression as well as information on community resources. The usual care patients were offered standard referrals to MGH mental health resources.

Questionnaires were administered to the patients at screening, baseline, two-week follow-up, and six month follow-up. The screening questionnaires included the two-item Public Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) and demographic questions. Assessment measures administered to the intervention patients at baseline included the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Rated Scale (QIDS-SR 16), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Schwartz Outcome Scale (SOS-10), and a demographic questionnaire and resource utilization questionnaire. At six month follow-up, the intervention arm was administered a resource utilization questionnaire, patient satisfaction questionnaire (Treatment Satisfaction Scale), qualitative interview, and the QIDS-SR 16 and SOS-10. The SOS-10 was also administered to the intervention patients at two-week follow-up. In the usual care arm, the QIDS-SR 16 and resource utilization questionnaire was administered at baseline and six months, the qualitative interview at six months, and the demographic questionnaire at baseline or six-months. There was no two-week assessment for the usual care patients. Electronic medical record review was used for both arms at baseline and six months, as needed. In addition, qualitative interviews were conducted with project and practice staff at the end of the study.

The data file includes the responses to the questionnaires and variables describing the CFP consultation assessment (DSM-IV Axis I, II, III, IV, and V diagnoses), treatment recommendations made to the patients' primary care physicians (PCPs) after the CFP consultation, and study staff contacts with the patients' PCPs and mental health providers. ICPSR did not receive the data from the qualitative interviews or electronic medical record reviews.

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Detroit Area Study, 1985: Life Events in Everyday Experience (ICPSR 6414)

Released/updated on: 2010-08-20
Geographic coverage: Detroit, United States, Michigan

The 1985 Detroit Area Study surveyed life events of respondents. Questions addressed alcohol and drug use, emotional state, incidents of depression and fear, stress caused by children and work, and respondent's general health. Information on the respondent's family background was also collected, with specific emphases on children, parenting, and marriage. Gender comparison questions were posed to explore in detail issues such as the benefits/responsibilities of marriage, marriage roles and careers, and division of housework tasks. The survey also included items on the respondent's financial situation, social life, social support network, and demographic characteristics such as age, race, sex, education, religion, and income.

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Detroit Area Study, 1995: Social Influence on Health: Stress, Racism, and Health Protective Resources (ICPSR 3272)

Released/updated on: 2002-08-16
Geographic coverage: Detroit, United States, Michigan

This survey explored the ways in which social influences, such as stress and racism, affected health, and the impact these influences had on the respondents' outlook on life. Respondents were questioned about their health status and their exercise, smoking, sleeping, and dieting habits, as well as about diagnosed health problems and depression and their effects on daily activities. Respondents were also asked a series of questions regarding their employment status, type of job and whether it was a supervisory position, the racial makeup of their workgroup, their perceptions of their position and job, the likelihood of their finding another job, hassles experienced while at work, and whether they had any trouble balancing family and work. Another series of questions asked respondents whether they had been a victim of a serious physical attack or assault, robbery, or home burglary, if they had ever been unfairly searched, stopped, or questioned by police, why they felt they had been treated this way, and if they felt they had ever been treated unfairly by a teacher, landlord, or neighbor. Opinions were also solicited on the respondents' experience with depression and anxiety. Respondents were asked whether they felt it was possible to reach their goals, how satisfied they were with their present situation, how often they felt depressed and how long this feeling lasted, whether they lost weight or sleep due to this feeling, how this feeling of depression made them view themselves, how often and how long they were worried about things that were not likely to happen, how often they worried about non-serious things, and how they felt physically when they were anxious or depressed. Another set of questions queried respondents on alcohol and drug use. Respondents were asked how often they drank alcohol, the most they had to drink at one time, whether they had experienced any addiction to alcohol or experienced any emotional or psychological problems associated with drinking, whether they had any problem controlling their drinking, whether they had used drugs outside of a doctor's order, what types of drugs they had used, how often and in what type of situations they had used these drugs, and whether they had any addiction to the drugs. Respondents were also asked whether they had a regular doctor, whether they went to a doctor's office or clinic to seek medical attention, the last time they had gone for a checkup, how they were treated by staff at the visit, whether they trusted their doctor, the reasons why they did or did not receive medical attention, and whether they had health insurance. Respondents were also asked for their perceptions of differences between Blacks and whites, attitudes toward affirmative action with regard to employment, and their attitude toward interracial relationships. Another battery of questions queried respondents on any fears or phobias they had, such as a fear of animals, water, or visiting a doctor or dentist. Questions focused on the severity of these fears, how long they had had these fears, and how much these fears interfered in daily activities. A final set of questions gathered demographic information on respondents such as highest level of education completed, political affiliation, religious affiliation, level of religious participation, importance of religion, birth date, whether they owned their own home or rented, how much they spent on food each week, total family income for the year 1994, and the height and weight of respondents.

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Detroit [Michigan] Neighborhood Health Study, 2008-2013 (ICPSR 37038)

Released/updated on: 2021-10-07
Geographic coverage: Detroit, United States, Michigan
Time period: 2008-01-01--2009-01-01, 2009-01-01--2010-01-01, 2010-01-01--2011-01-01, 2011-01-01--2012-01-01

The Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (DNHS) is a prospective, representative longitudinal cohort study of predominantly African American adults living in Detroit, Michigan. The main purpose of the study was to determine the predictive effects of ecological stressors, such as income distribution and residential segregation, on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use, and other psychological and behavioral outcomes. An additional purpose was to study the interrelationships between ecological stressors, exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs), PTSD, substance use, and immune function. The study team hypothesized that exposure to ecological stressors would influence the risk of PTE exposure, PTSD, substance use, other psychological outcomes, and the relationships between these factors.

The current collection includes data from all 5 waves of the study. Cohort participants were initially recruited in 2008 with a dual-frame probability design, using telephone numbers obtained from the U.S. Postal Service Delivery Sequence Files as well as a listed-assisted random-digit-dial frame. Individuals without listed landlines or telephones and individuals with only a cell phone listed were invited to participate through a postal mail effort. Participants completed a 40 minute, structured telephone interview annually between 2008-2012 to assess perceptions of participants' neighborhoods, mental and physical health status, social support, exposure to traumatic events, and alcohol and tobacco use. In addition, the study team completed a structured assessment of Detroit's 54 neighborhoods in order to describe the characteristics of respondents' neighborhoods. The assessment included information about the quality of housing exteriors; presence of graffiti, abandoned cars, alcohol and tobacco advertisements, and security warning signs; presence of vacant buildings; and street and traffic noise levels.

All survey participants were offered the opportunity to provide a blood specimen (venipuncture, blood spot, or saliva) for immune and inflammatory marker testing as well as genetic testing of DNA. Participants received an additional $25USD if they elected to give a sample. Informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview and again at specimen collection. However, these specimens are not included as part of this data collection.

For more information about the study, please visit the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study website.

Genotypic data from DNHS are available on the NIH database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP).

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Development of a New Measure of Adolescent Dating Aggression (ADA): National Norms with a Focus on Marginalized Youth, United States, 2019-2020 (ICPSR 37664)

Released/updated on: 2023-03-30
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2019-02-01--2020-12-01

This study collection was formed from two distinct data collection periods and respondent samples to test and validate a newly formed measure regarding adolescent dating abuse (ADA). The new measure named MARSHA (Measure of Adolescent Relationship Harassment and Abuse) reflects ADA from the both the perspectives of victim and perpetrator through the use of 39 pairs of questions on the topics of physical, sexual, emotional, and cyber abuse. The hope for this study was to allow researchers, clinicians, and practitioners, in a wide variety of settings and for multiple purposes, ability to assess the prevalence of ADA in a nation, state or neighborhood; conducting etiological research on ADA; evaluating ADA prevention programs; or screening youth for ADA in clinical or criminal justice settings.

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Diabetes and Mental Health Initiative, Michigan, 2023-2024 (ICPSR 39557)

Released/updated on: 2026-04-06
Geographic coverage: Southeast Michigan and surrounding areas
Time period: 2023-07-01--2024-12-01
The Diabetes and Mental Health Initiative (DMH) is the quantitative phase of the explanatory, sequential mixed-methods project called the Diabetes, Distress and Disparities (3D) Study. The quantitative survey addresses a broad range of psychological, social, behavioral and environmental factors and was designed to generate a comprehensive understanding of the breadth of psychosocial care needs of persons with diabetes. This project can also be found on the Open Science Framework website.
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Discourse Processing in Healthy Aging in the United States (ICPSR 36634)

Released/updated on: 2017-03-02
Geographic coverage: United States, Kentucky, Phoenix, Arizona, Lexington
Time period: 2007-08-01--2013-07-01
The Discourse Processing in Healthy Aging database provides demographic data, cognitive data (standardized tests of memory and attention), digital media (audio and/or video), and discourse transcriptions for 11 different discourse tasks from nearly 500 participants across the adult lifespan (20 - 90 years old). This study was conducted to identify changes in discourse processing across the adult lifespan and identify why these changes occur. The aims were to document, cross-sectionally, the aspects of discourse most sensitive to healthy aging across the lifespan and to determine if specific changes were task-dependent. Additionally, the study aimed to cross-sectionally document those cognitive operations involved in specific discourse measures shown to be sensitive to age. These data provide researchers and clinicians information for studying memory, attention, and discourse variations across the adult lifespan, allowing for the study of the interactions between these domains and the opportunity to observe complex cognitive/linguistic behaviors. Demographic information includes age, gender, occupation, language spoken, and education.
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Drug Use and Cultural Factors Among Hispanic Adolescents and Emerging Adults, Los Angeles, 2006-2016 (ICPSR 36765)

Released/updated on: 2018-10-03
Geographic coverage: United States, Los Angeles, California
Time period: 2006-01-01--2016-01-01

The Drug Use and Cultural Factors Among Hispanic Adolescents and Emerging Adults - Los Angeles, 2006-2016 collection examines the cultural risk and protective factors for substance use among Hispanic adolescents and emerging adults in Southern California. Adolescents were recruited in 9th grade and completed annual surveys about their substance use, acculturation, ethnic identity, cultural stressors, peer and family relationships, and cultural values. They were re-contacted to complete surveys in their early 20s; this survey also included measures of sexual behavior and interpersonal violence.

Demographic variables present in this collection include age, gender, grade in school, ethnicity, country of origin, education level, language spoken, socioeconomic status, marital status, sexual orientation, ZIP code, and place of residence.

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Drug Use Trajectories: Ethnic/Racial Comparisons, 1998-2002 [United-States] (ICPSR 30862)

Released/updated on: 2011-06-17
Geographic coverage: United States, Florida
Time period: 1998-01-01--2000-06-01, 2000-01-01--2002-04-01
Drug Use Trajectories is a two-wave panel study of noninstitutionalized young adults from South Florida that was designed to provide epidemiological estimates of drug use in early adulthood. In addition to a structured interview that measures lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV substance use and psychiatric disorders, the study included an extensive battery of measures that assessed lifetime and recent stress exposure, subsyndromal depression and anxiety, social support, and psychosocial risk and protective factors thought to be implicated in their etiology. This community-based epidemiological study was motivated by theoretical linkages between the social system, differential exposure of individuals within the system to social factors that can harm health, and to others that are protective, to explain persistent health disparities at the population level. The study assessed major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, alcohol abuse and dependence, drug abuse and dependence, post-traumatic stress disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) were included to assess the latter two disorders, and to assess AD/HD. Sub-clinical depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). The measures of stress exposure in the study involved four dimensions of stressful experience: recent life events, chronic stress, lifetime major and potentially traumatic events, and discrimination stress.
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Effects of Stress Among Correctional Officers, United States, 2017-2018 (ICPSR 37329)

Released/updated on: 2020-08-27
Geographic coverage: United States, Texas, Massachusetts
Time period: 2017-01-01--2018-01-01
There is a growing body of empirical evidence to suggest (1) that correctional officers are exposed through their work to a number of stressors and, as a result, have a higher level of job-related stress than is found in other occupations, and (2) that stress has a variety of debilitating effects on the medical, behavioral, attitudinal, and emotional well-being of correctional officers. In light of these consistent conclusions, it is important that research extend the current state of knowledge by addressing other important empirical questions. One is the question of how correctional officer stress levels affect the well-being of the officer, as measured in terms of potential (1) attitudinal, (2) emotional and (3) behavioral effects on the officer. A second question is the extent to which correctional officer stress levels affect the well-being of the prison organization. Research in non-correctional settings finds that increased levels of a worker's stress are significantly related to three dimensions of that worker's behaviors in the organization: (1) task performance, (2) organizational citizenship behaviors, and (3) counterproductive work behaviors. A third question explored is the degree to which the individual-level effects of stress mediate the organizational-level effects of stress. Finally, a fourth question to be explored is the extent to which officer stress levels are correlated with, and can be predicted by, data routinely collected by the state department of corrections, such as performance evaluations, workplace injuries, overtime, grievances, and incident reports.
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Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Evaluation Project: Rhode Island, Working Toward Wellness (ICPSR 33782)

Released/updated on: 2013-01-21
Geographic coverage: Rhode Island, United States
Time period: 2004-01-01--2009-01-01
The Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ (HtE) Demonstration and Evaluation Project was a 10-year study (taken on by the MDRC) that evaluated strategies aimed at improving employment and other outcomes for groups who face serious barriers to employment. The Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ was the first comprehensive attempt to understand the diverse low-income population and to test interventions aimed at the most common barriers to this population's employment. The HtE demonstration was designed to assess ways to boost employment, reduce welfare receipt, and promote well-being in low-income populations. This study analyzed the effectiveness of the Rhode Island "Working toward Wellness" (WTW) program, a one-year program that provided telephonic care management to depressed parents receiving Medicaid in Rhode Island. The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (QIDS-SR) questionnaire was administered to parents in order to identify those with major depression. All consenting parents who were found to have major depression were then assigned to the study. The Working Toward Wellness full research sample consisted of 499 individuals randomly assigned between November 2004 and October 2006 (245 members in the program group and 254 in the control group). The research team followed the two groups for three years using surveys. All 400 sample members completed a baseline survey at random assignment, providing basic demographic information, data on depression, other health outcomes, employment, participation in outreach programs, receipt of behavioral health services, and material hardship prior to enrollment in the study. Three follow up surveys were collected at the sixth month, eighteenth month, and thirty-sixth month marks. The WTW 6, 18, and 36 month reports include data from surveys administered to parents and children; however, only measures used in the adult/parent analysis are included due to restrictions. Care managers recorded information on attempted and completed calls with 230 members in the program group. Data was collected on respondent's general health, depression scores and treatments, substance abuse, work performance and attendance, as well as wages and income. Demographic information includes age, race, marital status, education, employment status, individual and household monthly income, as well as social security and disability status.
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Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program Sites 1-4, 1979-1983 with National Death Index Data through 2007 (ICPSR 36621)

Released/updated on: 2017-10-17
Geographic coverage: North Carolina, Baltimore, New Haven, United States, Connecticut, Missouri, St. Louis, Durham, Maryland
Time period: 1979-01-01--1982-01-01, 1980-01-01--1983-01-01, 1979-01-01--2007-01-01

The Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program of research was initiated in response to the 1977 report of the President's Commission on Mental Health. The purpose was to collect data on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and on the use of and need for services by the mentally ill. Independent research teams at five universities (Yale University, Johns Hopkins University, Washington University, Duke University, and University of California at Los Angeles), in collaboration with the National Institute for Mental Health, conducted the studies with a core of common questions and sample characteristics. The sites were areas that had previously been designated as Community Mental Health Center catchment areas: New Haven, Connecticut, Baltimore, Maryland, St. Louis, Missouri, Durham, North Carolina, and Los Angeles, California. Each site sampled over 3,000 community residents and 500 residents of institutions, yielding 20,861 respondents overall. The longitudinal ECA design incorporated two waves of personal interviews administered one year apart and a brief telephone interview in between (for the household sample). The diagnostic interview used in the ECA was the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), Version III (with the exception of the Yale Wave I survey, which used Version II). Diagnoses were categorized according to the DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3rd Edition (DSM-III). Diagnoses derived from the DIS include manic episode, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, single episode major depression, recurrent major depression, atypical bipolar disorder, alcohol abuse or dependence, drug abuse or dependence, schizophrenia, schizophreniform, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobia, somatization, panic, antisocial personality, and anorexia nervosa. The DIS uses the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), which measures cognitive functioning, as an indirect measure of the DSM-III Organic Mental Disorders. In the ECA survey, this diagnosis is called cognitive impairment.

This collection features data from 17,327 participants across 2,005 variables. Data from the Los Angeles, California, Catchment (UCLA) are not included. Baseline data (Wave 1) and Wave 2 data were linked to the National Death Index through 2007, which includes primary and contributing causes of death, International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes, and nature of injury variables.

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Epidemiology of Depression and Help-Seeking Behavior, 1979-1983, Los Angeles, California (ICPSR 24761)

Released/updated on: 2010-03-15
Geographic coverage: Los Angeles, California
Time period: 1979-01-01--1983-01-01
This project examined the epidemiological distribution of depression in a large metropolitan area. It employed structural equation models to examine the role of stress and social support systems in the occurrence of the condition. Other analysis focused on the antecedents of help-seeking. Using a multistage cluster sample, a probability sample of 1,003 adults (aged 18 and older), a representative sample of the Los Angeles County population, was interviewed in 1979. Three follow-up interviews were conducted over the next year, with an additional fifth interview in 1983. The study has been divided into five parts identified as: Time1, Time2, Time3, Time4, and Time5. Time1 focuses on demographic information, such as marital status, employment status, education, family relationships, household information, sex, and ethnicity. The other main focus of Time1 was on respondents' general health condition and their health insurance. Time2, Time3, Time4, and Time5 focus on diagnostic aspects of depression, social support, the role of stress, in addition to asking respondents questions regarding their behavior and mood, environmental and employment changes, and major life events.
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Evaluating a Cognitive Behavioral Approach for Improving Life Outcomes of Underserved Young Women: A Randomized Experiment in Chicago, Illinois, 2017-2019 (ICPSR 38832)

Released/updated on: 2024-07-15
Geographic coverage: United States, Chicago, Illinois
Time period: 2017-01-01--2019-01-01
This study explored whether a school-based group counseling program for adolescent girls, implemented at scale, can mitigate trauma-related mental health harms. The study was an efficacy trial of a program specifically designed for girls, conducted in the third-largest city in the United States of America during the duration of the study. In a randomized trial involving 3,749 Chicago public high school girls, the researchers found that participating in the program for four months induced a 22% reduction in PTSD symptoms, and that there were significant decreases in anxiety and depression. Results included an estimated cost-utility below $150,000 per Quality Adjusted Life Year. The study found evidence suggesting that effects persist and may increase over time.
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Examining the Role of Physiological and Psychological Responses to Critical Incidents in Prisons in the Development of Mental Health Problems among Correctional Officers, Minnesota, 2018-2020 (ICPSR 38803)

Released/updated on: 2024-12-10
Geographic coverage: United States, Minnesota
Time period: 2018-01-01--2020-01-01

This study sought to better understand the long-term implications of critical incident exposure on mental health outcomes among correctional officers. To accomplish this objective, the research team compiled a longitudinal dataset comprised of three types of assessments. First, to assess mental health outcomes as well as subjective appraisals of psychological stress, the researchers surveyed correctional officers at three waves of data collection, spaced approximately six months apart. These surveys included questions related to demographics, work assignments, perceptions of workplace danger, work-family conflict, social support, and work-related psychological stress. In addition, the wave 1 and wave 3 surveys included items from psychometrically validated measures of mental health problems--posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. Second, to assess changes in physiological stress over the study period, the research team collected salivary biomarkers Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase during each wave of data collection. Third, the researchers compiled objective indicators of critical incident exposure (e.g. disciplinary data and detailed incident reports) rather than relying on subjective assessments. The compiled dataset allowed for not only the direct association between critical incident exposure and mental health problems, but also indirect pathways that included psychological stress and physiological stress. The resulting dataset consists of 488 officers employed at three correctional institutions across Minnesota.

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Filipino American Community Epidemiological Study (FACES), 1995-1999 (ICPSR 29262)

Released/updated on: 2011-08-08
Geographic coverage: San Francisco, United States, Honolulu, Hawaii, California
Time period: 1995-01-01--1999-01-01
The Filipino American Community Epidemiological Study (FACES) is a research project of Asian American Recovery Services, Inc. of San Francisco, California. The four-year study, whose formal title is Alcohol-Related Problems among Filipino Americans, was concluded in 1999. It provides information and data about the health of Filipino Americans of the San Francisco Bay Area and the City and County of Honolulu. The interview asked randomly chosen Filipino American respondents in these two geographic areas about their health, alcohol consumption, mood state, physical symptoms, cultural background and sociodemographic information. The purpose of FACES was to study alcohol and stress-related behaviors of Filipino Americans. Demographic variables include gender, age, race, education level, marital status, household income, military service, and religious preference.
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Galveston Bay Recovery Study, 2008-2010 (ICPSR 34801)

Released/updated on: 2016-06-21
Geographic coverage: United States, Texas, Galveston
Time period: 2008-01-01--2010-01-01
The Galveston Bay Recovery Study (GBRS) was designed to study trajectories of wellness after Hurricane Ike hit the Galveston Bay area on September 13, 2008. The sample included adults who were living in Galveston County or Chambers County, Texas at the time of the hurricane, not just those who remained in the area after the hurricane, who may have been less affected by the storm. Three interviews were conducted approximately 2-5, 5-9, and 14-18 months after the hurricane, respectively. Information was obtained on experiences during Hurricane Ike, lifetime traumatic events, and mental health and functioning before and after the hurricane, as well as between survey waves (including assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and suicidality). Demographic variables include race/ethnicity, age, education, marital status, number of children/offspring, income, and employment status.
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Gender, Mental Illness, and Crime in the United States, 2004 (ICPSR 27521)

Released/updated on: 2011-02-10
Geographic coverage: United States
The purpose of the study was to examine the gendered effects of depression, drug use, and treatment on crime and the effects of interaction with the criminal justice system on subsequent depression and drug use. The data for the study are from the NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DRUG USE AND HEALTH (NSDUH), 2004 [ICPSR 4373]. In addition to the 2004 NSDUH data, the study utilized new variables that were derived from the original dataset by the principal investigator, namely recoded variables, interaction variables, and computed indices. Information was provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of United States households aged 12 years and older. Respondents also provided detailed information regarding criminal activity, depression, and other factors. A total of 55,602 respondents participated in the study. The dataset contains a total of 3,011 variables. The first 2,690 variables are drawn from the 2004 NSDUH dataset and the remaining 321 variables were created by the principal investigator. Variables created by the principal investigator are manipulations of the first 2,690 variables. Specifically, these variables include depression indices, drug dependence indicators, interactions with gender and other demographic variables, and dichotomous recoded variables relating to types of drug abuse and criminal behavior.
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The Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS): Alcohol, Cannabis, Depression Disorders, North Carolina, 1992-2003 (ICPSR 37221)

Released/updated on: 2018-12-12
Geographic coverage: North Carolina, United States
Time period: 1992-01-01--2003-01-01

The Great Smoky Mountain Study (GSMS) is a longitudinal epidemiological study of 1,420 children begun in 1992 in 11 rural counties in western North Carolina. Originally, the study had three aims: 1) to estimate the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders; 2) to study their development over time; and 3) to determine the level of mental health service use. The study expanded over time to include correlates and predictors of substance abuse and psychiatric problems. The study continued for over 20 years, with the original participants assessed up to 11 times from ages 9 to 30 (over 11,000 assessments total).

This collection includes data from study modules related to alcohol, cannabis, and depressive disorders in addition to core data on participants. This core data includes demographic variables related to age, sex, socioeconomic status, and race.

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Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, 1993-1994: [Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas] (ICPSR 2851)

Released/updated on: 2009-12-14
Geographic coverage: United States, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, California, Arizona
Time period: 1993-01-01--1994-01-01
The Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (Hispanic EPESE) was modeled after the design of the ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ELDERLY, 1981-1993: [EAST BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, IOWA AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES, IOWA, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, AND NORTH CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA] (ICPSR 9915) and ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ELDERLY, 1996-1997: PIEDMONT HEALTH SURVEY OF THE ELDERLY, FOURTH IN-PERSON SURVEY [DURHAM, WARREN, VANCE, GRANVILLE, AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA] (ICPSR 2744). The Hispanic EPESE collected baseline data beginning in September 1993 through June 1994 on a representative sample of community-dwelling Mexican-American elderly, aged 65 years and older, residing in the five southwestern states of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The primary purpose of the study was to provide estimates of the prevalence of key physical health conditions, mental health conditions, and functional impairments in older Mexican Americans and to compare these estimates with those for other populations. The Hispanic EPESE attempted to determine whether certain risk factors for mortality and morbidity operate differently in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic White Americans, African Americans, and other major ethnic groups. The public use baseline data cover demographic characteristics (age, sex, type of Hispanic race, income, education, marital status, number of children, employment, and religion), height, weight, social and physical functioning, chronic conditions, related health problems, health habits, self-reported use of dental, hospital, and nursing home services, and depression.
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Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984 (ICPSR 8535)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1982-07-01--1984-12-01
Sixteen components focusing on nutritional practices and physical health comprise this survey of Hispanic Americans. The Body Measurements file includes anthropometric data on individuals such as skeletal and skin fold measurements, body circumferences, height, and weight. The Dental Health data provide dental history information, including the frequency of and reasons for visits to a dental hygienist, fluoride treatments, and the results of a clinical examination. The Blood and Urine Assessments component of the study contains clinical data such as red and white blood cell counts, serum iron and vitamin levels, amount of lead, and other assays. The Physician's Examination file provides the results of a basic physical exam, and the Dietary Practices/Food Frequency component includes information on food recall, special diets, frequency of meals, and consumption of various types of foods. The Adolescent and Adult History Questionnaire file supplies information on health care and problems getting care, dental care, health status, conditions, medical treatment, pesticide exposure, smoking, acculturation, meal programs for school-age children, reproductive history, and health status of children. Measures of Depression provides data on feelings of depression, how depression affected everyday life, help sought during depression, and weight changes and sleep loss due to depression. The Alcohol Consumption Data section includes information on the amount and kind of alcohol consumed, reasons for drinking, and self-perception of drinking habits. The Drug Abuse file offers information on the use of barbiturates and other sedatives, marijuana and hash, inhalants, and cocaine. The Hearing data were collected during the physical examination and provide information on respondents' ability to hear and the condition of their hearing organs. The Gallbladder Ultrasound data include information on disease, history of symptoms, findings of ultrasounds, and physical examinations of the gallbladder. Diabetes and OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) data were also collected. Respondents were asked whether they had diabetes and were also questioned about age of onset, medication taken, diet, and if the OGTT had been administered. The file also contains detailed information on the OGTT, diet before the testing, time intervals between blood drawings, and plasma glucose values in milligrams and deciliters. The Vision section furnishes information on the respondent's eyesight, whether he or she had a problem seeing, appliances worn, age when corrective lenses were first worn, if a doctor had been visited for sight problems, and findings from a physician's examination. Measurements of the respondent's visual acuity with and without correction are also included in the data. The Child History section includes information on health status, health care utilization, infant feeding practices, participation in meal programs, school attendance, and language use. The 24-Hour Recall lists amounts of calories, protein, total fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, alcohol, vitamins, and minerals for each food item consumed by each person. It also contains a description of the food, ingestion period, approximate time of consumption, and food source. The data from the Measurement and Interpretation of Electrocardiograms file give an objective measure of the cardiac health status of individuals examined in the survey. Despite the limitations of such data, the electrocardiographic variables are carefully and completely defined. Also, an extensive process was used to ensure the accuracy of the findings. In addition, each part of this collection provides sociodemographic data, such as age, race, national origin, birthplace, education, employment, insurance, and use of public assistance. Also included are family data including number of people in the family, family income, poverty index, use of food stamps, and size of residence.
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HIV Stigma in a Population of Adults Age 50 and Over in the Pacific Northwest, 2003-2005 (ICPSR 33242)

Released/updated on: 2013-03-29
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2003-01-01--2005-01-01

Older adults are increasingly becoming impacted by HIV disease, both as newly infected individuals and as long-term survivors of HIV/AIDS living into older age. HIV-related stigma impacts the quality of life of all persons with HIV/AIDS. However, little is known about HIV-related stigma in older adults because many studies do not include older subjects or ignore age as a variable. This mixed methods study examined the experiences of HIV-related stigma in a sample of 25 older adults with HIV/AIDS from the Pacific Northwest. Quantitative methods measured HIV stigma and depression, while in-depth qualitative interviews captured the lived experiences of these individuals. Stigma was positively and significantly correlated with depression and stigma was found to be significantly higher in African American, as compared to White informants. Qualitative interviews yielded 11 themes that correspond to the four categories constructed in the stigma instrument. Rejection, disclosure concerns, stereotyping, protective silence and feeling "other", were all common experiences of these individuals.

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The Impact of Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training on Stress-Related Biological, Behavioral, and Health-Related Outcomes in Law Enforcement Officers, Wisconsin, 2018-2019 (ICPSR 38293)

Released/updated on: 2024-04-25
Geographic coverage: United States, Dane County, Wisconsin
Time period: 2018-03-01--2019-12-31

This mixed-methods randomized controlled trial study, conducted in collaboration with three Dane County (Wisconsin) law enforcement agencies, compared the effects of an 8-week mindfulness training (MT) program relative to a waitlist control (WLC) group on biological, behavioral, and self-report measures of stress and stress-related health outcomes. Across a two-year data collection period, the research team randomly assigned 114 sworn law enforcement officers to MT or WLC groups. Across three timepoints (baseline, post-program, and 3-month follow-up), researchers assessed the impact of MT on perceived stress (Aim 1), physical and mental health outcomes including behaviorally assessed and self-reported sleep quality, cardiovascular risk factors, and symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression (Aim 2), and stress-related biological and behavioral markers (Aim 3), including cortisol output and a behavioral assay of hippocampus function. Data collected as part of this study include quantitative measures obtained during laboratory visits and a week of field data collection, as well as optional semi-structured qualitative interview data.

This collection currently contains the following file types available in zipped package format. Excluding changes made for confidentiality purposes, files have been released as they were received by ICPSR:

  • Summary data: Master data file (nij_masterfile.csv) containing demographics, summed scores from self-report questionnaires, behavioral markers, biomarkers, and mindfulness practice logs; Fitbit activity, heart rate, and sleep data (nij_fitbitSummary.csv); saliva sample collection data (nij_salivaCollectionNotes.csv, nij_salivaQCSpreadsheet.xlsx, nij_salivaryCortCleaned.csv, nij_salivaryCortProcessed.csv, nij_salivaryCortRaw.csv); work event log data (nij_workEventsRaw.xlsx)
  • Raw behavioral data files: for all timepoints, affective go/no-go task data (agnRaw) and mnemonic similarity task data (mstRaw)
  • Summary behavioral data files (agnSummary): for all timepoints, affective go/no-go task data
  • Raw Fitbit data files (fitbitRaw): activity/steps, heart rate, and sleep data for all timepoints
  • Scripts: R, Python, and bash scripts, with readme files, that were used in biomarker and behavioral marker data cleaning/analysis

Qualitative interview data and documentation are not available at this time.

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The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Wave 1, 2009-2011 (ICPSR 34315)

Released/updated on: 2025-05-07
Geographic coverage: Ireland
Time period: 2009-01-01--2011-01-01

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The TILDA Series data files, including studies 34315, 38681, 37105, 37106, 38670, 38674, are no longer available from ICPSR and NACDA at the request of the data producer due to concerns related to EU and Irish data privacy and data sharing rules. Individuals interested in obtaining TILDA data access at this time should reach out to the TILDA project directly (https://tilda.tcd.ie/data/accessing-data/).

The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) is a major inter-institutional initiative led by Trinity College Dublin which aims to produce a massive improvement in the quantity and quality of data, research and information relating to older people and ageing in Ireland. Eligible respondents for this study include individuals aged 50 and over and their spouses or partners of any age. The study involves interviews on a two yearly basis with a sample cohort of 8,504 people aged 50 and over (or their spouses/partners) and resident in Ireland, collecting detailed information on all aspects of their lives, including the economic (pensions, employment, living standards), health (physical, mental, service needs and usage) and social aspects (contact with friends and kin, formal and informal care, social participation). Both survey interviews and physical and biological measurements are utilized. Demographic and background variables include age, sex, marital status, household composition, education, and employment.

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The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Wave 3, 2014-2015 (ICPSR 37106)

Released/updated on: 2025-05-12
Geographic coverage: Ireland
Time period: 2014-01-01--2015-01-01

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The TILDA Series data, including studies 34315, 38681, 37105, 37106, 38670, 38674, are currently unavailable at the request of the data producer due to concerns related to EU and Irish data privacy and data sharing rules. We are working to determine the best solution to continue to share these data with the research community. Individuals interested in obtaining TILDA data access at this time should reach out to the TILDA project directly (https://tilda.tcd.ie/data/accessing-data/).

The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) is a major inter-institutional initiative led by Trinity College Dublin which aims to produce a massive improvement in the quantity and quality of data, research and information relating to older people and ageing in Ireland. Eligible respondents for this study include individuals aged 50 and over and their spouses or partners of any age. The study involves interviews on a two yearly basis with a sample cohort of 8,504 people aged 50 and over (or their spouses/partners) and resident in Ireland, collecting detailed information on all aspects of their lives, including the economic (pensions, employment, living standards), health (physical, mental, service needs and usage) and social aspects (contact with friends and kin, formal and informal care, social participation). Both survey interviews and physical and biological measurements are utilized.

The third wave of TILDA interviews were undertaken between March 2014 and October 2015. Of the 7,445 interviewed in Wave 2, a third interview was obtained for 6,874 respondents. These consisted of the self, proxy and end-of-life interviews types. In addition to the returning respondents, 28 interviews were obtained from eligible household members who had chosen not to take part in Wave 1 or the new spouses/partners of existing respondents.

Demographic and background variables include age, sex, marital status, household composition, education, and employment.

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The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Wave 4, 2016 (ICPSR 38670)

Released/updated on: 2025-05-12
Geographic coverage: Ireland

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The TILDA Series data, including studies 34315, 38681, 37105, 37106, 38670, 38674, are currently unavailable at the request of the data producer due to concerns related to EU and Irish data privacy and data sharing rules. We are working to determine the best solution to continue to share these data with the research community. Individuals interested in obtaining TILDA data access at this time should reach out to the TILDA project directly (https://tilda.tcd.ie/data/accessing-data/).

The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) is a major inter-institutional initiative led by Trinity College Dublin which aims to produce a massive improvement in the quantity and quality of data, research and information relating to older people and ageing in Ireland. Eligible respondents for this study include individuals aged 50 and over and their spouses or partners of any age. The study involves interviews on a one year basis with a sample cohort of residents of Ireland, collecting detailed information on all aspects of their lives, including the economic (pensions, employment, living standards), health (physical, mental, service needs and usage) and social aspects (contact with friends and kin, formal and informal care, social participation). Both survey interviews and physical and biological measurements are utilized.

The fourth wave of TILDA interviews were undertaken between January and December 2016. A total of 5,713 participants completed the self-interview.

Demographic and background variables include age, sex, marital status, household composition, education, and employment.

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The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Wave 5, 2018 (ICPSR 38674)

Released/updated on: 2025-05-12
Geographic coverage: Ireland

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The TILDA Series data, including studies 34315, 38681, 37105, 37106, 38670, 38674, are currently unavailable at the request of the data producer due to concerns related to EU and Irish data privacy and data sharing rules. We are working to determine the best solution to continue to share these data with the research community. Individuals interested in obtaining TILDA data access at this time should reach out to the TILDA project directly (https://tilda.tcd.ie/data/accessing-data/).

The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) is a major inter-institutional initiative led by Trinity College Dublin which aims to produce a massive improvement in the quantity and quality of data, research and information relating to older people and ageing in Ireland. Eligible respondents for this study include individuals aged 50 and over and their spouses or partners of any age. The study involves interviews on a one year basis with a sample cohort of residents of Ireland, collecting detailed information on all aspects of their lives, including the economic (pensions, employment, living standards), health (physical, mental, service needs and usage) and social aspects (contact with friends and kin, formal and informal care, social participation). Both survey interviews and physical and biological measurements are utilized.

The fifth wave of TILDA interviews were undertaken between January and December 2018. A total of 4,978 participants completed the self-interview.

Demographic and background variables include age, sex, marital status, household composition, education, and employment.

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Jobs II Preventive Intervention for Unemployed Job Seekers, 1991-1993: [Southeast Michigan] (ICPSR 2739)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12
Geographic coverage: United States, Michigan
Time period: 1991-01-01--1993-01-01
These data explore the impact of job loss and unemployment on workers' stress and mental health, and evaluate the potential benefits of participation in a job-search skills seminar. Respondents were recruited from four offices of the Michigan Employment Security Commission (MESC) in southeastern Michigan. A group of 31,560 unemployed persons were approached for the study. Of these, about 23,000 failed to meet basic initial criteria because they were new entrants to the labor market, already re-employed, or just accompanying others in line. Respondents were kept in the pool if they were not on strike and not expecting to be recalled for work in the next few months or planning to retire in the next two years. The resulting group of 7,956 were then assessed for symptoms of depression and willingness to participate in a job-seeking skills seminar. These final exclusion criteria resulted in a pool of 3,402. A screening questionnaire (Part 1) was administered to that pool, which allowed the researchers to classify respondents as being at high risk for depression and anxiety or at low risk. All of the high-risk respondents and a random sample of the low-risk participants were invited to participate in the study and in the MESC's Job Opportunities and Basic Skills II (JOBSII) intervention program, which consisted of a set of job-search skills seminars. JOBS II was patterned after JOBS I, which was offered by the MESC in the late 1980s. A pretest questionnaire (Part 2) was mailed to respondents between February and July 1991, two weeks prior to the invitation to participate in the JOBS intervention seminar. The questionnaire addressed the situation surrounding the respondents' loss of employment, quality of work life in previous job, level of economic hardship, attitudes toward obtaining a new job, social support network, self-esteem, feelings of anxiety and/or depression, health problems, and substance abuse history and related problems. At the same time, a mail questionnaire was sent to each respondent's significant other (Part 6). Items in this questionnaire focused on the length of their relationship with the respondent, the level of support given to the respondent, the significant other's observations regarding the daily activities of the respondent during this period of job loss, the significant other's feelings of anxiety and/or depression, and the significant other's level of economic hardship. A second and third mail questionnaire were sent six weeks (Part 3) and six months (Part 4) after the respondents' participation in a JOBS intervention program job-seeking skills seminar. For those respondents who had gained employment, questions were asked regarding current employment status, sense of job permanence, employee benefits, and feelings toward current job. Those respondents still seeking employment were queried about their intention to continue their job search, job-seeking behaviors, confidence in their ability to obtain a job, and the presence or lack of a social support network. For those respondents still unemployed six months after the intervention seminar, additional questions covered receipt of unemployment benefits and how necessary those benefits were. Similarly, significant others were queried both six weeks (Part 7) and six months (Part 8) after the respondents' participation in the job intervention. Topics focused on their relationship with the respondent, the observed daily activities of the respondent, the emotional support given to the respondent, the respondent's job-seeking behavior, the respondent's and significant other's feelings of anxiety and/or depression, and the level of shared responsibility regarding the payment of bills and other economic hardships. Finally, respondents were questioned through a mail survey two years (Part 5) after their participation in the intervention seminar about their employment status, quality of work life, financial strain endured, social support system, relationship satisfaction, self-esteem, feelings of anxiety and/or depression, health, and sense of control. Significant others were also queried after two years (Part 9) regarding their relationship with the respondent, the significant other's familiarity with the respondent's feelings of anxiety and/or depression, their social support network, and the significant other's feelings of anxiety and/or depression. Background information on respondents includes age, sex, race, Hispanic descent, education, marital status, age of children in household, number of financial dependents, and household income. Background information on significant others includes age, sex, race, Hispanic descent, education, and employment status. Following the conclusion of the JOBS intervention program, respondents were asked to complete a mail questionnaire (Part 10) evaluating the effectiveness of the program agenda and assessing the relevance of the seminar to their job search, the effectiveness of the seminar trainers, inoculation against setbacks, impact on their self-esteem, effect on their interviewing skills, and resume preparedness.
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Johns Hopkins University Prevention Research Center - Risks for Transitions in Drug Use Among Urban Adults, Baltimore City, 2008-2011 (ICPSR 36622)

Released/updated on: 2017-10-13
Geographic coverage: Baltimore, United States, Maryland

The Johns Hopkins University Prevention Research center - Risks for Transitions, Baltimore city, 2008-2011 study (JHU PRC Risks for Transition in Drug Use among Urban Adults) represents data collected for a 25 years follow-up from the original JHU PRC study. At the start of the data collection, a cohort of 2,311 youth were randomly assigned to two classroom-based universal preventive interventions implemented in 43 classrooms of 19 public schools located in 5 socio-demographically distinct areas in Eastern Baltimore. This collection includes data from 1,434 respondents from the original cohort collected in 2008-2012. The mean age of the respondents was 30-32 years old.

Psychopathology (major depressive episode, phobia and anxiety disorders) was assessed using modules from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-University of Michigan Version, CIDI- UM (WHO, 1997). An antisocial symptom scale adapted from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) was administered which consisted of 30 questions that assessed behaviors experienced since turning 18 years of age. The alcohol, tobacco and drug modules of the interview were modeled after NESARC Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV. Types of information in these modules collected include age of onset, use in past year and prior past year, frequency and recency of use, and DSM-IV abuse and dependence criteria. Socioeconomic status indicators, variables on education, employment, marital status, parenthood, social supports, family history of mental health and drug problems, general health, treatment utilization, and life events are included in this dataset.

This dataset includes 3,140 variables.

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Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (HOS), 1998-2014 (ICPSR 23380)

Released/updated on: 2016-05-26
Geographic coverage: Puerto Rico, United States, Guam, Virgin Islands of the United States
Time period: 1998-01-01--2014-01-01
The Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (HOS) is the first patient reported health outcomes measure for the Medicare population in managed care settings. It is a continuous study that measures the physical and mental health and well-being of Medicare beneficiaries over a two-year period. Starting in 1998, a baseline survey was administered to a new cohort of respondents each year in the spring and a follow-up survey was conducted of those same respondents two years later. Cohorts 1-5 include the Baseline Data, the Follow-Up Data, and the Analytic Data file, which contains the merged Baseline and Follow-Up files along with supplemental variables. Beginning with Cohort 6, the Follow-Up Data were included only in the Analytic file. The HOS consists of the SF-36 Health Survey, which yields physical and mental health summary measures, as well as questions on topics such as chronic medical conditions, activities of daily living (ADLs), depression, smoking, physical health symptoms, weight and height, and additional questions corresponding to HEDIS (Health Care Employer Data and Information Set) measures such as urinary incontinence in older adults, osteoporosis testing in older women, and fall risk management. In 2006, CMS implemented the Medicare HOS 2.0 for Medicare Advantage Organizations (MAOs) which evaluates physical and mental health status using the Veteran RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12). The revised instrument contains questions that gather information for case-mix and risk-adjustment variables, and collects information on respondents' physical functioning, bodily pain, social functioning, mental health, vitality, general health, and how respondents' physical and emotional health affects their lives. The survey includes case-mix adjustment variables which may be used to adjust the survey response data for beneficiary characteristics that are known to be related to systematic biases in the way people respond to survey questions. Demographic information includes respondent's age, gender, race, education level, marital status, annual household income, and geographic region.
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Mental and Substance Use Disorders Prevalence Study (MDPS), United States, 2020-2022 (ICPSR 38953)

Released/updated on: 2024-02-12
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 2019-10-01--2022-10-01
The Mental and Substance Use Disorders Prevalence Study (MDPS) is a pilot program designed to estimate the prevalence of specific mental and substance use disorders among U.S. adults 18-65 years of age. The MDPS is also designed to estimate the percentage of individuals with these specific mental and substance use disorders who receive treatment. The study is funded by SAMHSA. To estimate the prevalence of specific mental and substance use disorders, the MDPS design addresses two gaps in prior general population survey efforts: (1) the exclusion of institutionalized populations at high risk for disorders, and (2) the reliance on nonclinical or screening scales to estimate mental and substance use disorders. The specific disorders of interest measured in the MDPS are past 12-month and lifetime schizophrenia spectrum disorders (defined as including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophreniform), past 12-month bipolar I disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, and past 12-month alcohol, opioid, cannabis, stimulant, and sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic use disorders. The MDPS sample included individuals residing in the residential household population and in three non-household populations: state/federal prisons, state psychiatric hospitals, and homeless shelters. The MDPS also utilizes the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5; First et al., 2015), delivered by trained mental health clinicians, which is the gold standard for mental and substance use disorder diagnostic assessment. The MDPS was a cooperative agreement between RTI International and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
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Mental Health Concerns of Gay and Bisexual Men Seeking Mental Health Services, 2000 [United States] (ICPSR 22121)

Released/updated on: 2010-06-17
Geographic coverage: United States, New England
Time period: 2000-01-01--2000-06-01
This retrospective chart review was conducted on gay and bisexual men who presented for a mental health intake at a health center between January 2000 and June 2000 during which time intake procedures and assessments remained the same. Mental health intakes consisted of one- to three-hour clinical interviews conducted by psychologists and clinical social workers, who determined treatment recommendations and assignments. Current presenting problem(s) and history of them; prior medical, mental health and substance abuse treatment; current symptoms; areas of impaired functioning; and abuse history were included. Because mental health is a key component of overall quality of life, mental health providers who work with MSM can use these data to increase awareness of the types of mental concerns that are most distressing to this population.
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Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 1) National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE), 1996-1997 (ICPSR 3725)

Released/updated on: 2023-01-25
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1996-03-01--1997-03-01
The National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE) is one of the in-depth studies that are part of the MacAuthur Foundation National Survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS). The purpose of the NSDE is to examine the day-to-day lives, particularly the daily stressful experiences, of a subsample of MIDUS respondents. Although previous daily diary research has advanced understanding of daily stress processes, there are important limitations in these studies that are addressed in the NSDE. First, previous studies in this area have relied on small and often unrepresentative samples that limit the ability to generalize findings. For this reason, the NSDE uses a large national sample of adults in the United States. Second, previous studies of individual differences in exposure and reactivity to daily events have typically examined only one source of variability, such as personality, to the exclusion of others. The NSDE corrects this problem by utilizing the data collected in the larger MIDUS survey on a wide array of sociodemographic and psychosocial variables to study the determinants of exposure and reactivity to daily stress. Third, previous studies have failed to investigate the role of genetics in both exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. The NSDE has a subsample of identical and fraternal same-sex twin pairs in order to explore this issue. The twins were selected if twin pairs had high self-reported certainty of zygosity, had completed the MIDUS interview and questionnaires, and had mailed in their cheek cell samples. A wide range of information was obtained using the daily telephone interview. Conducting interviews for an entire year provided information about seasonal variation in daily experiences. Respondents completed an average of 7.2 of the 8 interviews resulting in a total of 10,397 days of interviews. Data collection consisted of 40 separate "flights" of interviews with each flight representing the eight-day sequence of interviews from approximately 33 respondents. The entire interview was CATI programmed, which enabled researchers to incorporate skip patterns and open ended probe questions as well as to keypunch data during the interview, allowing data cleaning throughout the data collection. Demographic information includes gender and age.