Showing 1 – 8 of 8 results.
Curated
Simple Crosstabs
National Study of Tolerance and Political Ideology, 1973 (ICPSR 8487)
Released/updated on: 2025-09-17
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1973-03-01--1973-05-31
Tolerance for nonconformity within the general public and among civic leaders was investigated in this survey, providing correlates between ideology and political tolerance. Respondents were first queried for awareness of and opinions on a variety of social and political topics such as crime, taxes, left- and right-wing radical politics, women in politics, school integration, drugs, and welfare. Further questions addressed opinions on free speech, authority, and knowledge and attitudes regarding communism and fascism. Background information includes newspaper, magazine, and book readership, hours of television watched, political alignment, religious attitudes, and organizational memberships. Demographic data such as age, educational attainment, employment, and ethnic background are also provided.
Self-published
Self-construal and conformity (ICPSR 184271)
Released/updated on: 2023-01-25
Social influence is ubiquitous in our daily lives, influencing our opinions, beliefs, and behaviors. Individual differences may determine who is most likely to conform to the opinions of others. More specifically, individual differences in interdependent and independent self-construal determine an individual’s sensitivity to and focus on their social surroundings. Relatedly, society traditionally ascribes and prescribes different levels of agency (independence) and communion (interdependence) to men and women. Here, we examined how individual differences in self-construal, and their congruence with gender expectations, influence how people process and respond to social feedback. Results from independent behavioral and neuroimaging samples show that a stronger interdependent self-construal was associated with increased likelihood of conformity, whereas an independent self-construal was not. Further, neuroimaging data suggests that the relationship between brain activity and conformity is moderated by the congruence of gender stereotypes and self-construal. Specifically, stereotypically congruent women (with stronger interdependence) and men (with stronger independence) showed increased activity in mentalizing regions (and value regions in men) when conforming. Stereotypically incongruent women (with stronger independence) and men (with stronger interdependence) showed decreased mentalizing activity when conforming. These results shed light on underlying (neuro)psychological mechanisms that are associated with conformity among different groups.
Curated
Partially restricted
Simple Crosstabs
Survey on Regional and Ethnic Prejudice, Italy, 1994 (ICPSR 38167)
Released/updated on: 2022-08-22
Geographic coverage: Italy
Time period: 1994-04-11--1994-05-17
The 1994 Survey on Regional and Ethnic Prejudice in Italy was designed to assess the attitudes of Italians toward recent immigrants from Africa and Eastern Europe, and to measure the current state of relations between Northern and Southern Italians. It also included many items on politics and society. The study was conducted in a key period of Italian history after the collapse of political parties in the postwar system.
Self-published
Spontaneous convergence in cooperating dyads as explained by a reinforcement learning model of conformity (ICPSR 173241)
Released/updated on: 2022-07-24
Conformity is one of the most basic forms of social influence and it has been studied under a variety of conditions. However, little is known about the mechanisms which explain how convergence emerges and changes on the bases of exposure to other’s actions. Most of the paradigms used to study this phenomenon induce behavioural convergence using a group rating task, a judgement task or game theory competition/cooperation frameworks. The aim of the current research was to create an experimental paradigm where cooperation emerges naturally and allowed to study the process of learning to adapt to other’s behaviour. First, 40 dyads performed a set of activities, either individually (I) or cooperatively (C). Then, participants performed a dyadic decision-making task in which they had to decide the position of a point and had the chance to change their guesses based on their peer responses. Importantly, convergence of responses was not explicitly instructed, nor rewarded. Responses were modelled using a Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm. Results showed a significantly higher level of convergence in C compared to the I group. In addition, participants in the C group reported a more trusting, satisfactory, rewarded, and synched overall experience. Also, RL Temporal Difference algorithm showed higher learning rate and explained better the convergence behaviour of the C group compared to the I group. Our study validates a new proposal to study conformity spontaneously appearing under cooperation.
Curated
Simple Crosstabs
National Race and Politics Survey, United States, 1991 (ICPSR 38172)
Released/updated on: 2022-04-21
Geographic coverage: United States
Time period: 1991-02-01--1991-11-30
The 1991 National Race and Politics Survey was a nationwide random-digit telephone survey carried out by the Survey Research Center of the University of California, Berkeley. A mailback survey of willing respondents to the telephone survey was also carried out. Data from the mailback survey are also included in the data file.
The telephone and mailback surveys included many questions related to racial attitudes and political orientation. There were also many questions on values, personality measures, and goals. A multi-disciplinary research team planned the survey and developed the questionnaire. The telephone interview was a computer-assisted survey that incorporated many randomized experiments, including vignettes and unobtrusive measures.
Self-published
Conformity and Mask-Wearing (ICPSR 144983)
Released/updated on: 2021-07-13
Geographic coverage: New York, United States, London, England, United Kingdom
Time period: 2020-09-01--2020-09-30
Observational data of 1150 individuals in public spaces across 7 webcam locations: 1) Bourbon Street, New Orleans; 2) Abbey Road, London; 3) Times Square, 4) and Little Italy, New York City; 5) Duval Street, Key West; 6) Essex Gate, Dublin; and 7) Freemont Street, Las Vegas. (www.earthcam.com). Data are coded for COVID-19 mask-wearing behavior. September 9th – 15th, 2020.
Curated
The Justice of Land in a Land of Injustice, 2004 (ICPSR 30102)
Released/updated on: 2011-11-29
Geographic coverage: Africa, South Africa, Global
Time period: 2004-02-11--2004-10-07
The Justice of Land in a Land of Injustice study was conducted in South Africa. This study examined the lingering effects of Apartheid, with a focus on land distribution. Respondents were asked about their media usage, their interest in politics, whether they discussed politics with others, the general economic situation in South Africa, and their family's standard of living. They were then asked about their relationships with other people, including whether they got along with those with differing opinions, viewpoints, and values. Respondents were also asked about property rights. Questions included whether the land rights of the wealthy should be reduced, if community rights were more important than individual rights, if only property owners should be allowed to vote, if people had a right to land they had lived on for a long time despite not owning it, whether people should receive compensation if their land should be taken away for land reform, the possible consequences of taking away land rights, if land should be taken away from certain groups only, or whether all land right claims should be denied. Respondents were queried about civil rights and freedoms. Questions included how important rights such as free speech, the right to protest, and the right to land ownership were to them. They were also asked whether it was acceptable for the police to search houses without permission in order to fight crime and if sometimes it would be necessary to ignore the law to solve problems. Respondents were then asked to list the groups they do and do not identify with, and how they felt about being a member of a group. They were asked to self-categorize into groups and then queried about their interactions and relations with other groups. They were asked how much contact they had with other groups and how many of their "true" friends were members of different groups. Respondents were also asked how well they understood the customs of other groups, if they were uncomfortable being around or sharing the same political party with a group, and if South Africa would be better off if other groups were not present. Next, respondents were asked about Apartheid. Questions included how many Black people were harmed by Apartheid, if large companies both inside and outside of South Africa were to blame for the harm done, and whether these companies should be forced to pay for the harm they caused under Apartheid. Additionally, they were queried about their life under Apartheid compared to their current life, including past experiences such as having to use a pass to move around, and being assaulted by the police. Respondents were also asked about their knowledge of government organizations including the South African Constitutional Court and Parliament, and their satisfaction with these organizations. They were then asked how important certain issues were to them such as drugs, unemployment, and racial reconciliation. Additionally, they were asked about the election of leaders, and whether multi-party elections were effective ways to choose those leaders. Respondents were also asked about the goods they owned and their financial assets. The survey also included several vignettes with scenarios of land disputes, which were read to the respondents. They were then asked their opinions of the possible outcomes of these vignettes. Demographic information included age, year of birth, highest education level completed, language spoken mostly at home, attendance at places of religious worship, religion, employment status, household composition, how long they have lived in their current community, whether that community had a Traditional Leader, ownership of goods, membership in organizations, whether someone close has died of AIDS, has AIDS, or are HIV positive, and province, size, and metropolitan area of residence. Finally, interviewer attributes and observations are included.
Curated
Public Attitudes Toward Deviant Behavior, 1972: Iowa, New Jersey, and Oregon (ICPSR 8480)
Released/updated on: 1992-02-16
Geographic coverage: Oregon, Iowa, United States, New Jersey
The specific purpose of this study was to gather data concerning individuals' perceptions of the likelihood of being caught and punished for committing various minor offenses. However, this study also provides data on several other topics ranging from the respondent's opinion on the importance of following social norms to self-reports of deviant behavior.