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CrimeStat III: A Spatial Statistics Program for the Analysis of Crime Incident Locations (Version 3.3), United States, 2010 (ICPSR 2824)

Released/updated on: 2023-03-30

Geographic coverage: United States

CrimeStat III is a spatial statistics program for the analysis of crime incident locations, developed by Ned Levine and Associates under the direction of Ned Levine, PhD, that was funded by grants from the National Institute of Justice (grants 1997-IJ-CX-0040, 1999-IJ-CX-0044, 2002-IJ-CX-0007, and 2005-IJ-CX-K037). The program is Windows-based and interfaces with most desktop GIS programs. The purpose is to provide supplemental statistical tools to aid law enforcement agencies and criminal justice researchers in their crime mapping efforts. CrimeStat is being used by many police departments around the country as well as by criminal justice and other researchers.

The program inputs incident locations (e.g., robbery locations) in 'dbf', 'shp', ASCII or ODBC-compliant formats using either spherical or projected coordinates. It calculates various spatial statistics and writes graphical objects to ArcGIS, MapInfo, Surfer for Windows, and other GIS packages.

CrimeStat is organized into five sections:

Data Setup

Primary file - this is a file of incident or point locations with X and Y coordinates. The coordinate system can be either spherical (lat/lon) or projected. Intensity and weight values are allowed. Each incident can have an associated time value.
Secondary file - this is an associated file of incident or point locations with X and Y coordinates. The coordinate system has to be the same as the primary file. Intensity and weight values are allowed. The secondary file is used for comparison with the primary file in the risk-adjusted nearest neighbor clustering routine and the duel kernel interpolation.
Reference file - this is a grid file that overlays the study area. Normally, it is a regular grid though irregular ones can be imported. CrimeStat can generate the grid if given the X and Y coordinates for the lower-left and upper-right corners.
Measurement parameters - This page identifies the type of distance measurement (direct, indirect or network) to be used and specifies parameters for the area of the study region and the length of the street network. CrimeStat III has the ability to utilize a network for linking points. Each segment can be weighted by travel time, travel speed, travel cost or simple distance. This allows the interaction between points to be estimated more realistically.

Spatial Description

Spatial distribution - statistics for describing the spatial distribution of incidents, such as the mean center, center of minimum distance, standard deviational ellipse, the convex hull, or directional mean.
Spatial autocorrelation - statistics for describing the amount of spatial autocorrelation between zones, including general spatial autocorrelation indices - Moran's I , Geary's C, and the Getis-Ord General G, and correlograms that calculate spatial autocorrelation for different distance separations - the Moran, Geary, Getis-Ord correlograms. Several of these routines can simulate confidence intervals with a Monte Carlo simulation.
Distance analysis I - statistics for describing properties of distances between incidents including nearest neighbor analysis, linear nearest neighbor analysis, and Ripley's K statistic. There is also a routine that assigns the primary points to the secondary points, either on the basis of nearest neighbor or point-in-polygon, and then sums the results by the secondary point values.
Distance analysis II - calculates matrices representing the distance between points for the primary file, for the distance between the primary and secondary points, and for the distance between either the primary or secondary file and the grid.
'Hot spot' analysis I - routines for conducting 'hot spot' analysis including the mode, the fuzzy mode, hierarchical nearest neighbor clustering, and risk-adjusted nearest neighbor hierarchical clustering. The hierarchical nearest neighbor hot spots can be output as ellipses or convex hulls.
'Hot spot' analysis II - more routines for conducting hot spot analysis including the Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Crime (STAC), K-means clustering, Anselin's local Moran, and the Getis-Ord local G statistics. The STAC and K-means hot spots can be output as ellipses or convex hulls. All of these routines can simulate confidence intervals with a Monte Carlo simulation.

Spatial Modeling

Interpolation I - a single-variable kernel density estimation routine for producing a surface or contour estimate of the density of incidents (e.g., burglaries) and a dual-variable kernel density estimation routine for comparing the density of incidents to the density of an underlying baseline (e.g., burglaries relative to the number of households).
Interpolation II - a Head Bang routine for smoothing zonal data that can be applied to events (volumes), rates or can be used to create rates. In addition, there is an interpolated Head Bang routine for interpolating the smoothed Head Bang result to grid cells.
Space-time analysis - a set of tools for analyzing clustering in time and in space. These include the Knox and Mantel indices, which look for the relationship between time and space, and the Correlated Walk Analysis module, which analyzes and predicts the behavior of a serial offender and a spatial-temporal moving average.
Journey to crime analysis - a simple criminal justice method for estimating the likely location of a serial offender given the distribution of incidents and a model of travel distance. The routine allows the user to estimate a travel model with a calibration file and apply it to the serial events. It can be used to identify a likely location given the distribution of 'points' and assumptions about travel behavior. There is a routine for drawing lines between origins and destinations (crime trips).
Bayesian journey to crime analysis - an advanced criminal justice method for estimating the likely location of a serial offender given the distribution of incidents, a model of travel distance, and an origin-destination matrix showing the relationship between where crimes were committed and where offenders lived. A diagnostics routine analyzes serial offenders for whom their residence is known and estimates which of several journey to crime estimates is most accurate. A selected method can be applied to identify a likely residence location of a single serial offender given the distribution of incidents, assumptions about travel behavior, and the origin of offenders who committed crimes in the same locations.
Regression modeling - a module for analyzing a relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. The CrimeStat regression module includes both Ordinary Least Squares and Poisson-based regression models, estimated from Maximum Likelihood (MLE) or Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. The current version includes six different models including OLS, Poisson with Linear Dispersion Correction, Poisson-Gamma and a Poisson-Gamma-Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) spatial regression model. The module can handle very large datasets through a Block Sampling approach. There is also a module for applying estimated coefficients to a new dataset to make predictions.

Crime Travel Demand Modeling

Crime travel demand modeling is a new module in CrimeStat III. It is an application of travel demand modeling, widely used in transportation planning, to crime analysis. The analysis is done by zones. First, crime 'trips' are defined as a link between an offender residence/origin location and a crime location. The number of crimes originating in each zone is counted as is the number of crimes ending in each zone. Second, the model is run sequentially in four separate stages with multiple routine in each stage:

Trip Generation - Separate models are produced that predict the number of crimes originating in each zone (origins) and the number of crimes ending in each zone (destinations). CrimeStat III uses a multivariate Poisson regression model, with stepwise options, to create the prediction. Trips from outside the study area (external trips) can be added to the origin model to account for travel from outside the region. Once the models are created, a balancing procedure ensures that the number of origins equals the number of destinations.
Trip Distribution - Using the predicted number of crime trips originating in each zone and the predicted number of trips occurring in each zone, the second stage distributes trips from each zone to every other zone using a gravity model. There are routines for calculating the actual (observed) distribution from individual data, for estimating the prediction coefficients, and for applying the predicted coefficients to the predicted origins and destinations. Another routine allows a comparison of the predicted trip distribution with the observed trip distribution.
Mode Split - The predicted number of trips for each zone-to-zone pair can be split into likely travel modes using an accessibility function that approximates the utility of one mode relative to the others.
Network Assignment - Finally, the predicted trips from each zone to every other zone by travel mode are assigned to a likely route based on the shortest path algorithm. The output includes the likely routes taken for each origin-destination zone pair and the total volume of trips on network links. This step requires a travel network, one for each travel mode. There are additional utilities for calculating transit networks from station/stop locations and for testing for one-way streets.

Options

Parameters can be saved and re-loaded.
Tab colors can be changed.
Monte Carlo simulation data can be output.

CrimeStat is accompanied by sample datasets and a manual that gives the background behind the statistics and examples. The manual also discusses applications of CrimeStat developed by other analysts and researchers. The program and sample data sets are in Windows-based zipped files that can be downloaded. The manual is a set of individual chapters in PDF files. They can be viewed online or downloaded. If downloading the PDF chapters separately, they should be saved into the same directory as the CrimeStat program. If the PDF file names are not renamed, they can be accessed directly from the program's help menu.

CrimeStat Libraries

The CrimeStat Libraries (version 1.0) are component objects that allow for the functions of CrimeStat to be programmed directly into custom software or systems. The CrimeStat Libraries include all of the routines that were developed through version 2.0 of the regular CrimeStat program, including spatial description, hot spot analysis, and kernel density interpolation routines. Additional spatial autocorrelation routines have been included. The libraries can input dbf, shape, and Ascii text files and can output to shape file, MIF/MID files, ASCII text files, and KML files.

External data

SETUPS: Voting Behavior: The 2008 Election (ICPSR 26121)

Released/updated on: 2009-09-15

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2008-01-01--2008-12-31

Voting Behavior: The 2008 Election is an instructional module designed to offer students the opportunity to analyze a dataset drawn from the 2008 American National Election Study (ANES). This instructional module is part of the SETUPS (Supplementary Empirical Teaching Units in Political Science) series and differs from previous modules in that it is completely online, including the data analysis system components.

External data

CrimeStat III User Workbook and Data (ICPSR 23622)

Released/updated on: 2008-10-16

The Mapping and Analysis for Public Safety (MAPS) Program in conjunction with the National Law Enforcement, Corrections and Technology Center - Southeast (NLECTC-SE) in Charleston, South Carolina, announce the free download of a CrimeStat workbook designed specifically for crime analysts in the use of CrimeStat III. The data used in the workbook are also provided. Further, a PowerPoint file covering the workbook and all lessons is provided for download for those wanting to instruct a class. CrimeStat III is a Windows-based spatial statistics software package used for analyzing crime data from law enforcement and criminal justice agencies. Output produced from the software can be used with a geographic information system (GIS) to support and enhance the tactical and strategic analysis efforts of police departments. The workbook covers how to prepare data for CrimeStat, produce results and import them into ArcGIS 9.x for further analysis or presentation. It also covers entering data into CrimeStat III, basic descriptive statistics from Spatial Distribution, measures of clustering in Distance Analysis, several 'Hot Spot' techniques, and using both single and dual Kernel Density Interpolation. Upon completion of the workbook and exercises, users are able to immediately make use of CrimeStat at their own agencies in the analysis of crime patterns and trends.

External data

School Crime Operations Package (School COP Software) (ICPSR 23543)

Released/updated on: 2008-10-09

Geographic coverage: United States

The School Crime Operations Package (School COP) is a software application developed by Abt Associates Inc. with funding from the National Institute of Justice. School COP is a free software package that persons responsible for school safety can use to enter, analyze, and map criminal incidents and school rule violations that occur in and around K-12 schools. School COP organizes information according to the data model that the United States Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics' Crime, Violence, and Discipline Reporting Task Force recommends. The School COP database includes data related to the incident (e.g., date, time, type, location) and to persons involved in the incident (e.g., name, grade, action taken). In other words, School COP is an incident-based system, rather than a student-based system. School COP offers a variety of techniques for analyzing school incidents, including tabular reports, bar graphs, pie charts, and maps. School COP can be installed on any Windows (95 or later) PC. It requires no other software to run, and is usable without formal training.

The origin of this project is an award to Abt Associates Inc. that was funded under the National Institute of Justice's (NIJ) June 1999 "Safe Schools Technology" solicitation, which requested proposals for innovative approaches to using technology to enhance the safety of our nation's elementary and secondary schools. School COP was initially released on CD-ROM in January 2001, and made available at the School COP Web site in June 2001. This Windows version of School COP was generally designed for individuals, for a single school, or for small offices within a school district. Abt Associates Inc. was subsequently awarded another grant in 2001 to enhance the School Crime Operations Package (School COP) and to conduct an evaluation of this software, which is used to enter and analyze incidents that occur on school campuses.

Two types of enhancements were made. First, an enhanced Windows version of School COP was developed that could run on a local- or wide-area network, thus allowing multiple users within a single school or across multiple schools to share a common School COP database. The enhanced Windows version also included two utilities: a Merge application (which enables a district-level School COP database to be constructed by merging several individual databases) and a Viewer application (which enables users to view -- but not add, edit, or delete -- incident information). Second, Web School COP was developed to meet the diverse information needs of persons charged with maintaining safe schools in large school districts, including persons at the school-level (e.g., principals, assistant principals, security officers, and school resource officers), the district-level (e.g., district-level administrators and security staff), as well as possibly parent organizations and state-level administrators. Web School COP was designed to run on either an Intranet (e.g., the school district's private Internet) or a secure third-party Web server, and was built to run on the current Microsoft Web platform.

The evaluation of School COP entailed case studies of six sites to address three main issues: (1) what decision process do sites go through when deciding whether to use School COP, (2) once the site decides to use School COP, what implementation obstacles exist, including those related to installation, customization, and training, and (3) what benefits do sites realize from using School COP.

External data

Statistics Online Computational Resource (ICPSR 208)

Released/updated on: 2008-05-15

The Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR) Web site provides a number of interactive tools for enhancing instruction in various undergraduate and graduate courses in probability and statistics. These resources include online instructional materials, statistical calculators, interactive graphical user interfaces, computational and simulation applets, tools for data analysis and visualization. The tools provided as part of SOCR include conceptual simulations and statistical computing interfaces, which are designed to bridge between the introductory and the more advanced computational and applied probability and statistics courses.

External data

National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD) Web Site (ICPSR 152)

Released/updated on: 2006-03-31

The National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD) preserves and distributes computerized crime and justice data from Federal agencies, state agencies, and investigator initiated research projects to users for secondary statistical analysis. Founded in 1978 as part of the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), NACJD is supported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) in the United States Department of Justice. Twelve subject areas define the annual NACJD catalog: (1) attitude surveys, (2) community studies, (3) corrections, (4) court case processing, (5) courts, (6) criminal justice system, (7) crime and delinquency, (8) official statistics, (9) police, (10) victimization, (11) drugs, alcohol, and crime, and (12) computer programs and instructional packages. Among the many tools available at the NACJD Web site are online resource guides that provide detailed information about complex or frequently accessed data collections. The Web site also features an online data analysis system (DAS) that allows users to conduct analyses on selected datasets.

Curated

PRINCE Project: International Transactions, Issue Specific Interactions and Power Data Sets, 1966-1972 (ICPSR 5006)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18

Geographic coverage: Benin, Cambodia, Sudan, Paraguay, Portugal, Syria, North Korea, Greece, Morocco, Iran, Mali, Panama, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq, Chile, Laos, Nepal, Argentina, Tanzania, Zambia, Ghana, Belize, India, Canada, Maldives, Turkey, Belgium, Finland, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Central African Republic, Jamaica, Peru, Germany, Yemen, Vietnam (Socialist Republic), United States, Guinea, China (Peoples Republic), Somalia, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Thailand, Libya, Costa Rica, Sweden, Malawi, Poland, Kuwait, Jordan, Nigeria, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Uruguay, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, Kenya, Switzerland, Spain, Lebanon, Liberia, Cuba, Venezuela, Czech Republic, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Swaziland, Israel, Australia, Soviet Union, Myanmar, Cameroon, Cyprus, Malaysia, Iceland, Global, Gabon, South Korea, Austria, Yugoslavia, El Salvador, Luxembourg, Brazil, Algeria, Lesotho, Ecuador, Colombia, Hungary, Japan, Mauritius, Albania, New Zealand, taiwan, Senegal, Italy, Honduras, Ethiopia, Haiti, Afghanistan, Burundi, Singapore, Egypt, Bolivia, Malta, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Gambia, Ireland, Slovakia, France, Romania, Togo, Niger, Philippines, Rwanda, Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Barbados, Norway, Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Indonesia

Time period: 1966-01-01--1972-12-31

This data collection is composed of four files: one World Event Interaction Survey file (Part 1), and three data values files including an Aggregate Data Values file (Part 2), a Treaty Data Values Issue Position file (Part 3), and an Event Data Values Issue Position File (Part 4). The datasets were created as part of the PRINCE Project of the International Relations Program of Syracuse University and are designed to provide estimates for the values of the principal variables used in the model underlying PRINCE, a programmed international computer environment, but may be used for other research and teaching purposes. Variables in these files pertain to issue positions, influence attempts, power, affect, and economic, diplomatic, and social transactions. The World Event Interaction Survey file (Part 1) contains information on the type, direction, and effect of transaction, the type and value of issue acts, geographic location, and topic and value of expressions of affect. A total of 5,593 acts coded for 231 dyads (directional) include acts of the United States toward 106 nations, acts of 104 nations toward the United States, acts among the members of 19 directional dyads, and acts from Israel to Egypt and Egypt to Israel, in the period 1966-1969. The Aggregate Data Values file (Part 2) contains measurements of power and transaction levels for the 107 nations in Part 1. Data were collected for 1967 for most of the variables in this file. Information is provided on gross national product (GNP), population estimates, military expenditures, United States' and the nations' diplomats, the nations' exports to and imports from the United States, United States' tourists to and from the nations, the number of United States' students in the nations and the number of students from the nations in the United States, and the number of the nations' telegraph messages to and from the United States. The Treaty Data Values Issue Position file (Part 3) contains data for 122 nations coded for 55 treaties accepted as of December 31, 1968. These are grouped into six issue areas: human rights, law of the sea, diplomatic and consular matters, narcotic drugs, transport and communications, and educational matters and obscene publications. The Event Data Values Issue Position file (Part 4) contains data for 49 nations coded for 312 acts during January 1, 1972, through June 30, 1972. Variables measuring issue position per act provide information on date, actor, target, issue, geographic location, and type of statement that indicates the policy preference a state has on an international issue.

Curated

Reconstruction of Oliver Benson's "Simple Diplomatic Game" (ICPSR 5907)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18

Geographic coverage: Global

Time period: 1965-01-01--1965-12-31

This data collection contains a revised version of the Simple Diplomatic Game, one of the first all-computer simulations in the international relations field developed by Oliver Benson in 1959. It represents an early attempt to articulate a number of "loose" assumptions about international behavior into a set of computer instructions such that high-speed computing equipment can be used to simulate a variety of international crises situations. The earlier computer simulation program is reconstructed in this study for 25 nations in 1965 for the purpose of examining the advantages and disadvantages inherent in these simulations and gauging what might be expected of computer simulation methodology in general. The main data matrix contains nine categories of indicators of natural and technical resources used in computing the war potential of each nation, values for nine indicators of aggressiveness used for computing the propensity-to-act index, a numeric code (0-4) indicating alliance membership, a one or zero indicating the nuclear or non-nuclear status of each country, a tally of losses suffered by each coalition member as a result of an unsuccessful initiative on the part of the coalition leader, a statistic for total exports and imports for each country, degrees of longitude for a major industrial area in each country, and degrees of latitude for these industrial areas. Benson's simulation is reprogrammed in this collection in BASIC computer language for use in an on-line, time-sharing environment. Seven additional nations were added and the database for all nations was updated.

Curated

United States Geological Survey Digital Cartographic Data Standards: Digital Line Graphs from 1:2,000,000-Scale Maps (ICPSR 8379)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-18

Geographic coverage: Vermont, New York, Rhode Island, United States, Maine, Connecticut, New Hampshire

This dataset consists of cartographic data in digital line graph (DLG) form for the northeastern states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont). Information is presented on two planimetric base categories, political boundaries and administrative boundaries, each available in two formats: the topologically structured format and a simpler format optimized for graphic display. These DGL data can be used to plot base maps and for various kinds of spatial analysis. They may also be combined with other geographically referenced data to facilitate analysis, for example the Geographic Names Information System.

Curated

Automated Reporting System Pilot Project in Los Angeles, 1990 (ICPSR 9969)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: United States, Los Angeles

Time period: 1990-04-01--1990-12-31

The purpose of this pilot project was to determine if preliminary investigation report (PIR) data filed by patrol officers could be collected via laptop computers to allow the direct input of the data into the Los Angeles Police Department Crime and Arrest Database without adversely affecting the personnel taking or using the reports. This data collection addresses the following questions: (1) Did officers and supervisors prefer the automated reporting system (ARS) or the handwritten version of the PIR? (2) Did the ARS affect the job satisfaction or morale of officers and supervisors? (3) Did the ARS reduce the amount of time that patrol officers, supervisors, and clerks spent on paperwork? (4) Did the ARS affect the accuracy of information contained in the PIRs? (5) Did detectives and prosecuting attorneys find the ARS a more reliable source than handwritten PIRs? Officers and supervisors in two divisions of the Los Angeles Police Department, Wilshire and Hollywood, participated as control and experimental groups. The control group continued using handwritten ("existing") PIRs while the experimental group used the automated PIRs (ARS). The General Information Questionnaire collected information on each officer's rank, assignment, watch, gender, age, years with the Los Angeles Police Department, education, job morale, job demands, self-esteem, computer anxiety, and relationship with supervisor and other officers. The Job Performance Rating Form gathered data on work efforts, depth of job knowledge, work quality, oral and written skills, and capacity to learn. The Time Study Sheets collected data on investigation time, writing and editing time, travel time, approval and correction time, review time, errors by type, and data input time for both the handwritten and automated forms. The Evaluation of the Existing Form and the Evaluation of the Automated Form both queried respondents on ease of use, system satisfaction, and productivity loss. The ARS Use Questionnaire asked about ease of use, typing skills, computer skills, comfort with the system, satisfaction with training, and preference for the system. The Hollywood Detective Division ARS Use Questionnaire surveyed detectives on the system's ease of use, task improvement, support for continued use, and preference for the system. The PIR Content Evaluation Form collected data on quality of officers' observations, organization and writing skills, physical evidence, statements of victims, witnesses, and suspects, and offense classification. The Caplan Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity subscales were used in the design of the questionnaires.

Curated

Geographic Names Information System: National Geographic Names Data Base, Populated Places in the United States (ICPSR 8369)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: North Carolina, Indiana, Wyoming, Utah, Guam, Virgin Islands of the United States, Arizona, Montana, Kentucky, California, Kansas, Florida, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Iowa, Illinois, Texas, Connecticut, Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, Idaho, Oregon, Vermont, Puerto Rico, United States, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Maine, Alabama, Arkansas, Washington, South Carolina, Nebraska, West Virginia, Massachusetts, Colorado, Missouri, Alaska, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Nevada, New York, District of Columbia, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Hawaii, Minnesota, New Jersey, Michigan, New Mexico, New Hampshire, Louisiana, Ohio

The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to meet major national needs regarding geographic names and their standardization and dissemination. This dataset consists of standard report files written from the National Geographic Names Data Base, one of five data bases maintained in the GNIS. A standard format data file for each of the fifty States, the District of Columbia and the four Insular Territories of the United States is included, as well as a file that provides a Cross-Reference to USGS 7.5 x 7.5 minute quadrangle maps. The records in the data files are organized in an alphabetized listing of all of the names in a particular state or territory. The other variables available in the dataset include: Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) state/county codes, Geographic Coordinates-- latitude and longitude to degrees, minutes, and seconds followed by a single digit alpha directional character, and a GNIS Map Code that can be used with the Cross-Reference file to provide the name of the 7.5 x 7.5 minute quadrangle map that contains that geographic feature.

Curated

Special Program Information Tape (ICPSR 8372)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: United States

This collection of computer programs and test data files was compiled by the Census Bureau for use with GEOGRAPHIC BASE FILE/DUAL INDEPENDENT MAP ENCODING (GBF/DIME), 1980 (ICPSR 8378). This collection consists of files grouped into five categories: Special Program Information Tape (SPIT) Datasets, UNIMATCH System Datasets, ADMATCH System Datasets, EASYMAP System Datasets, and EASYCORD System Datasets. Some of the capabilities of the programs in this collection include: mapping files for which complicated data manipulation is required, generating individualized lists of candidates for carpools, linking of records on the basis of street address, creating shaded area maps for statistical display, and producing a map coordinate system.

Curated

C80 Computer Program: 1980 Census Data Retrieval Package (ICPSR 9055)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1980-01-01--1980-12-31

This C80 computer program was written by ICPSR to retrieve and print data items from the 1980 Census Summary Tape Files (STFs). Development of the program was supported by a grant from the Administration on Aging, United States Department of Health and Human Services, which was seeking easy-to-use software for utilization by its state and area agencies on aging. C80 is written in Fortran IV and includes its own database dictionary for the STF 1 data files. This software can access any of the separate state or national data files from the STF 1 series, and can retrieve from them any combination of data items and geographical entities contained in those files. Output options include several forms of printed tables as well as logical record length data files. C80 automatically checks the "suppression flags" included in the STF 1 data files and recodes the relevant suppressed tabulations upon output. Code for the program and related materials are available as 10 separate files. The C80 program only accesses STF 1 files from the 1980 Census Summary Tape File series and cannot be used with other Summary Tape Files.

Curated

County Boundaries of Selected United States Territories/States, 1790-1980 (ICPSR 9025)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: Indiana, United States, South Dakota, Minnesota, Delaware, New Jersey, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, North Dakota, Maryland, Wisconsin

Time period: 1790-01-01--1980-12-31

This cartographic database was created at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Cartographic Laboratory in conjunction with the Newberry Library and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The collection makes it possible to plot any or all of the territorial/state and county boundaries in the region covered by the states of North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware. The data collection also contains the county names, the names and locations of the corresponding capitals and county seats, and information on the shoreline along the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. All changes in lines, locations, and names are dated to the day according to their legally effective dates. The data collection consists of 38 data files. Part 1 contains all of the cartesian coordinates (in digitizer units) required to define the historical county boundaries for those 14 states. Part 2 contains the "control" needed to convert digitizer units into latitude and longitude. The remaining 36 files contain all of the descriptive information needed to build the appropriate cartographic base for any given date.

Curated

Comparison of Methods for Learning Choropleth Maps [1988-1990: United States] (ICPSR 9759)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: United States

The purpose of this study was to gather information on how people learn choropleth maps and to determine which of various computer display methods is most appropriate for learning this type of map. Software was developed to enable users to explore data commonly portrayed as a choropleth map. The software was then tested in controlled experiments using undergraduates at the University of Kansas. The design for Experiments I and II, which explored reactions to the sequencing of parts of a map as compared to the more traditional method of displaying a map all at once, consisted of formal and informal portions. In the formal portion, the actual effectiveness of traditional and sequenced maps was examined. The speed and accuracy of information acquisition and retention (memory) of subjects was the focus of this phase. In the informal portion, subjects viewed several display methods and (1) picked their most and least preferred methods, (2) explained their preferences, and (3) suggested alternative display methods. Dataset 1 contains data collected in association with the publication listed below. Datasets 2 and 3 consist of data from Experiments I and II, respectively, while Dataset 4 is a text file containing the verbal protocols used for Experiment I.

External data

SETUPS: Voting Behavior: The 2004 Election (ICPSR 185)

Released/updated on: 2005-11-09

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2004-01-01--2004-12-31

Voting Behavior: The 2004 Election is an instructional module designed to offer students the opportunity to analyze a dataset drawn from the 2004 American National Election Study (ANES). This instructional module is part of the SETUPS (Supplementary Empirical Teaching Units in Political Science) series and differs from previous modules in that it is completely online, including the data analysis system components.

Curated

SETUPS: Voting Behavior: The 2000 Election (ICPSR 3356)

Released/updated on: 2002-03-29

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2000-01-01--2000-12-31

This Supplementary Empirical Teaching Units in Political Science (SETUPS) module is designed as an introduction to the study of elections, voting behavior, and survey data through the analysis of the 2000 United States general election. The data are taken from the AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 2000: PRE- AND POST-ELECTION SURVEY (ICPSR 3131), conducted by Nancy Burns, Donald R. Kinder, Steven J. Rosenstone, Virginia Sapiro, and the National Election Studies. A subset of items was drawn from the full election survey, including questions on voting behavior, political involvement, media involvement, candidate images, presidential approval and government performance, economic conditions, ideology, general spending and taxation, social welfare policy, foreign policy and defense issues, social and other domestic issues, civil rights and equality, and general orientations toward government. A number of social and demographic characteristics such as gender, race, age, marital status, education, occupation, income, religious affiliation, region, and employment status are also included.

Curated

Retail Sweep Programs and Bank Reserves (ICPSR 1236)

Released/updated on: 2001-04-02

Geographic coverage: United States

Since January 1994, the Federal Reserve Board has permitted depository institutions in the United States to implement so-called "retail sweep programs." The essence of these programs is computer software that dynamically reclassifies customer deposits from transaction accounts, which are subject to statutory reserve-requirement ratios as high as 10 percent, to money market deposit accounts, which have a zero ratio. Through the use of such software, hundreds of banks have sharply reduced the amount of their required reserves. In many cases, this new lower requirement places no constraint on the bank because it is less than the amount of reserves (vault cash and deposits at the Federal Reserve) that the bank requires for its ordinary day-to-day business. In the terminology introduced by the authors in a previous article (see MEASURING THE ADJUSTED MONETARY BASE IN AN ERA OF FINANCIAL CHANGE [ICPSR 1169]), such deposit-sweeping activity has allowed these banks to become "economically nonbound" and has reduced to zero the economic burden ("tax") due to statutory reserve requirements. In this analysis, the authors examine a large panel of United States banks and develop quantitative estimates of the impact of sweep software programs on the demand for bank reserves.

Curated

SETUPS: Voting Behavior: The 1996 Election (ICPSR 2000)

Released/updated on: 1997-09-26

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1996-01-01--1996-12-31

This Supplementary Empirical Teaching Units in Political Science (SETUPS) module is designed as an introduction to the study of elections, voting behavior, and survey data through the analysis of the 1996 United States general election. The data are taken from the AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1996: PRE- AND POST-ELECTION SURVEY (ICPSR 6896), conducted by Steven J. Rosenstone, Warren E. Miller, Donald R. Kinder, and the National Election Studies. A subset of items was drawn from the full election survey, including questions on voting behavior, political involvement, media involvement, candidate images, presidential approval and government performance, economic conditions, ideology, general spending and taxation, social welfare policy, foreign policy and defense issues, social and other domestic issues, civil rights and equality, and general orientations toward government. A number of social and demographic characteristics such as gender, race, age, marital status, education, occupation, income, religious affiliation, region, and employment status are also included.

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Learning Curve and Optimal Production Under Uncertainty-- Computer Program (ICPSR 1027)

Released/updated on: 1996-01-03

These data and/or computer programs are part of ICPSR's Publication-Related Archive and are distributed exactly as they arrived from the data depositor. ICPSR has not checked or processed this material. Users should consult the INVESTIGATOR(S) if further information is desired.

Curated

A Statistical Inference Engine for Small, Dependent Samples [Version 2.310] (ICPSR 1048)

Released/updated on: 1996-01-03

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SETUPS: American Voting Behavior in Presidential Elections, 1972-1992 (ICPSR 6572)

Released/updated on: 1995-12-20

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1972-01-01--1992-12-31

This Supplementary Empirical Teaching Units in Political Science (SETUPS) module, a cumulative file, permits analysis of elections and voting behavior in the United States across the general election years 1972 through 1992. The data are taken from AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDIES CUMULATIVE DATA FILE, 1952-1992 (ICPSR 8475), conducted by Warren E. Miller and the National Election Studies. A subset of items, including behavioral, attitudinal, and sociodemographic data, were drawn from the full election survey. Variables in this dataset include which party the respondent voted for for president, senator, and representative, as well as the respondent's own party identification. Other items include political involvement, ideology, perceptions of candidate image, opinions about government performance, and attitudes on specific issues. Demographic information on respondents includes gender, race, age, marital status, education, employment status and occupation, income, religion and church attendance, and region of the country and type of community in which the respondent lived.

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SETUPS: Voting Behavior: The 1992 Election (ICPSR 6125)

Released/updated on: 1993-10-11

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1992-01-01--1992-12-31

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SETUPS: Voting Behavior: The 1988 Election (ICPSR 9249)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-17

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1988-01-01--1988-12-31

This SETUPS is designed as an introduction to the study of elections, voting behavior, and survey data through the analysis of the 1988 United States general election. The data are taken from the AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1988: PRE- AND POST-ELECTION SURVEY (ICPSR 9196), conducted by Warren E. Miller and the National Election Studies. A subset of items including behavioral, attitudinal, and sociodemographic data were drawn from the full election survey.

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Computer-Aided International Relations (CAIR) Teaching Package, 1965 (ICPSR 5705)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: Benin, Angola, Cambodia, Sudan, Paraguay, Portugal, Syria, North Korea, Greece, Morocco, Iran, Mali, Panama, Guyana, Iraq, Chile, Laos, Nepal, Argentina, Tanzania, Zambia, Ghana, India, Canada, Maldives, Turkey, Belgium, Taiwan, Finland, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Central African Republic, Jamaica, Peru, Germany, Yemen, Vietnam (Socialist Republic), Puerto Rico, Hong Kong, United States, China (Peoples Republic), Chad, Somalia, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Thailand, Libya, Costa Rica, Sweden, Malawi, Poland, Kuwait, Jordan, Nigeria, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Uruguay, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, Kenya, Switzerland, Spain, Lebanon, Liberia, Cuba, Venezuela, Czech Republic, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Israel, Australia, Soviet Union, Myanmar, Cameroon, Cyprus, Malaysia, Iceland, Global, Gabon, South Korea, Austria, Yugoslavia, Mozambique, El Salvador, Luxembourg, Brazil, Algeria, Lesotho, Ecuador, Colombia, Hungary, Japan, Mauritius, Albania, New Zealand, Senegal, Italy, Honduras, Ethiopia, Haiti, Afghanistan, Burundi, Singapore, Egypt, Sierra Leone, Bolivia, Malta, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Gambia, Ireland, Slovakia, France, Togo, Niger, Philippines, Rwanda, Nicaragua, Barbados, Norway, Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Indonesia

Time period: 1965-01-01--1968-12-31

This teaching package contains data on the national characteristics of 136 nations with populations of one million or more in 1965 and smaller countries that had become members of the United Nations by 1968 in the period 1965-1968. Data are provided for the political, economic, and demographic characteristics of each nation. Political variables provide information on the type of regime, representative character of the regime, government stability, party fractionalization, degree of freedom of group opposition and of the press, communist bloc membership, government action against specific groups, political violence profile, political participation of the military, and anti-government demonstrations. Economic variables provide information on the gross national product (GNP), expenditures on defense and education as a percentage of the GNP, trade, and total United States and Soviet aid received. Variables on population characteristics include total population, urban population, literacy rates, and ethno-linguistic fractionalization. Other variables provide information on the number of diplomats sent abroad, the nation's voting agreements with the United States in the United Nations, and the degree of the nation's westernization.

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War-Peace Module (ICPSR 5908)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States, Egypt, China (Peoples Republic), United Kingdom, Israel, France, Germany, Global, Soviet Union, Syria

This study contains a user-oriented computer module that focuses on 1,951 situations, decisions, and events relative to seven issue areas that emerged from the interactions of ten nations: China, Egypt, France, West Germany, East Germany, the Soviet Union, Israel, Syria, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The module was developed to explicate a number of propositions about war and peace between nations and to combine these propositions into an operating model of an international relations system. It is intended to serve as a technical companion to and provide supplementary flow charts and program listings for the War-Peace module developed in Jeffrey A. Krend's "War and Peace in the International System: Deriving an All-Computer Heuristic." Actors were assessed for their response to perceived threats in either a cooperative or hostile manner relative to each issue in seven key issue areas: German reunification, Israeli survival, Soviet leadership in the communist world, military support for Egypt, national survival and development, international cooperation, and big power hegemony. In addition, the technical aspects of the model were generalized into design criteria for simulations of large-scale social systems in general.

Curated

DICTION Computer Program (ICPSR 5909)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

This data collection contains the DICTION program, a multi-option, high-speed, content-analysis program that retrieves cognitive, affective, and decisional data from speeches, documents, or archival materials. This computer analysis of textual themes by cluster-analysis technique is designed for use with Robert North et al., BRITISH SPEECHES, 1870-1914, AND GERMAN SPEECHES, 1871-1912 (ICPSR 5902). DICTION is used to produce word-frequency dictionaries, to substitute equivalent words into and delete unwanted words from the text, and to count the co-occurrences of pairs of specified keywords in text input. DICTION also includes routines to delete common English suffixes from text words. It is written in Fortran IV for use with the IBM H Compiler (OPT = 2).

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CLUST, INDEX, THRAN, and CONID Computer Programs (ICPSR 5910)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

This data collection contains eight files of computer program source code. All of these programs were written in standard Fortran IV for a CDC 6600 system at Indiana University for use with John Gillespie and Dina Zinnes, WORLD TRADE DATA, 1958-1968 (ICPSR 5402). The CLUST computer program (Parts 1 and 5) finds clusters around nations using a trade index. It allows input such as trade data for all nations in the system and for primary nations around which clusters are built, and produces several types of output data such as raw trade data, computed trade scores, GINI indices of the trade scores, members of each cluster and their cluster contribution scores, and nations that belong to more than one cluster and their respective cluster contribution scores. The INDEX computer program (Parts 2 and 6) takes a score that can be computed from world trade data and computes the score for all possible dyads and the GINI indices of the score for each nation, rotates the matrix and computes the GINI indexes again, finds the set of nations related to a nation on the basis of the score between them being greater than a certain value, and produces a frequency distribution of the scores. The CONID computer program (Parts 3 and 7) computes and prints the observed-expected trade scores between all possible dyads of nations, GINI indices on those scores for each score vis-a-vis the rest of the world, a GINI index on the indices of all nations in the world, and dominance scores for all dyads. The THRAN computer program (Parts 4 and 8) does a "threshold analysis" on a set of paired values using the correlation coefficient. This program breaks a set of ordered pairs that are sorted on the independent variable (X) into subsets so that the correlation coefficient in each subset is maximized.

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Congressional Redistricting Computer Program (ICPSR 7244)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

This collection consists of a computer program designed to reapportion a legislature or any other body of people representing geographical districts. The program was built to produce the districting pattern that would result from agreed-upon values or the diverse patterns resulting from conflicting values. Input information consists of descriptions of units that would make up the districts, such as county, ward, and census tract, plus additional information for each time an area within a state is redistricted, consisting of both factual and value parameters. The output includes old and new districts along with certain characteristics of each old and new district. The program enables the user to adjust the relative weight to be given to three significant considerations: the relative equality of population among the districts (the one man-one vote requirement), the contiguity and degree of compactness of the districts, and the impact of redistricting on the political balance of power.

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Legislative Reapportionment Data, 1962 (ICPSR 7246)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Time period: 1962-01-01--1962-12-31

The data in this package are "representational unit" population totals for 101 American legislative chambers at the time of the Supreme Court's decision in Baker versus Carr (March 26, 1962). The 101 chambers included both houses of the national Congress and of 49 state legislatures, plus Nebraska's unicameral legislature. "Representational unit" is an estimate of the number of persons represented by an individual legislator.

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Prosecutor's Management and Information System (PROMIS), New Orleans, 1979 (ICPSR 8219)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States, Louisiana, New Orleans

Time period: 1979-01-01--1979-12-31

The Prosecutor's Management and Information System (PROMIS) is a computer-based management information system for public prosecution agencies. PROMIS was initially developed with funds from the United States Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) to cope with the problems of a large, urban prosecution agency where mass production operations had superseded the traditional practice of a single attorney preparing and prosecuting a given case from inception to final disposition. The combination of massive volumes of cases and the assembly-line fragmentation of responsibility and control had created a situation in which one case was indistinguishable from another and the effects of problems at various stages in the assembly line on ultimate case disposition went undetected and uncorrected. One unique feature of PROMIS that addresses these problems is the automated evaluation of cases. Through the application of a uniform set of criteria, PROMIS assigns two numerical ratings to each case: one signifying the gravity of the crime through a measurement of the amount of harm done to society, and the other signifying the gravity of the prior criminal record of the accused. These ratings make it possible to select the more important cases for intensive, pre-trial preparation and to assure even-handed treatment of cases of like gravity. A complementary feature of PROMIS is the automation of reasons for decisions made or actions taken along the assembly line. Reasons for dismissing cases prior to trial on their merits can be related to earlier cycles of postponements for various reasons and to the reasoning behind intake and screening decisions. The PROMIS data include information about the defendant, case characteristics and processes, charge, sentencing and continuance processes, and the witnesses/victims involved with a case. PROMIS was first used in 1971 in the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia. To enhance the ability to transfer the PROMIS concepts and software to other communities, LEAA awarded a grant to the Institute for Law and Social Research (INSLAW) in Washington, DC. The New Orleans PROMIS data collection is a product of this grant.

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Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS), St. Louis, 1979 (ICPSR 8225)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States, Missouri, St. Louis

Time period: 1979-01-01--1979-12-31

The Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS) is a computer-based information system for public prosecution agencies. PROMIS was initially developed with funds from the United States Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) to cope with problems of a large, urban prosecution agency where mass production operations had superceded the traditional practice of a single attorney preparing and prosecuting a given case from inception to final disposition. The combination of massive volumes of cases and assembly-line fragmentation of responsibility and control had created a situation in which one case was indistinguishable from another and the effects of problems at various stages in the assembly line on ultimate case disposition went undetected and uncorrected. One unique feature of PROMIS that addresses these problems is the automated evaluation of cases. Through the application of a uniform set of criteria, PROMIS assigns two numerical ratings to each case: one signifying the gravity of the crimes through the measurement of the amount of harm done to society, and the other signifying the gravity of the prior record of the accused. These ratings make it possible to select the more important cases for intensive, pre-trial preparation and to assure even-handed treatment of cases with similar degrees of gravity. A complementary feature of PROMIS is the automation of reasons for decisions made or actions taken along the assembly line. Reasons for dismissing cases prior to trial on their merits can be related to earlier cycles of postponement for various reasons and the reasoning behind intake and screening decisions. The PROMIS data include information about the defendant, case characteristics and processes, charge, sentencing and continuance processes, and the witness/victims involved in the case. PROMIS was first used in 1971 in the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia. To enhance the ability to transfer the concepts and software to other communities, LEAA awarded a grant to the Institute for Law and Social Research (INSLAW) in Washington, DC. The St. Louis PROMIS data collection is a product of this grant.

Curated

Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS), Rhode Island, 1979 (ICPSR 8288)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: Rhode Island, United States

Time period: 1979-01-01--1979-12-31

The Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS) is a computer-based information system for public prosecution agencies. PROMIS was initially developed with funds from the United States Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) to cope with problems of a large, urban prosecution agency where mass production operations had superseded the traditional practice of a single attorney preparing and prosecuting a given case from inception to final disposition. The combination of massive volumes of cases and assembly-line fragmentation of responsibility and control had created a situation in which one case was indistinguishable from another and the effects of problems at various stages in the assembly line on ultimate case disposition went undetected and uncorrected. One unique feature of PROMIS that addresses these problems is the automated evaluation of cases. Through the application of a uniform set of criteria, PROMIS assigns two numerical ratings to each case: one signifying the gravity of the crimes through the measurement of the amount of harm done to society, and the other signifying the gravity of the prior record of the accused. These ratings make it possible to select the more important cases for intensive, pre-trial preparation and to assure even-handed treatment of cases with similar degrees of gravity. A complementary feature of PROMIS is the automation of reasons for decisions made or actions taken along the assembly line. Reasons for dismissing cases prior to trial on their merits can be related to earlier cycles of postponement for various reasons and the reasoning behind intake and screening decisions. The PROMIS data include information about the defendant, case characteristics and processes, charge, sentencing and continuance processes, and the witnesses/victims involved in the case. PROMIS was first used in 1971 in the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia. To enhance the ability to transfer the concepts and software to other communities, LEAA awarded a grant to the Institute for Law xand Social Research (INSLAW) in Washington, DC. The Rhode Island PROMIS data collection is a product of this grant.

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SETUPS: Voting Behavior: The 1984 Election (ICPSR 8430)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1984-01-01--1984-12-31

Curated

SETUPS: Financing Congressional Campaigns, 1983-1984 (ICPSR 8651)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 1983-01-01--1984-12-31

Supplementary Empirical Teaching Units in Political Science (SETUPS) for American Politics are computer-related modules designed for use in teaching introductory courses in American government and politics. This dataset is designed to explore various research and policy questions on campaign finance that political scientists have raised in recent years, including the role of political action committees, parties, the candidate's personal resources in financing campaigns, and the relationship between campaign funds and electoral outcomes.

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SETUPS: American Politics (ICPSR 7368)

Released/updated on: 1992-02-16

Geographic coverage: United States

Supplementary Empirical Teaching Units in Political Science (SETUPS) for American Politics are computer-related modules designed for use in teaching introductory courses in American government and politics. The modules are intended to demonstrate the process of examining evidence and reaching conclusions and to stimulate students to independent, critical thinking and a deeper understanding of substantive content. They enable students with no previous training to make use of the computer to analyze data on political behavior or to see the results of policy decisions by use of a simulation model. The SETUPS: AMERICAN POLITICS modules were developed by a group of political scientists with experience in teaching introductory American government courses who were brought together in a workshop supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation in the summer of 1974. The American Political Science Association administered the grant, and the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research was host to the workshop and provided data for most of the SETUPS. The modules were tested and evaluated during the 1974-1975 academic year by students and faculty in 155 classes at 69 universities and colleges. Appropriate revisions were made based upon this experience. This collection comprises 15 separate modules: (1) Political Socialization Across the Generations, (2) Political Participation, (3) Voting Behavior, The 1980 Election, (4) Elections and the Mass Media, (5) The Supreme Court in American Politics, Court Decisions, (6) The Supreme Court in American Politics, Police Interrogations, (7) The Dynamics of Political Budgeting, A Public Policy Simulation, State Expenditures, (8) The Dynamics of Political Budgeting, A Public Policy Simulation, SIMSTATE Simulation, (9) The Dynamics of Political Budgeting, A Public Policy Simulation, SIMSTATE II Simulation, (10) Fear of Crime, (11) Presidential Popularity in America, Presidential Popularity, (12) Presidential Popularity in America, Advanced Analyses, (13) Campaign '80, The Public and the Presidential Selection Process, (14) Voting Behavior, The 1976 Election, and (15) Policy Responsiveness and Fiscal Strain in 51 American Communities. Parts 8 and 9 are FORTRAN IV program SIMSTATE sourcedecks intended to simulate the interaction of state policies. Variables in the various modules provide information on respondents' level of political involvement and knowledge of political issues, general political attitudes and beliefs, news media exposure and usage, voting behavior (Parts 1, 2, and 3), and sectional biases (15). Other items provide information on respondents' views of government, politics, Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter as presidents, best form of government, government spending (Part 3), local police, the Supreme Court (Parts 4 and 15), the economy, and domestic and foreign affairs. Additional items probed respondents' opinions of prayer in school, abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment Law, nuclear energy, and the most important national problem and the political party most suitable to handle it (Part 3). Also included are items on votes of Supreme Court judges (Part 5), arrest of criminal suspects and their treatment by law enforcement agencies (Part 6), federal government expenditures and budgeting (Part 7), respondents' feelings of safety at home, neighborhood crime rate, frequency of various kinds of criminal victimization, the personal characteristics of the targets of those crimes (Part 10), respondents' opinions of and choice of party presidential candidates nominees (Part 13), voter turnout for city elections (15), urban unrest, and population growth rate. Demographic items specify age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, social class identification, religion, political party affiliation, and union membership.