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Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (ICPSR 39141)

Released/updated on: 2024-05-30

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study SM is the largest long-term study of brain development and child health in the United States. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded leading researchers in the fields of adolescent development and neuroscience to conduct this ambitious project. The ABCD Research Consortium consists of a Coordinating Center, a Data Analysis, Informatics & Resource Center, and 21 research sites across the country, which have invited 11,880 children ages 9-10 to join the study. Researchers will track their biological and behavioral development through adolescence into young adulthood.

Arts measures in ABCD include how can arts experiences be best used to enhance development of each individual? How can arts experience be best used to promote health and address developmental disorders? And also, how can neuroscience research provide a foundation for rational approaches to how we integrate arts into development?

ABCD enables us to track a trajectory of broad measures of cortical area thickness of the brain over time and see whether individuals keep on with the mean, go higher, lower, and so forth. And what factors might affect those trajectories.The data shows the relationship between music engagement and brain and behavioral developmental trajectories in childhood and adolescence, using rich characterization of brain, behavior, demographics, and genetics available in ABCD.

Arts experiences in ABCD are captured largely as part of something called the activities questionnaire, which is a pretty detailed questionnaire given to parents, which includes detailed information about participation in a wide range of activities, which include many different sports, but also performance in the arts, music, dance, drama, visual and crafts. Activities such as active engagement, learning, lessons, playing in bands, creating art (school, outside school, private lessons, and self-study). The data offers insights into effects of arts-related activities on cognitive outcomes like fluid and crystallized intelligence, executive function, working memory-specific measures, risk scores for IQ, and educational attainment.

Watch the recording of NADAC's webinar featuring Dr. Gay Dowling, Director of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Project, and Dr. Iversen, a cognitive neuroscientist. Dr. Dowling provides an overview of the ABCD study, while Dr. Iversen discusses the arts-specific measures within the ABCD data and explains how these measures, combined with comprehensive brain and cognitive assessments, reveal the impact of the arts on brain development.

Additional ABCD resources:

The Sound Health Network
The ABSD Data Dictionary
NIMH Data Archive
ABCD GitHub
ABCD Study Infographics

Curated

Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE), United States, 1999-2001 (ICPSR 4248)

Released/updated on: 2010-06-30

Geographic coverage: Indiana, United States, Massachusetts, Alabama, Florida, Maryland, Michigan

Time period: 1999-01-01--2001-01-01

The data producers have recompiled the ACTIVE data into a new study which is available as of December 2023, ICPSR 38821; data users should plan to use study 38821 instead.

ACTIVE (Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly), 1999-2001 [United States] was a multisite randomized controlled trial conducted at six field sites with New England Research Institutes (NERI) as the coordinating center. The field sites included the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for the Aged in Boston, Indiana University, Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Pennsylvania State University, and the University of Florida/Wayne State University (Detroit). The primary aim of the trial was to test the effects of three distinct cognitive interventions -- previously found to be successful in improving elders' performance on basic measures of cognition under laboratory or small-scale field conditions -- on measures of cognitively demanding daily activities. Trainings consisted of an initial series of ten group sessions followed by four-session booster trainings at one and three years. The three cognitive interventions focused on memory, executive reasoning, and speed of processing. The design included a no-contact control group. Participants were assessed at baseline, immediately after training, and annually thereafter. A total of 2,832 older adults were enrolled in the trial, and 2,802 were included in the analytical sample. Twenty-six percent of the participants were African American.

Curated

Assessing Police Officers' Decision Making and Discretion in Making Traffic Stops in Savannah, Georgia, 2002 (ICPSR 4340)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-16

Geographic coverage: Savannah, United States, Georgia

Time period: 2002-04-01--2002-11-01

This study aimed to fill a void in the research regarding police behavior by focusing on the formation and creation of cognitive suspicion by officers. The study also examined formal actions (stops) taken by the police pursuant to that suspicion. The study was conducted using observational research methods and collected quantitative and qualitative data on officer suspicion. Data were collected by observers who rode along with patrol officers from April 2002 to November 2002. Field observers used three major data collection instruments in order to gather as much relevant information as possible from a variety of sources and in diverse situations. The Officer Form was an overall evaluation of the officer's decision-making characteristics, Suspicion Forms captured information each time an incident occurred, and a Suspect Form was a compilation of data from the citizen who had the encounter with the officer. Additional documents included informed consent forms, a card detailing the language to be used for the initial contact with citizens, and hourly activity forms. Anytime a suspicion was formed or a formal action was taken after a suspicion was formed, the observer debriefed the officer as to his or her thoughts and elicited the officer's overall rating of the encounter. Data in this collection include general demographic characteristics of the officer and the suspect, as well as the area in which the suspicion was formed. Data was also gathered regarding what led the officer to form a suspicion, and why a person was or was not stopped.

Curated

Bruising as a Forensic Marker of Physical Elder Abuse in Orange County, California, 2006-2008 (ICPSR 28144)

Released/updated on: 2012-12-21

Geographic coverage: United States, California

Time period: 2006-07-01--2008-05-01

The purpose of the study was to describe bruising as a marker of physical elder abuse. Consenting older adults were examined to document location and size of bruises and assess whether they were inflicted during physical abuse. An expert panel confirmed physical abuse. A research nurse conducted study assessments on 67 adults aged 65 and older reported to Adult Protective Services for suspected physical elder abuse in Orange County, California between July 2006 and May 2008. The study contains a total of 142 variables including age, sex, ethnicity, functional status, medical conditions, cognitive status, history of falls, bruise size, bruise location and color, recall of cause, and responses to the Revised Conflicts Tactics Scales (CTS2) and to the Elder Abuse Inventory (EAI).

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Color-sharing Bonus Project 1, Groningen/Idaho, 2013 (ICPSR 35640)

Released/updated on: 2015-01-27

Geographic coverage: Netherlands, United States, Groningen, Idaho

Time period: 2013-02-01--2013-06-01

Color repetitions in a visual scene boost memory for its elements, a phenomenon known as the color-sharing effect. This may occur because improved perceptual organization reduces information load or because the repetitions capture attention. The implications of these explanations differ drastically for both the theoretical meaning of this effect and its potential value for applications in design of visual materials. If repetitions capture attention to the exclusion of other details, then use of repetition in visual displays should be confined to emphasized details, but if repetitions reduce the load of the display, designers can assume that the non-repeated information is also more likely to be attended and remembered. We manipulated the availability of general attention during a visual memory task by comparing groups of participants engaged in meaningless speech or attention-demanding continuous arithmetic. We also tracked eye movements as an implicit indicator of selective attention. Estimated memory capacity was always higher when color duplicates were tested, and under full attention conditions this bonus spilled over to the unique colors too. Analyses of gazes showed that with full attention, participants tended to glance earlier at duplicate colors during stimulus presentation but looked more at unique colors during the retention interval. This pattern of results suggests that the color-sharing bonus reflects efficient perceptual organization of the display based on the presence of repetitions, and possibly strategic attention allocation when attention is available.

Curated

Comparison of Methods for Learning Choropleth Maps [1988-1990: United States] (ICPSR 9759)

Released/updated on: 2006-01-12

Geographic coverage: United States

The purpose of this study was to gather information on how people learn choropleth maps and to determine which of various computer display methods is most appropriate for learning this type of map. Software was developed to enable users to explore data commonly portrayed as a choropleth map. The software was then tested in controlled experiments using undergraduates at the University of Kansas. The design for Experiments I and II, which explored reactions to the sequencing of parts of a map as compared to the more traditional method of displaying a map all at once, consisted of formal and informal portions. In the formal portion, the actual effectiveness of traditional and sequenced maps was examined. The speed and accuracy of information acquisition and retention (memory) of subjects was the focus of this phase. In the informal portion, subjects viewed several display methods and (1) picked their most and least preferred methods, (2) explained their preferences, and (3) suggested alternative display methods. Dataset 1 contains data collected in association with the publication listed below. Datasets 2 and 3 consist of data from Experiments I and II, respectively, while Dataset 4 is a text file containing the verbal protocols used for Experiment I.

Curated

Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS): Restructuring Risky Relationships-HIV (RRR-HIV), 2005-2008 [United States] (ICPSR 30842)

Released/updated on: 2011-07-13

Geographic coverage: Rhode Island, United States, Connecticut, Kentucky, Delaware

Time period: 2005-01-01--2008-01-01

In recent years, women have had a growing presence in the prison system, largely for drug-related offenses. Few interventions are geared towards reentering female offenders, for whom HIV and drug use are intimately tied to risky relationships and thinking errors surrounding criminal activity and risky behavior. This study aimed to develop a manual-driven intervention for the criminal justice system geared towards female drug abusers, specifically reducing HIV risk behavior. Using focus groups to develop the manual, interventionists were then trained and supervised. The intervention focused on reducing risky behavior through cognitive restructuring and the relationship model. The intervention takes place through a two-group design, one with three community reentry sessions, the other without reentry sessions. Outcomes of the study were to develop a manual for women reentering society, to contribute to the literature on the unique factors affecting women and risky behavior, to expand on the existing knowledge of the issues faced by reentering women, and to offer information about the connection between community-based reentry resources and the criminal justice system.

Curated

Eyewitness Identification: A Systematic Investigation of Lineup Composition and Fairness, United States, 2019-2022 (ICPSR 38761)

Released/updated on: 2025-06-26

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2019-01-01--2022-01-01

The major objective of this project was to investigate photo array composition in order to improve eyewitness identification procedures. Photo array composition involves the fillers, or known-innocent individuals that police add to a photo array so that the perpetrator/suspect (referred to as the "target" in experimental design) does not stand out. An unbiased (fair) photo array contains fillers that match the description of the suspect provided by one or more eyewitnesses. In contrast, in a biased photo array, the suspect stands out from the fillers. Another popular procedure used by police is the showup, when the suspect is presented without any fillers. This project involved all three of these procedures.

This collection contains raw and aggregated data from 12 sets of experiments that investigated different aspects of eyewitness identification, including fair vs. biased lineups, lineup size, distinctive facial features, target-filler similarity, impact of sleep on eyewitness accuracy, memory strength, number of suspects presented, impact of courtroom instructions and expert expertise, and speed and confidence of eyewitness identification. Each experiment set followed a similar general design, with variations based on the purpose and hypotheses of the specific study. United States-based adult participants recruited via SurveyMonkey were asked to complete an online experiment in which they would be presented with a crime vignette and a suspect facial image (created from a faces database), given a distractor task, and then asked to select the suspect from a lineup and rate the confidence level of their decision.

The data were provided to ICPSR in Excel workbook format (41 data files, 3 codebooks) and are available for download as a zipped package. ICPSR has not modified the files from the format in which they were supplied. Data files are organized into subfolders that are named with a short content descriptor and citation of the relevant publication. Unless noted, data files contain a "codes" sheet that explains the variables and experimental condition groups. Articles and theses/dissertations that used each dataset are available under Data-related Publications. Please refer to the ICPSR README for more information.

Curated

A Lifecourse Approach to Emerging Health Disparities in a US Birth Cohort (ICPSR 36019)

Released/updated on: 2015-06-22

Geographic coverage: United States

This study uses data from the Child Health and Development Study - Adolescent Sample (CHDS-A) (N=2,020). The CHDS-A is a cohort of both black and white individuals born 1959-1966 who were followed from birth until age 15-17 years. Data from that study include assessments of socioeconomic status, cognitive ability, and selected domains of health. This project adds assessments at age 42-49 years.

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Simple Crosstabs

Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2): Cognitive Project, 2004-2006 (ICPSR 25281)

Released/updated on: 2023-02-21

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2004-01-01--2006-01-01

In 1994/1995, the MacArthur Midlife Research Network carried out a national survey of over 7,000 Americans aged 25 to 74. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of behavioral, psychological, and social factors in understanding age-related differences in physical and mental health. A description of the study and findings from it are available at the MIDUS website.

With support from the National Institute on Aging, a longitudinal follow-up of the original MIDUS samples (core sample (N = 3,487), metropolitan over-samples (N = 757), twins (N = 957 pairs), and siblings (N = 950)) was conducted in 2004-2006. Guiding hypotheses, at the most general level, were that behavioral and psychosocial factors are consequential for health (physical and mental). The purpose of the Cognitive Project was to determine how cognition is related to overall mental and physical health. Specific goals were: (1) to characterize the nature and range of midlife cognitive performance, relative to those younger and older, across multiple domains in a nationally representative sample (MIDUS); and (2) to examine the relationship between biopsychosocial factors (e.g., SES, health status, health-promoting behaviors, metabolic and cardiovascular biomarkers, depression, personality, control beliefs, stressful life events) and individual differences in cognitive functioning.

The development of a cognitive battery for the second wave of testing of the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study provided an opportunity to examine the cognitive performance of young, middle-aged and older adults from a wide range of education levels in a large-scale, national sample. As part of the Cognitive Project of the MIDUS II the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT) (Lachman & Tun, 2008; Tun & Lachman, 2006) was administered. More information about the BTACT can be found at the Brandeis website. The BTACT represents the first comprehensive cognitive battery, including measures of speed and reaction time, to be administered by telephone to a national sample across the adult years and into later life. With a response rate of over 86 percent for the cognitive testing component of the MIDUS II, a cognitive data set of unprecedented range in terms of age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), education, and geographic diversity was produced.

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Simple Crosstabs

Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2): Daily Stress Project, 2004-2009 (ICPSR 26841)

Released/updated on: 2017-11-20

Geographic coverage: United States

Time period: 2004-01-01--2009-01-01

The Daily Stress Project of MIDUS II contains data from 2,022 respondents. These respondents include three distinct groups, all of whom completed the Project 1 Survey: (1) longitudinal (n = 794), (2) expanded (n = 1,048), and (3) Milwaukee (n = 180). The longitudinal group included individuals who participated in the Daily Stress Project at Time 1, the expanded group consisted of Time 2 participants from all MIDUS subsamples (RDD, twins, siblings) who did not participate in the Daily Stress Project at Time 1, and the Milwaukee group contained individuals who participated in the baseline MIDUS Milwaukee study, initiated in 2005. The purpose of the Daily Stress Project was to examine how sociodemographic factors, health status, personality characteristics, and genetic endowment modify patterns of change in exposure to day-to-day life stressors as well as physical and emotional reactivity to these stressors. The primary aims were to: (1) describe how the links between multiple aspects of daily stressors (e.g., frequency, content, severity) and daily physical and emotional well-being change over ten years during adulthood; (2) examine how sociodemographic factors and personality characteristics influence change in both exposure to as well as changes in physical and emotional reactivity to daily stressors; (3) investigate how exposure and reactivity to daily stressors correlate with physiological indicators of physical health and predict changes in global health reports; and (4) explore the relative genetic and environmental influences mediating change in exposure and physical and emotional reactivity to daily stressors throughout adulthood. Respondents in the NSDE are a representative subsample of the MIDUS (Midlife in the United States) survey. The Daily Stress study is Project 2 of the MIDUS longitudinal study, a national survey of more than 7,000 Americans (aged 25 to 74) began in 1994. The purpose of the larger study was to investigate the role of behavioral, psychological, and social factors in understanding age-related differences in physical and mental health. With support from the National Institute on Aging, a longitudinal follow-up of the original MIDUS samples [core sample (N = 3,487), metropolitan over-samples (N = 757), twins (N = 957 pairs), and siblings (N = 950)] was conducted in 2004-2006. Guiding hypotheses, at the most general level, were that behavioral and psychosocial factors are consequential for health (physical and mental). A description of the study and findings from it are available on the MIDUS Web site.

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Simple Crosstabs

Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 3): Cognitive Project, 2013-2017 (ICPSR 37095)

Released/updated on: 2023-08-17

Geographic coverage: Contiguous United States

Time period: 2013-07-01--2017-03-01

In 1995-1996, the MacArthur Midlife Research Network carried out a national survey of over 7,000 Americans aged 25 to 74 [ICPSR 2760]. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of behavioral, psychological, and social factors in understanding age-related differences in physical and mental health. The study was innovative for its broad scientific scope, its diverse samples (which included siblings of the main sample respondents and a national sample of twin pairs), and its creative use of in-depth assessments in key areas (e.g. daily diary of stressful experiences [ICPSR 3725] and cognitive functioning [ICPSR 3596]) on a subset of participants. A detailed description of the study and findings generated by it are available at: http://www.midus.wisc.edu.

With support from the National Institute on Aging, a follow-up of the original Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) sample was conducted in 2004 (MIDUS 2 [ICPSR 4652]). The daily stress and cognitive functioning projects were repeated and expanded at MIDUS 2; in addition the protocol was expanded to include biomarkers and neuroscience.

In 2013 a third wave (MIDUS 3) of survey data was collected on longitudinal participants. Data collection for this follow-up wave largely repeated baseline assessments (e.g., phone interview and extensive self-administered questionnaire), with additional questions in selected areas such as economic recession experiences. Cognitive functioning data were also collected at the same time, while data collection for the daily diary, biomarker, and neuroscience projects commenced in 2017.

Data in this collection are related to MIDUS 3 [ICPSR 36346]. Data collection for the MIDUS 3 largely repeated baseline assessments (e.g., phone interview and extensive self-administered questionnaire), with additional questions in selected areas (e.g., economic recession experiences, optimism and coping, stressful life events, and caregiving).

In 2013-2014, a second wave of cognitive assessments (Project 3) were carried out on individuals who had recently completed the MIDUS 3 phone survey (Project 1). This assessment, known as the Brief Test of Adult Cognition via Telephone (BTACT), was carried out approximately 9 years after the first wave of cognitive data collection was completed in 2004-2005. MIDUS 3 BTACT data were collected from 2,693 MIDUS 3 participants. Further, a second wave of cognitive assessments were also carried out on respondents to the MIDUS Milwaukee Wave 2 survey that was conducted in 2016-2017. BTACT data were collected from 330 Milwaukee respondents. Finally, BTACT data was collected in 2017 from another 268 respondents (called the Refielding sample) who did not complete this project during the M3 field period. This M3 BTACT dataset contains a total of 3,291 respondents. More details on the fielding of these cases can be found in the MIDUS field reports for the M3 survey [ICPSR 36346] and the Milwaukee 2 survey [ICPSR 37120].

The dataset includes 245 variables and 3,291 cases. Demographic variables in this collection include sex and age.

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Neuropsychological and Emotional Deficits as Predictors of Correctional Treatment Response in Maryland, 2003-2005 (ICPSR 20349)

Released/updated on: 2008-03-31

Geographic coverage: United States, Maryland

Time period: 2003-03-01--2005-12-01

The study was designed to elucidate underlying neuropsychological and emotional regulatory mechanisms in variable responses to a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) program among prison inmates. This study tested the hypotheses that performance deficits in executive cognitive function (ECF) tasks and emotional responses will characterize aggressive and disruptive inmates and predict treatment response. All subjects were examined using noninvasive behavioral, psychological, ECF, and hormone tests. The data contain a total of 232 cases. Inmates volunteering to participate in the cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) program offered by the Maryland correctional system were recruited from three facilities using a pseudo-random selection procedure during intake into the program. Consenting inmates received an extensive baseline testing battery of several complementary dimensions of higher order neuropsychological functions as well as conditions that influence them: (1) three ECF tasks and one emotional perception task, (2) collection of salivary cortisol during an acute stress task and the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) taken beforehand, (3) a short general neuropsychological test, (4) three psychological questionnaires, (5) an historical inventory to assess prior drug use and child and family background, and (6) a treatment readiness, responsivity, and gain scale. An events inventory and a success inventory were also administered. Several additional tests were administered repeatedly throughout treatment. A record review was conducted after program completion to ascertain incidents of institutional misconduct as well as treatment performance outcomes. Variables include IQ, demographics, background information, prior drug use, early trauma, psychopathy, aggression, stressful events, success, reactions to provocation, treatment readiness, emotional perception/regulation, executive cognitive performance, cortisol measures, treatment gain, treatment responsivity, treatment completion, Maryland Offender Based State Correctional Information System (OBSCIS) data, institutional infractions, segregations, and several other computed variables.

Curated

Simple Crosstabs

Perception and Memory Experiments Using Drug Names [2010, Canada] (ICPSR 34122)

Released/updated on: 2013-04-30

Geographic coverage: Canada, Ontario, Global

Time period: 2012-03-28--2012-03-29, 2012-07-05--2012-07-06

Drug names that look and sound alike are a leading cause of medication errors (e.g., diazepam and diltiazem, hydroxyzine and hydralazine, Paxil and Taxol, fomepizole and omeprazole, Foradil and Toradol). Observational studies of dispensing in outpatient pharmacies suggest that the rate of wrong drug errors -- the type most likely to be the result of name confusion -- is roughly 0.13 percent. With 3.9 billion prescriptions dispensed in 2009, that translates to 5 million wrong drug errors per year in the United States. The purpose of this overall project was to develop, demonstrate, and disseminate a standard protocol for pre-approval testing of drug names, including a standard battery of psycholinguistic tests and data analytic methods, all with comparison to control names and to refine and demonstrate analytic methods by conducting a series of visual perception, auditory perception, and short term memory experiments using drug names as stimuli. The achievement of this aim will provide both regulators and pharmaceutical manufacturers with a scientifically validated, step-by-step method for testing new drug names for confusability. The data for this collection come from four experiments. In each experiment, participants are tested on their ability to correctly identify drug names under four conditions (see study design). Variables include participant reaction time to identify drug names and the percent participants correctly or incorrectly identified drug names. Study participants include medical doctors, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, and pharmacy technicians. Other variables include participant gender, education degree held, primary language spoken, and employment location.

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Primacy in the Effects of Face Exposure: Perception is Influenced More By Faces That Are Seen First (ICPSR 35518)

Released/updated on: 2014-11-07

Geographic coverage: United Kingdom

Time period: 2005-01-10--2005-02-11

Exposure to faces biases perceptions of subsequently viewed faces. In literature on memory, there are prominent effects of primacy, whereby people remember things better if they are at the beginning of a list. Here we tested for primacy in face exposure by exposing people to faces that had been transformed in opposite directions twice. In one condition, for example, we exposed people to "plus" faces and measured how much they thought "plus" faces appeared normal and then exposed them to "anti" faces and again measured how much they thought "plus" faces appeared normal. A primacy effect would be seen if after the second measurement, judgments of "plus" faces were unchanged from the first measurement whereas a recency effect would be seen if after the second measurement, judgments of "plus" faces were lower than from the first measurement. We found no change in normality judgement between first and second judgments supporting a primacy effect. Our results indicated a primacy effect in adaptation whereby faces seen first affected perception more than faces seen later. This primacy effect could lead to long lasting effects of exposure to faces.

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Simple Crosstabs

Responsible Analysis When Tradeoffs are Taboo, 2002 (ICPSR 34810)

Released/updated on: 2013-09-11

Geographic coverage: Oregon, United States

Time period: 2002-05-07--2002-05-08

Responsible Analysis When Tradeoffs are Taboo was conducted in order to better understand "taboo" responses, and to distinguish choices that are truly taboo from those that are actually difficult or confusing. Respondents reviewed information for a number of different potentially taboo plans, decisions, or proposals, such as human cell cloning, genetic modification of wheat, different insurance rates for smokers and non-smokers, and were then asked to give their opinions regarding those proposals. Respondents were given different reason sets to agree or disagree with, relative to each proposal, that ranged from whether the proposal was morally wrong to whether the proposal violates the norms of society. If respondents did not agree with the proposal, they were asked additional questions. These additional questions were used to assess whether respondents would agree with the proposal passing if there was a dollar amount that they would save as a result. In this collection, the experiment had 22 scenarios and respondents were each given 11 of these scenarios. Demographic variables included gender, age, native language, ethnic identity, and year in school.

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Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS) (ICPSR 158)

Released/updated on: 2006-06-19

Geographic coverage: Seattle, United States, Washington

Begun in 1956, the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS) is designed to study various aspects of psychological development during the adult years. The SLS has continued in seven-year intervals since 1956: 1963, 1970, 1977, 1984, 1991, and 1998. At each interval, all persons who had previously participated in the study were asked to participate again, and an additional new group of people are also selected and asked to participate. In addition to the main study, data was collected in 1989-1990 from adult children and siblings of the main study participants in an effort to determine the extent of family similarity in mental abilities and other psychological characteristics. Many of these relatives were studied again in 1996-1997, and in 2002, grandchildren of the main study participants also began to participate, making the SLS a three-generation study of cognitive abilities.

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Strategies to Assist with Management of Pain (STAMP), Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Utah, 2017-2024 (ICPSR 39154)

Released/updated on: 2026-04-22

Geographic coverage: United States, Massachusetts, Utah, Wisconsin

Time period: 2017-01-01--2024-01-01

Chronic low back pain is a leading cause of disability and reduced quality of life for nearly 100 million individuals in the United States. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of these individuals are prescribed opioids for treating their chronic low back pain. Limited data exists on the long-term efficacy of opioid treatment while much concern exists regarding the harm they can do to a person. Despite medication treatment patients still suffer from inadequate pain relief, impaired function, and quality of life.

This study sought to compare the long-term effectiveness of two types of alternative therapy approaches - mindfulness based therapy (MBT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - for treating chronic low back pain especially those being treated by opioids.

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Use and Effectiveness of Hypnosis and the Cognitive Interview for Enhancing Eyewitness Recall: Philadelphia, 1988-1989 (ICPSR 9478)

Released/updated on: 2006-03-30

Geographic coverage: United States, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Time period: 1988-01-01--1989-06-01

This study investigated the effectiveness of hypnosis and the cognitive interview (a technique for stimulating memory) on the recall of events in a criminal incident. The data collected in the study address the following questions: (1) Does hypnosis or the cognitive interview mitigate recall deficits that result from emotionally upsetting events? (2) Does hypnosis or the cognitive interview improve recall when individuals recall events in narrative fashion? (3) Does hypnosis or the cognitive interview improve recall when individuals are required to respond to each item in a set of focused questions? (4) Does the cognitive interview improve recall better than motivated control recall procedures? For this two-stage study, subjects were randomly assigned to receive hypnosis, cognitive interview, or control treatment. Stage 1 involved completing unrelated questionnaires and viewing a short film containing an emotionally upsetting criminal event. Stage 2 was conducted 3 to 13 days later (the average was 6.5 days) and involved baseline information gathering about the events in the film, application of the assigned treatment, and post-treatment written recall of the events. Data were collected from the written narratives provided by subjects and from an oral forced recall of events in a post-experimental interview. Variables in File 1 include total information (correct, incorrect, confabulations, and attributions) as well as new information given in the post-treatment written narrative. The remaining variables in File 1 include score on Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A), repressor status, and the number of days between viewing the film and completing the baseline and post-treatment interviews. Variables in File 2 were derived from the post-experimental oral forced recall interview and include total correct and incorrect responses and confidence ratings for correct and incorrect responses. The unit of observation is the individual.

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Visuospatial Bootstrapping: Aging and the Facilitation of Verbal Memory by Spatial Displays (ICPSR 36132)

Released/updated on: 2015-04-27

Geographic coverage: Italy

Time period: 2013-01-01--2014-11-01

Recent studies on verbal immediate serial recall show evidence of the integration of information from verbal and visuospatial short-term memory with long-term memory representations. Verbal serial recall is improved when the information is arranged in a familiar spatially distributed pattern, such as a telephone keypad. This pattern, termed 'Visuospatial Bootstrapping' is consistent with the existence within working memory of an episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2000). The present experiment aimed to investigate whether similar results would be obtained in a sample of older adults. Older (55-76) and younger (19-35) adults carried out visual serial recall in three visual display conditions that have previously been used to demonstrate visuospatial bootstrapping. Results demonstrated better performance when digits were presented in a typical telephone keypad display. Although digit serial recall declined with age, this visuospatial bootstrapping effect did not differ in size between older and younger adults. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are described.