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The purpose of the original research project was to evaluate birth outcomes of second children after community-based home visiting ("Nurturing Families Network" (NFN)) that targeted first-time parents. Outcomes measured include gestational age, birthweight, pregnancy spacing, cesarean sections, and timing of prenatal care initiation.

This data collection represents a set of United States county net migration estimates by age and sex for the 1980-1990 decade, and is part of a series of estimates done for each decade since 1950 (1950-1970: see NET MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION BY AGE, SEX, AND RACE, 1950-1970 [ICPSR 8493]; 1970-1980: see NET MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES BY AGE, RACE, AND SEX, 1970-1980 [ICPSR 8697]; 1990-2000: see COUNTY-SPECIFIC NET MIGRATION BY FIVE-YEAR AGE GROUPS, HISPANIC ORIGIN, RACE, AND SEX, 1990-2000 [ICPSR 4171]).

Net migration, the difference between the number of people moving into an area and the number moving out over a period, is measured here, and in all the other sets of estimates in the series, by the residual method. That is, net migration is equal to the population change over the period minus the natural increase (births -- deaths). Full details on how natural increase is estimated for each county, as well as other details of the data collection, are described in the codebook.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the June 2000 CPS questionnaire on the topic of Fertility.

The CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population, 15 years old and older, living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

All females 15-44 years old that were eligible for the basic CPS survey were also eligible for the supplement survey, as applicable. Self or proxy responses were allowed for the supplement, that is a single respondent could provide answers for themselves or provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent him/herself was a household member 15 years of age or older. Questions determining the number of live births, date of the last child's birth, and the age of women (in months) at the time of the birth of their last child were asked of the eligible women.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational background, occupation, industry, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the June 2002 CPS questionnaire on the topic of Fertility.

The CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population, 15 years old and older, living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

All females 15-44 years old that were eligible for the basic CPS survey were also eligible for the supplement survey, as applicable. Self or proxy responses were allowed for the supplement, that is, a single respondent could provide answers for themselves or provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent him/herself was a household member 15 years of age or older. Questions determining the number of live births, date of the last child's birth, and the age of women (in months) at the time of the birth of their last child were asked of the eligible women.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational background, occupation, industry, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the June 2004 CPS questionnaire on the topic of Fertility.

The CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population, 15 years old and older, living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

All females 15-44 years old that were eligible for the basic CPS survey were also eligible for the supplement survey, as applicable. Self or proxy responses were allowed for the supplement, that is, a single respondent could provide answers for themselves or provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent him/herself was a household member 15 years of age or older. Questions determining the number of live births, date of the last child's birth, and the age of women (in months) at the time of the birth of their last child were asked of the eligible women.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational background, occupation, industry, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the June 2006 CPS questionnaire on the topic of Fertility.

The CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population, 15 years old and older, living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

All females 15-44 years old that were eligible for the basic CPS survey were also eligible for the supplement survey, as applicable. Self or proxy responses were allowed for the supplement, that is, a single respondent could provide answers for themselves or provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent him/herself was a household member 15 years of age or older. Questions determining the number of live births, date of the last child's birth, and the age of women (in months) at the time of the birth of their last child were asked of the eligible women.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational background, occupation, industry, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the June 2008 CPS questionnaire on the topic of Fertility.

The CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

All females 15-44 years old that were eligible for the basic CPS survey were also eligible for the supplement survey, as applicable. Self or proxy responses were allowed for the supplement, that is a single respondent could provide answers for themselves or provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent him/herself was a household member 15 years of age or older. Questions determining the number of live births, date of the last child's birth, and the age of women (in months) at the time of the birth of their last child were asked of the eligible women.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational background, occupation, industry, and income.

This data collection is comprised of responses from two sets of survey questionnaires, the basic Current Population Survey (CPS) and a survey administered as a supplement to the June 2010 CPS questionnaire on the topic of Fertility.

The CPS, administered monthly, collects labor force data about the civilian noninstitutional population living in the United States. Moreover, the CPS provides current estimates of the economic status and activities of this population which includes estimates of total employment (both farm and nonfarm), nonfarm self-employed persons, domestics, and unpaid helpers in nonfarm family enterprises, wage and salaried employees, and estimates of total unemployment. Data from the CPS are provided for the week prior to the administration of the survey.

All females aged 15-44 years that were eligible for the basic CPS survey were also eligible for the supplement survey, as applicable. Self or proxy responses were allowed for the supplement, that is, a single respondent could provide answers for themselves or provide answers for all eligible household members, provided the respondent him/herself was a household member 15 years of age or older. Questions determining the number of live births, date of the last child's birth, and the age of women (in months) at the time of the birth of their last child were asked of the eligible women.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, veteran status, educational background, occupation, industry, and income.

Childbirth is the most common reason for hospital admission in the United States (US) and the timing of admission influences the management and outcomes of labor, including rates of cesarean delivery. Although cesareans are life saving in emergency situations, the current prevalence and variability leads to excess risk for morbidity and mortality as well as higher health care costs in comparison to vaginal deliveries. Delaying hospital admission of women in latent labor is one of the most widely promoted strategies to reduce the likelihood of caesarean birth and its safety is established. Yet, trials of interventions that have aimed to reduce early admissions and the subsequent rates of medical intervention in labor have not succeeded. One proposed explanation is that the evaluated interventions exclusively focused on clinician assessment and diagnosis of active labor in hospital settings. The interventions did not fully account for women's recognition and response to the onset of labor, which is initially negotiated by the laboring women and members of her social network in settings outside the hospital. To develop efficacious strategies to reduce the likelihood of cesarean delivery, a qualitative understanding of why some women present early in labor and others later, and what can be done to promote timely hospital admission among medically low-risk nulliparous women is needed.

Specific Aim I: Determine the decision-making criteria and sequence of decision criteria used by women choosing either to go to the hospital or stay at home in early labor.

Specific Aim II: Determine the degree to which a symptom and labor management taxonomy accurately reflects women's experience with the recognition and response to early labor prior to hospital admission.

The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K) focuses on children's early school experiences beginning with kindergarten through fifth grade. It is a nationally representative sample that collects information from children, their families, their teachers, and their schools. ECLS-K provides data about the effects of a wide range of family, school, community, and individual variables on children's cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development, their early learning and early performance in school, as well as their home environment, home educational practices, school environment, classroom environment, classroom curriculum, and teacher qualifications.

With a few exceptions, the fifth grade data file contains all data collected from parents, children, teachers, or schools in the base year (fall and spring), first grade (fall and spring), third grade (spring), and fifth grade (spring) data collections. To streamline the file, however, the data from the household rosters that listed all household members, their relationship to the sampled child, and selected other characteristics are not included in the file. The composite variables describing critical household roster-based information, such as the children's family structure and selected characteristics of the family members, have been retained on the file.

Specific subjects covered by the variables in this data file include parent/child gender, parent/child race, family background, socioeconomic status, household income, parents' education level, and parents' employment and marital status. Other variables include type of childcare and childcare arrangements, the child's math, science, and reading scores, the child's learning problems and autism, as well as the child's diet issues, food security, and school food service. Variables about teachers include age, race, background, qualifications, job satisfaction, their level of impact on curriculum and policy, and time spent on classroom activities and specific subjects. Other variables include diversity of classroom students, parent-teacher discussions, family participation in school events and fundraising, whether the child's school has bars on the windows and doors, fire alarms, sprinklers, and fire extinguishers, the presence of school graffiti, as well as bus/transportation issues.

The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999, Kindergarten-Eighth Grade Full Sample includes the kindergarten, first, third, fifth, and eighth grade data collections for the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K). Unlike the public-use longitudinal files released in previous rounds, this file contains all data for all ECLS-K sample cases that have been publicly released in any of the rounds. Thus, it can be used for within-year (cross-sectional) analyses of any round of data collection and cross-year (longitudinal) analyses of combinations of rounds. It focuses on children's early school experiences beginning with kindergarten through eighth grade. It is a nationally representative sample that collects information from children, their families, their teachers, and their schools. ECLS-K provides data about the effects of a wide range of family, school, community, and individual variables on children's cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development, their early learning and early performance in school, as well as their home environment, home educational practices, school environment, classroom environment, classroom curriculum, and teacher qualifications. The list below summarizes each wave of this study.

• 1998-1999 (the Kindergarten year-Rounds 1 and 2): The ECLS-K child assessments, parent interviews, and teacher questionnaires were conducted in the fall. Children, parents, and teachers participated again in the spring, along with school administrators.

• 1999-2000 (the First grade year-Rounds 3 and 4): The ECLS-K conducted child assessments and parent interviews for a 30 percent sub-sample in the fall. The full sample of children, parents, teachers, and school administrators participated in the spring.

• 2002 (the Third grade year-Round 5): The ECLS-K conducted child assessments and parent interviews in the spring. Teachers and school administrators completed questionnaires.

• 2004 (the Fifth grade year-Round 6): The ECLS-K conducted child assessments and parent interviews in the spring. Teachers and school administrators completed questionnaires.

• 2007 (the Eighth grade year-Round 7): The ECLS-K followed the children into middle school. Information was collected from the children, their parents, teachers, and school administrators.

For more detailed information about this data collection, please refer to the user guide.

Understanding patients' expectations and their experiences can help hospitals improve care. Hospitals often send surveys to patients to ask about their care. To create surveys quickly, hospitals sometimes pick questions from an item bank. An item bank is a list of survey questions available to use about a specific topic.

In this study, the research team created an item bank about childbirth care. The team used the item bank to create and carry out a survey about women's preferences and experiences with care during and after childbirth. The team looked at which questions related closely to women's overall ratings of their hospital care.

The ethnographic fieldwork portion of the project - interviews with women of reproductive age, and when available their partners and mothers - was initiated and completed in 2006. For each of four Italian cities (Padua, Bologna, Cagliari, and Naples) studied ethnographically by trained anthropologists, both a working-class and a middle-class neighborhood were identified. These interviews (349 in number) have been transcribed without identifiers. All interviews have been coded and assigned 'attributes' (or nominative variables, such as gender, civil/religious status of marriage, etc.) using the qualitative data analysis software (NVIVO), and these reside in secure electronic project folders. This large body of qualitative interview data is now complete and ready for use across the international collaborative units. Preliminary research reveals the particular significance of family ties in Italy, the fundamental role played by gender systems, and the specific cultural, socio-economic, and politic contexts in which fertility behavior and parenting are embedded.

The Guatemalan Survey of Family Health (EGSF) was undertaken to investigate the health of children under the age of five and women during pregnancy and childbirth residing in 60 communities within the departments (geopolitical units) of Chimaltenango, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, and Jalapa in Guatemala. Data were collected at the household, individual, and community levels to gain an in-depth understanding of the way residents in these rural populations think about their health, treatment, and family relations.

Data at the household level (Parts 1-5, 90-92) provide information on household members, relation to household head, age, education, and language used.

The individual-level data (Parts 6-37) describe the respondent's background, marital/relationship history, social ties and social support, and economic status, along with health beliefs, a complete birth history, knowledge and use of contraception, health problems and treatment during the last two pregnancies, and anthropometry on mothers and children. Extensive data were gathered regarding the health problems and treatment for each of the two youngest children born since January 1990, with particular focus on diarrhea and respiratory infections.

The community data (Parts 41-60) supply information gathered from three knowledgeable individuals called "key informants" about occupations in the community, crops grown, wages, utilities and community services, and the history of the community. Parts 61-89 contain information regarding Health Posts (health care centers) through interviews conducted with key informants, doctors (Parts 72-80), and other health service providers (Parts 81-89), including traditional providers such as curers, midwives, and bone setters, regarding their practices, patients, referrals, fees, payment, and the use of specific treatments.

This study explores whether perinatal telehealth uptake has mitigated the pandemic's effects on disparities in maternal care access, quality, and outcomes by race, ethnicity, and rural or urban residence. Research to date has approached this question in several ways. First, researchers have utilized census data to assess whether community-wide broadband infrastructure exists to support the use of telehealth services in areas with high travel times to maternal care units. Findings suggest that socioeconomically disadvantaged communities face significant barriers to maternity care access, both with substantial travel burdens and inadequate digital access to facilitate telehealth services. Second, to examine maternal care quality, researchers have employed South Carolina hospital-based claims data and vital statistics to identify racial, ethnic, and urban/rural disparities in rates of cesarean delivery before and during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Results indicate that cesarean rates differed by rural vs. urban facility locations and racial and ethnic groups but observed disparities were not significantly exacerbated by the pandemic. Third, using South Carolina hospital-based claims data and COVID-19 testing data, researchers found significant racial, ethnic, and rural disparities in postpartum readmissions involving mental health and substance use disorders from childbirth discharge through one year postpartum during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, drawing on data from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C), research has shown that hybrid care increased substantially during the COVID-19 public health emergency, but pregnant people living in rural areas had lower levels of hybrid care than urban people, and individuals who belonged to racial and ethnic minority groups were more likely to have hybrid care than White individuals.

Future research will investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and perinatal telehealth uptake on additional maternity care and birth outcomes by race, ethnicity, and urbanicity. The study also aims to assess how state-level telehealth policies relate to perinatal telehealth uptake by race, ethnicity, and urbanicity, and to develop a model to predict long-term changes in maternal care access, quality, outcomes, and expenditures, with and without state telehealth policies.

The ICPSR provides variable-level metadata for the data associated with this study. The actual data may only be available from the Principal Investigator directly. The variable descriptions available through ICPSR also include information regarding the source of each variable listed, as does the Data Source field of these metadata.

Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation-Strong Start (MIHOPE-Strong Start) was a large-scale evaluation that rigorously tested the effectiveness of evidence-based home visiting in improving birth and health outcomes during pregnancy and in the year after birth. Local programs included in the study's analysis implemented one of two evidence-based models: Healthy Families America (HFA) or Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP). These models were chosen because earlier evaluations found some evidence of their having positive impacts on birth outcomes.

The Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation (OPRE) of the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) partnered with the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) to sponsor the study. MIHOPE-Strong Start was part of the CMMI's Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns Initiative, which evaluated whether enhanced, nonmedical prenatal interventions, when provided in addition to routine medical care, have the potential to improve birth outcomes and reduce health care costs for women enrolled in Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Under contract with OPRE, MDRC conducted MIHOPE-Strong Start in collaboration with James Bell Associates, Johns Hopkins University, Mathematica, and New York University.

The analysis for MIHOPE-Strong Start included 2,899 women and 66 local programs (37 HFA and 29 NFP programs) operating across 17 states: California, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, and Wisconsin. Women were eligible for MIHOPE-Strong Start if they were pregnant and at least 8 weeks from their due date.

The MIHOPE-Strong Start analysis included a subset of families and local programs that were recruited for MIHOPE, the national evaluation of the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) program. Specifically, the MIHOPE-Strong Start impact analysis included information on 46 local home visiting programs and 1,845 families that were initially recruited for MIHOPE but met the MIHOPE-Strong Start eligibility criteria. An important distinction between MIHOPE-Strong Start and MIHOPE is that MIHOPE included only programs receiving MIECHV funding, while MIHOPE-Strong Start included both MIECHV and non-MIECHV-funded programs.

In both studies, families were randomly assigned either to an evidence-based home visiting program or to a control group who was given information on other services available in the community. The random assignment design was intended to create program and control groups that were similar when women entered the study, so that systematic differences in the outcomes of interest observed between the two groups can be attributed to the home visiting services rather than to the preexisting characteristics of the women.

This collection provides information on live births in the United States during the calendar year 2007. The natality data in these files are a component of the vital statistics collection effort maintained by the federal government. Birth data is limited to births occurring in the United States to United States residents and nonresidents. Births occurring to United States citizens outside of the United States are not included in this data collection.

Part 1 contains data on births occurring within the United States, while Part 2 contains data on births occurring in the United States territories of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Variables describe the place of delivery, who was in attendance, and medical and health data such as the method of delivery, prenatal care, tobacco use during pregnancy, pregnancy history, medical risk factors, and infant health characteristics.

Birth and fertility rates and other statistics related to this study can be found in the User Guide, under Detailed Technical Notes.

Demographic variables include the child's sex and year of birth, parents' ages, races, ethnicities, education levels, as well as mother's marital status and residency status.

This collection provides information on live births in the United States during calendar year 2009. The natality data in these files are a component of the vital statistics collection effort maintained by the federal government. Birth data is limited to births occurring in the United States to United States residents and nonresidents. Births occurring to United States citizens outside of the United States are not included in this data collection.

Dataset 1 contains data on births occurring within the United States, while Dataset 2 contains data on births occurring in the United States territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Variables describe the place of delivery, who was in attendance, and medical and health data such as the method of delivery, prenatal care, tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy, pregnancy history, medical risk factors, and infant health characteristics.

Birth and fertility rates, and other statistics related to this study can be found in an Appendix to the User Guide, under Detailed Technical Notes.

Demographic variables include the child's sex and month and year of birth, and the parents' ages, races, ethnicities, education levels, as well as the mother's marital status and residency status.

This collection provides information on live births in the United States during calendar year 2010. The natality data in these files are a component of the vital statistics collection effort maintained by the federal government. Birth data is limited to births occurring in the United States to United States residents and nonresidents. Births occurring to United States citizens outside of the United States are not included in this data collection.

Dataset 1 contains data on births occurring within the United States, while dataset 2 contains data on births occurring in the United States territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Variables describe the place of delivery, who was in attendance, and medical and health data such as the method of delivery, prenatal care, tobacco use during pregnancy, pregnancy history, medical risk factors, and infant health characteristics.

Birth and fertility rates, and other statistics related to this study can be found in an Appendix to the User Guide under Detailed Technical Notes.

Demographic variables include the child's sex and month and year of birth and the parents' ages, races, ethnicities, education levels, as well as the mother's marital status and residency status.

This collection provides information on live births in the United States during the calendar year 2011. The natality data in these files are a component of the vital statistics collection effort maintained by the federal government. Birth data is limited to births occurring in the United States to United States residents and nonresidents. Births occurring to United States citizens outside of the United States are not included in this data collection.

Dataset 1 contains data on births occurring within the United States, while Dataset 2 contains data on births occurring in the United States territories of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Variables describe the place of delivery, who was in attendance, and medical and health data such as the method of delivery, prenatal care, tobacco use during pregnancy, pregnancy history, medical risk factors, and infant health characteristics.

Birth rates, fertility rates, and other aggregate statistics can be found in the Detailed Technical Notes section of the ICPSR User Guide.

Demographic information includes the child's sex and month and year of birth, the parents' ages, races, ethnicities, education levels, as well as the mother's marital status and residency status.