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The 2021-2022 Study of Family and Staff Experiences in AIAN Head Start FACES Programs (2021-2022 Study) builds on the American Indian and Alaska Native Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (AIAN FACES), which has been a source of national information on children and families enrolled in Head Start programs operated by federally recognized tribes (known as Region XI AIAN Head Start) since 2015. The motivation and goals of the Study of Family and Staff Experiences in AIAN FACES Programs (the 2021-2022 study) came from a need that arose as the COVID-19 pandemic continued into another year of affecting Region XI Head Start families' and staff's lives--and from recognizing the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on AIAN communities.

The 2021-2022 study included a nonrepresentative sample of Region XI Head Start programs and the children and families they serve. Although a nationally representative sample of Region XI Head Start programs, centers, teachers, and children were selected, fewer of them participated than expected, despite an extension of the planned parental consent collection and data collection windows.

Through a new tribal program and researcher partnership, this study aimed to answer the questions: what does violence look like to Native youth, and how do Native youth experience resilience and how can that resilience be strengthened? Through the use of two theoretical frameworks, Galtung's Basic Human Needs and the Socio-Ecological model, these questions were explored.

The work from this project was threefold, first this was a capacity-building grant. Therefore, the central goal was to establish a new tribal program partnership between Native Women's Society of the Great Plains (NWS), led by researchers from the University of South Dakota (USD) and researchers from the University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS). Together they worked to identify additional members who would be part of the study design, implementation, analysis, and dissemination. Project partners ranged in age and geographic location. Participants from NWS, USD, and UCCS worked collaboratively to meet the additional goals of this project.

The second goal was to explore an issue of concern to NWS across the Great Plains Region using the community based participatory research approach. From previous discussions between the researchers and NWS team, vulnerability to violence begins in youth, and therefore was of particular interest to Native people of the Great Plains Region. Thus, USD, NSW, and UCCS developed and applied for the Tribal-Research Capacity-Building Grant together.

The third goal was to identify a priority matter from the data collected on this project and collaborate on a subsequent grant application.

To meet these three overarching goals, five objectives were mapped out for this project. These included the following:

• Objective 1: Develop a communication strategy among the partnership agency members to advance capacity and enable meaningful conversations about difficult topics.
• Objective 2: Develop an answer to the question "what is violence?" for this population.
• Objective 3: To understand how these different sources of violence interact with the human needs identified under objective 2 to create patterned vulnerabilities (or susceptibilities).
• Objective 4: To address how resilience works within the developed model.
• Objective 5: To extend capacity building in the broader Indigenous communities of the Great Plains through bidirectional communication and information sharing.

The Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) is a major source of information on Head Start programs and the children and families they serve. Since 1997, FACES has conducted studies in a nationally representative sample of Head Start programs, but has historically not included Region XI (programs operated by federally-recognized tribes), whose programs are designed to serve predominantly American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children and families. The American Indian and Alaska Native Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey 2015 (AI/AN FACES 2015), the first national study of Region XI AI/AN Head Start children and families, is designed to fill this information gap.

The design of AI/AN FACES 2015 has been informed by members of the AI/AN FACES 2015 Workgroup which includes tribal Head Start directors, researchers with expertise working with tribal communities, Mathematica Policy Research study staff, and federal officials from the Office of Head Start, Region XI, and the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation. Building on FACES as the foundation, members of the AI/AN FACES 2015 Workgroup have shared insights and information on the kinds of information needed about children and families served by Region XI AI/AN Head Start programs (including children's development and school readiness, parent and family demographics, health, and program engagement, and teacher, classroom, and program characteristics). Members also provided input on recruitment practices and study methods that are responsive to the unique cultural and self-governing contexts of tribal Head Start programs.

Data collection with Region XI children, families, classrooms, and programs took place in the Fall of 2015 and the Spring of 2016. Twenty-one Region XI Head Start programs participated. Procedures for tribal review and approval in each of those 21 communities were followed. Information about this study has been shared broadly with tribal Head Start programs and tribal leaders via OHS tribal consultations, nationally-broadcast webinars, National Indian Head Start Directors' Association Board of Directors (NIHSDA) annual conferences, the 2016 ACF National Research Conference on Early Childhood, and the Secretary's Tribal Advisory Council (STAC) December 2014 and 2016 meetings.

This data collection contains sample data from the 1990 Census weighted to represent the total population. Data items covered by the collection include age of householder, number of rooms and bedrooms, condominium status, contract rent, educational attainment of householder, gross rent, house heating fuel, household income, household type, presence and age of children, kitchen facilities, marital status, meals included in rent, means of transportation to work, mortgage status, number of persons in unit, persons per room, plumbing facilities, poverty status, presence of nonrelatives, selected monthly owner costs, telephone in unit, housing tenure, travel time to work, number of units in structure, value of housing unit, vehicles available, workers in household, year householder moved into unit, and year structure was built. In addition, the file contains 100-percent counts and unweighted sample counts for total persons and total housing units. The information is presented in 323 tables that are tabulated for every geographic unit represented in the data. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information. Almost all of the tables are iterated by race and Hispanic origin: White, Black, American Indian, Eskimo or Aleut, Asian or Pacific Islander, Hispanic origin (of any race), and White, not of Hispanic origin.

All of the tables are shown for six levels of observation: United States, regions, divisions, states, Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA)/Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSA), and Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The data were supplied in eight data files, each with a portion of the cases. In addition, ICPSR produced a combined file with all of the cases.

This data collection contains information compiled from the questions asked of all people and every housing unit enumerated in Census 2000. The questions cover sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, type of living quarters (household/group quarters), household relationship, housing unit vacancy status, and housing unit tenure (owner/renter). With subject content identical to that provided in Summary File 1, the information is presented in 286 tables that are tabulated for every geographic unit represented in the data. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information. The data cover 15 geographic levels of observation (known as "summary levels" in the Census Bureau's nomenclature) based on the 108th Congressional Districts, e.g., the 108th Congressional Districts themselves, Census tracts within the 108th Congressional Districts, and county subdivisions within the 108th Congressional Districts. There are 40 data files for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

The collection is supplied in 54 ZIP archives. There is a separate ZIP file for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and, for the convenience of those who need all of the data, a separate ZIP archive with all 2,080 data files. The codebook and other documentation are located in the last ZIP archive.

This data collection contains information compiled from the questions asked of a sample of persons and housing units enumerated in Census 2000. Population items include sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, type of living quarters (household/group quarters), urban/rural status, household relationship, marital status, grandparents as caregivers, language and ability to speak English, ancestry, place of birth, citizenship status and year of entry into the United States, migration, place of work, journey to work (commuting), school enrollment and educational attainment, veteran status, disability, employment status, occupation and industry, class of worker, income, and poverty status. Housing items include vacancy status, tenure (owner/renter), number of rooms, number of bedrooms, year moved into unit, household size, occupants per room, number of units in structure, year structure was built, heating fuel, telephone service, plumbing and kitchen facilities, vehicles available, value of home, and monthly rent. With subject content identical to that provided in Summary File 3, the information is presented in 813 tables that are tabulated for every geographic unit represented in the data. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information. The data cover more than a dozen geographic levels of observation (known as "summary levels" in the Census Bureau's nomenclature) based on the 108th Congressional Districts, e.g., the 108th Congressional Districts, themselves, Census tracts within the 108th Congressional Districts, and county subdivisions within the 108th Congressional Districts. There are 77 data files for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

The collection is supplied in 54 ZIP archives. There is a separate ZIP file for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and for the convenience of those who need all of the data, a separate ZIP archive with all 4,004 data files. The codebook and other documentation are located in the last ZIP archive.

This data collection contains information compiled from the questions asked of all people and every housing unit enumerated in Census 2000. The questions cover sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, type of living quarters (household/group quarters), household relationship, housing unit vacancy status, and housing unit tenure (owner/renter). With subject content identical to that provided in Summary File 1, the information is presented in 286 tables that are tabulated for every geographic unit represented in the data. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information. The data cover more than a dozen geographic levels of observation (known as "summary levels" in the Census Bureau's nomenclature) based on the 109th Congressional Districts, e.g., the 109th Congressional Districts themselves, Census tracts within the 109th Congressional Districts, and county subdivisions within the 109th Congressional Districts. There are 40 data files for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

The collection is supplied in 54 ZIP archives. There is a separate ZIP file for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and, for the convenience of those who need all of the data, a separate ZIP archive with all 2,080 data files. The codebook and other documentation constitute the last ZIP archive.

This data collection contains information compiled from the questions asked of a sample of persons and housing units enumerated in Census 2000. Population items include sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, type of living quarters (household/group quarters), urban/rural status, household relationship, marital status, grandparents as caregivers, language and ability to speak English, ancestry, place of birth, citizenship status and year of entry into the United States, migration, place of work, journey to work (commuting), school enrollment and educational attainment, veteran status, disability, employment status, occupation and industry, class of worker, income, and poverty status. Housing items include vacancy status, tenure (owner/renter), number of rooms, number of bedrooms, year moved into unit, household size, occupants per room, number of units in structure, year structure was built, heating fuel, telephone service, plumbing and kitchen facilities, vehicles available, value of home, and monthly rent. With subject content identical to that provided in Summary File 3, the information is presented in 813 tables that are tabulated for every geographic unit represented in the data. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information. The data cover more than a dozen geographic levels of observation (known as "summary levels" in the Census Bureau's nomenclature) based on the 109th Congressional Districts, e.g., the 109th Congressional Districts, themselves, Census tracts within the 109th Congressional Districts, and county subdivisions within the 109th Congressional Districts. There are 77 data files for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

The collection is supplied in 54 ZIP archives. There is a separate ZIP file for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and for the convenience of those who need all of the data, a separate ZIP archive with all 4,004 data files. The codebook and other documentation are located in the last ZIP archive.

This data collection contains information compiled from the questions asked of all people and every housing unit enumerated in Census 2000. The questions cover sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, type of living quarters (household/group quarters), household relationship, housing unit vacancy status, and housing unit tenure (owner/renter). With subject content identical to that provided in Summary File 1, the information is presented in 286 tables that are tabulated for every geographic unit represented in the data. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information. The data cover more than a dozen geographic levels of observation (known as "summary levels" in the Census Bureau's nomenclature) based on the 110th Congressional Districts, e.g., the 110th Congressional Districts themselves, census tracts within the 110th Congressional Districts, and county subdivisions within the 110th Congressional Districts. There are 40 data files for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

The collection is supplied in 54 ZIP archives. There is a separate ZIP file for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and, for the convenience of those who need all of the data, a separate ZIP archive with all 2,080 data files. The codebook and other documentation constitute the last ZIP archive.

This data collection contains information compiled from the questions asked of a sample of persons and housing units enumerated in Census 2000. Population items include sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, type of living quarters (household/group quarters), urban/rural status, household relationship, marital status, grandparents as caregivers, language and ability to speak English, ancestry, place of birth, citizenship status and year of entry into the United States, migration, place of work, journey to work (commuting), school enrollment and educational attainment, veteran status, disability, employment status, occupation and industry, class of worker, income, and poverty status. Housing items include vacancy status, tenure (owner/renter), number of rooms, number of bedrooms, year moved into unit, household size, occupants per room, number of units in structure, year structure was built, heating fuel, telephone service, plumbing and kitchen facilities, vehicles available, value of home, and monthly rent. With subject content identical to that provided in Summary File 3, the information is presented in 813 tables that are tabulated for every geographic unit represented in the data. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information. The data cover more than a dozen geographic levels of observation (known as "summary levels" in the Census Bureau's nomenclature) based on the 110th Congressional Districts, e.g., the 110th Congressional Districts, themselves, Census tracts within the 110th Congressional Districts, and county subdivisions within the 110th Congressional Districts. There are 77 data files for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

The collection is supplied in 54 ZIP archives. There is a separate ZIP file for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and for the convenience of those who need all of the data, a separate ZIP archive with all 4,004 data files. The codebook and other documentation are located in the last ZIP archive.

This data collection contains information compiled from the questions asked of all people and every housing unit enumerated in Census 2000. The questions cover sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, type of living quarters (household/group quarters), household relationship, housing unit vacancy status, and housing unit tenure (owner/renter). With subject content identical to that provided in Summary File 1, the information is presented in 286 tables which are tabulated for every upper and lower chamber state legislative district and smaller geographic units within the districts: counties, county subdivisions, places, consolidated cities, and American Indian Areas/Alaska Native Areas/Hawaiian Home Lands. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information, which are recorded in 2,080 data files, 40 for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

The collection is supplied in 54 ZIP archives. There is an archive for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and for the convenience of those who need all of the data, a separate ZIP archive with all 2,080 data files. The codebook and other documentation constitute the last ZIP archive.

This data collection contains information compiled from the questions asked of a sample of persons and housing units enumerated in Census 2000. Population items include sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, type of living quarters (household/group quarters), urban/rural status, household relationship, marital status, grandparents as caregivers, language and ability to speak English, ancestry, place of birth, citizenship status and year of entry into the United States, migration, place of work, journey to work (commuting), school enrollment and educational attainment, veteran status, disability, employment status, occupation and industry, class of worker, income, and poverty status. Housing items include vacancy status, tenure (owner/renter), number of rooms, number of bedrooms, year moved into unit, household size, occupants per room, number of units in structure, year structure was built, heating fuel, telephone service, plumbing and kitchen facilities, vehicles available, value of home, and monthly rent. With subject content identical to that provided in Summary File 3, the information is presented in 813 tables which are tabulated for every upper and lower chamber state legislative district and smaller geographic units within the districts: counties, county subdivisions, places, consolidated cities, and American Indian Areas/Alaska Native Areas/Hawaiian Home Lands. There is one variable per table cell, plus additional variables with geographic information. Like Summary File 3, the collection contains 4,004 data files:77 for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

The collection is supplied in 54 ZIP archives. There is a separate ZIP file for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and for the convenience of those who need all of the data, a separate ZIP archive with all 4,004 data files. The codebook and other documentation are located in the last ZIP archive.