National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Followup Series

Investigator(s): National Center for Health Statistics

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The survey combines interviews and physical examinations. NHANES is a major program of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); NCHS is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The NHANES series archived with ICPSR and NACDA includes:

  • Continuous NHANES data (1999 and later)
  • Historical NHANES I, II, III
  • Hispanic HANES
  • NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Survey (NHEFS)

The NHANES I and NHANES II datasets were formerly titled HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEYS by ICPSR. This series succeeds the National Center for Health Statistics' NATIONAL HEALTH EXAMINATION SURVEY (NHES) series, which was collected from 1959 to 1970.

All of the NHANES datasets use complex, multistage, stratified, clustered samples of civilian non-institutionalized populations. All of the files within each study are linkable to each other.

The NHANES I (1971-1975) interviewed a sample of 31,973 persons aged 1-74 years. The sample was selected so that certain population groups thought to be at high risk of malnutrition (persons with low incomes, preschool children, women of childbearing age, and the elderly) were oversampled at preset rates. On completion of the survey, 23,808 of the interviewed sample were given a medical examination, and this information is also part of the NHANES I data collections.

The second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES II (1976-1980), was designed to continue the measurement and monitoring of the nutritional status and health of the United States population. From the sample of 27,801 persons aged 6 months to 74 years, 25,286 people were interviewed and 20,322 were both interviewed and examined. Because children and persons classified as living at or below the poverty level were assumed to be at special risk of having nutritional problems, they were sampled at rates substantially higher than their proportions in the general population.

The NHANES III (1988-1994) contains information on a sample of 33,994 persons aged 2 months and older. A home examination was employed for the first time in order to obtain examination data for very young children and for the elderly.

The NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study (NHEFS) is a longitudinal study designed to investigate the relationships between clinical, nutritional, and behavioral factors assessed in NHANES I and subsequent morbidity, mortality, and hospital utilization, as well as changes in risk factors, functional limitation, and institutionalization. The NHEFS cohort includes all persons aged 25-74 who completed a medical examination for NHANES I (N = 14,407).

The Hispanic HANES (HHANES) was conducted to obtain sufficient numbers to produce estimates of the health and nutritional status of Hispanics in general, as well as specific data for Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans, and Cuban Americans. Included in the survey are Mexican Americans from Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California (N = 7,462), Cuban Americans from Dade County, Florida (N = 1,357), and Puerto Ricans from the New York area, including parts of New Jersey and Connecticut (N = 2,834).

Limited access NHANES data are available through the CDC Restricted Data Center (RDC).

Recent years of data from this series can be found by visiting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) project website and will not be curated by ICPSR and NACDA to avoid duplicate efforts and distribution.

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2020
McNally, James W., Lavender, Kathryn M., Levenstein, Margaret C. Best Practices for Measuring the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Impact of Epidemics. ICPSR Working Paper. 2, Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR).
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2021
Link, Bruce G., Garcia, San Juanita Diversions: How the underrepresentation of research on advantaged groups leaves explanations for health inequalities incomplete. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 62, (3), 334-349.
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2021
Zambrana, Ruth, Amaro, Gabriel, Butler, Courtney, DuPont-Reyes, Melissa, Parra-Medina, Deborah Analysis of Latina/o sociodemographic and health data sets in the United States from 1960 to 2019: Findings suggest improvements to future data collection efforts. Health Education and Behavior. 48, (3), 320-331.
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2021
Korous, Kevin M. Is More Always Better? The Relation Between Socioeconomic Status and Human Development. Arizona State University. [dissertation]
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2020
Ringeisen, Heather, Stambaugh, Leyla, Khoury, Dalia The epidemiology of childhood emotional and behavioral disorders. Handbook of Research on Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Interdisciplinary Developmental Perspectives on Children and Youth. New York, NY: Routledge, .
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2021
Platt, Jonathan M., Bates, Lisa, Jager, Justin, McLaughlin, Katie A., Keyes, Katherine M. Is the US gender gap in depression changing over time? A meta-regression. American Journal of Epidemiology. .
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2021
Pachito, Daniela V., Pega, Frank, Bakusic, Jelena, Boonen, Emma, Clays, Els, Descartha, Alexis, Delvaux, Ellen, De Bacquer, Dirk, Koskenvuo, Karoliina, Kroger, Hannes, Lambrechts, Marie-Claire, Latorraca, Carolina O.C., Li, Jian, Cabrera Martimbianco, Ana L., Riera, Rachel, Rugulies, Reiner, Sembajwe, Grace, Siegrist, Johannes, Sillanmaki, Lauri, Sumanen, Markku, Suominen, Sakari, Ujita, Yuka, Vandersmissen, Godelieve, Godderis, Lode The effect of exposure to long working hours on alcohol consumption, risky drinking and alcohol use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related burden of disease and injury. Environment International. 146, (106205), .
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2020
Descatha, Alexis, Sembajwe, Grace, Pega, Frank, Ujita, Yuka, Baer, Michael, Boccuni, Fabio, Di Tecco, Cristina, Duret, Clement, Evanoff, Bradley A., Gagliardi, Diana, Godderis, Lode, Kang, Seong-Kyu, Kim, Beon Joon, Li, Jian, Magnusson Hanson, Linda L., Marinaccio, Alessandro, Ozguler, Anna, Pachito, Daniela, Pell, John, Pico, Fernando, Ronchetti, Matteo, Roquelaure, Yves, Rugulies, Reiner, Schouteden, Martijn, Siegrist, Johannes, Tsutsumi, Akizumi, Iavicoli, Sergio The effect of exposure to long working hours on stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Environment International. 142, (105746), .
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2015
Kivimaki, Mika, Jokela, Markus, Nyberg, Solja T., Singh-Manoux, Archana, Fransson, Eleonor I., Alfredsson, Lars, Bjorner, Jakob B., Borritz, Marianne, Burr, Hermann, Casini, Annalisa, Clays, Els, De Bacquer, Dirk, Dragano, Nico, Erbel, Raimund, Geuskens, Goedele A., Hamer, Mark, Hooftman, Wendela E., Houtman, Irene L., Jockel, Karl-Heinz, Kittel, France, Knutsson, Anders, Koskenvuo, Markku, Lunau, Thorsten, Madsen, Ida E.H., Nielsen, Martin L., Nordin, Maria, Oksanen, Tuula, Pejtersen, Jan H., Pentti, Jaana, Rugulies, Reiner, Salo, Paula, Shipley, Martin J., Siegrist, Johannes, Steptoe, Andrew, Suominen, Sakari B., Theorell, Tores, Vahtera, Jussi, Westerholm, Peter J.M., Westerlund, Hugo, O'Reilly, Dermot, Kumari, Meena, Batty, G. David, Ferrie, Jane E., Virtanen, Marianna Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals. Lancet. 386, (10005), 1739-1746.
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2016
Ringeisen, Heather, Stambaugh, Leyla, Bose, Jonaki, Casanueva, Cecilia, Hedden, Sarra, Avenevoli, Shelli, Blau, Gary, Canino, Glorisa, Carter, Alice, Colpe, Lisa, Copeland, William E., Fisher, Prudence W., Kaufman, Joan, Merikangas, Kathleen, Narrow, William, Stroul, Beth, West, Jerry Measurement of childhood serious emotional disturbance: State of the science and issues for consideration. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 25, (4), 195-210.
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1997
Beckett, Megan Katharine Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health Over the Life Cycle: Reexamining the Role of Health Behaviors. University of Michigan. [dissertation]
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2018
Murray, C.J.L., Mokdad, A.H., Ballestros, K., Echko, M., Glenn, S., Olsen, H.E., Mullany, E., Lee, A., Khan, A.R., Ahmadi, A., Ferrari, A.J., Kasaeian, A., Werdecker, A., Carter, A., Zipkin, B., Sartorius, B., Serdar, B., Sykes, B.L., Troeger, C., Fitzmaurice, C., Rehm, C.D., Santomauro, D., Kim, D., Colombara, D., Schwebel, D.C., Tsoi, D., Kolte, D., Nsoesie, E., Nichols, E., Oren, E., Charlson, F.J., Patton, G.C., Roth, G.A., Dean Hosgood, H., Whiteford, H.A., Kyu, H., Erskine, H.E., Huang, H., Martopullo, I., Singh, J.A., Nachega, J.B., Sanabria, J.R., Abbas, K., Ong, K., Tabb, K., Krohn, K.J., Cornaby, L., Degenhardt, L., Moses, M., Farvid, M., Griswold, M., Criqui, M., Bell, M., Nguyen, M., Wallin, M., Mirarefin, M., Qorbani, M., Younis, M., Fullman, N., Liu, P., Briant, P., Gona, P., Havmoller, R., Leung, R., Kimokoti, R., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Hay, S.I., Yadgir, S., Biryukov, S., Vollset, S.E., Alam, T., Frank, T., Farid, T., Miller, T., Vos, T., Barnighausen, T., Gebrehiwot, T.T., Yano, Y., Al-Aly, Z., Mehari, A., Handal, A., Kandel, A., Anderson, B., Biroscak, B., Mozaffarian, D., Ray Dorsey, E., Ding, E.L., Park, E.-K., Wagner, G., Hu, G., Chen, H., Sunshine, J.E., Khubchandani, J., Leasher, J., Leung, J., Salomon, J., Unutzer, J., Cahill, L., Cooper, L., Horino, M., Brauer, M., Breitborde, N., Hotez, P., Topor-Madry, R., Soneji, S., Stranges, S., James, S., Amrock, S., Jayaraman, S., Patel, T., Akinyemiju, T., Skirbekk, V., Kinfu, Y., Bhutta, Z., Jonas, J.B., Murray, C.J.L. The state of US health, 1990-2016: Burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors among US states. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association. 79, (3), 1444-1472.
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2017
Garcia, John A. The race project: Researching race in the social sciences researchers, measures, and scope of studies. Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 2, (2), 300-346.
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2015
Kivimäki, M., Virtanen, M., Kawachi, I., Nyberg, S.T., Alfredsson, L., Batty, G.D., Jokela, M. Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222,120 individuals. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 3, (1), 27-34.
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2013
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Behavioral Health, United States, 2012. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (SMA) 13-4797, Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
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2012
Purcell, David W., Johnson, Christopher H., Lansky, Amy, Prejean, Joseph, Stein, Renee, Denning, Paul, Gau, Zaneta, Weinstock, Hillard, Su, John, Crepaz, Nicole Estimating the population size of men who have sex with men in the United States to obtain HIV and syphilis rates. The Open AIDS Journal. 6, 98-107.
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2012
Sabik, Lindsay M., Dahman, Bassam A. Trends in care for uninsured adults and disparities in care by insurance status. Medical Care Research and Review. 69, (2), 215-230.
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2010
Freeman, Elsie J., Colpe, Lisa J., Strine, Tara W., Satvinder, Dhingra, McGuire, Lisa E., Elam-Evans, Laurie D., Perry, Geraldine S. Public health surveillance for mental health. Preventing Chronic Disease. 7, (1), 1-7.
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2005
Balsa, Ana I., McGuire, Thomas G., Meredith, Lisa S. Testing for statistical discrimination in health care. Health Services Research. 40, (1), 227-252.
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2004
Wight, R.G., Sepulveda, J.E., Aneshensel, C.S. Depressive symptoms: How do adolescents compare with adults?. Journal of Adolescent Health. 34, (4), 314-323.
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2003
Xu, Xiaohe, Bartkowski, John P., Levin, Martin L., Miller, Kim S. Gender, Marital Status, Employment Status and Depressive Symptoms. Southern Sociological Society.
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1997
Ku, Leighton, Sonenstein, Freya L., Turner, Charles F., Aral, Sevgi O., Black, Carolyn M. The promise of integrated representative surveys about sexually transmitted diseases and behavior. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 24, (5), 299-309.
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1988
Angel, Ronald J., Gronfein, William The Use of Subjective Information in Statistical Models. American Sociological Review. 53, (3), 464-473.
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