Information regarding archive to which this product belongs.

Distributor(s)

The sources of funding that supported the data collection.

Funding Sources

License

Any commonly known scales used to collect data for the study (e.g., psychological scales such as MMPI and CPI, or occupational scales such as the Census Occupational Codes). The inclusion of a common scale should be identified in the documentation associated with this dataset and confirmed by variable names or labels. If the questionnaire used has a finite list of responses, such as 'Always,' 'Sometimes,' 'Rarely,' and 'Never,' or 'Strongly Agree,' 'Agree,' 'Disagree,' and 'Strongly Disagree,' then 'A Likert-type scale was used' or 'Several Likert-type scales were used' is entered in this field. The scales can be cited either as a list or described in full sentences.

Scales

A description of the criteria for using weights in the analysis of a data collection. If a weighting formula or coefficient was developed, a formula should be provided, including a definition of the elements and how the formula is applied to the data.

Weight

Analysis Notes

A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to uniquely identify an article or document, and to provide it with a permanent web address.

The name by which a data collection may be commonly referred to, or as provided by the PI.

Alternate Titles

The format of the dataset(s) in the collection

Data Formats

Classification codes used to categorize economic research.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification Codes

The language(s) used in the product's content

Language

Contains information regarding any limitations on use or restrictions on access to the file.

Restrictions

The identification number for this study within ICPSR.

Study Number

A subject term indicates what the study is about and summarizes its content in order to increase its findability. Subject Terms follow the ICPSR Subject Terms Thesaurus and the Library of Congress Subject Terms.

ICPSR Subject Terms

Description

Describes the entity being analyzed in the study. Possible values: Individual; Organization; Family; Family.Household family; Household; Housing Unit; Event/Process; Geographic Unit; Time Unit; Text Unit; Group; Object; Other

Units of Analysis

The method(s) or procedure(s) used to collect the data.

Collection Modes

A link to the data management plan (preferably a persistent identifier such as a DOI).

Data Management Plan

External Data Sources

The source(s) of the data as collected by the Principal Investigators.

Data Source Types

Describes the procedures the researchers used to contact subjects and/or to collect the data. Such detail could include how surveys were prepared and administered, how interviews were conducted, or how the data were obtained and compiled, as well as information about deadlines and follow-ups to respondents.

Study Design

Describes the concept of the study in detail. The information is similar to that in the Summary field, but more detailed. Such information can include descriptions of the purpose, objectives, and what researchers intended to achieve, as well as lists of questions that the study sought to answer. Historical or background information about the research project is relevant to this field as well.

Study Purpose

The file format types present in the data collection.

General Data Formats

The smallest geographic unit represented in the data that can be analyzed. Possible values: Area code Administrative region Block Census Block Census Block group Census division Census enumeration area Census region Census tract City Congressional district Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) Continent Core-based statistical area Country County District Ecological zone Electoral district Electoral ward Enumeration area Federal court district FIPS code Geo-political unit (GPU) Geocoded street location Grid coordinates Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Municipality Neighborhood Neighborhood cluster Other Police district Police jurisdiction Police patrol/beat Police precinct Police sector Postal code Prefecture Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA) Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) Province Public use microdata area (PUMA) School district State State legislative district Street address Territory Town Township Traffic analysis zone (TAZ) United Kingdom Standard Statistical Regions (SSR) University campus Village Voting Precinct Ward Watershed Zip Code</div>

Smallest Geographic Unit

This controlled vocabulary was taken from the ICPSR Subject Terms Thesaurus. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Terms

Indicates if the data collection includes a sample that reflects the demographics, behaviors, and/or characteristics of the entire nation.

Nationally Representative Sample

A link to a research plan for the data collection (preferably a persistent identifier such as a DOI).

Pre-registration

The percentage of respondents in the sample who participated in the study.

Response Rates

Supplemental information about the sampling process that does not fit neatly into the Sampling Procedure field.

Sampling Note

This controlled vocabulary was taken from the DDI Alliance. Source: DDI Alliance CV Sampling Procedure https://rdf-vocabulary.ddialliance.org/ddi-cv/SamplingProcedure/1.1.4/SamplingProcedure.html

Sampling Procedures

Lists software applications related to the study.

Software Applications

The time dimension in which the data were collected and framed, ex. longitudinal, cross-sectional, etc.</div><ul><li>Longitudinal -- Data collected repeatedly over time to study change in a population.</li><li>Longitudinal:Cohort/Event-based -- Data collected over time about a group of individuals that are connected in some way or have shared some significant experience within a given period. Examples: birth, disease, education, employment, family formation, participation in an event.</li><li>Longitudinal:Trend/Repeated Cross--section -- Studies different samples /groups of people from the same population at several points in time, using the same set of questions/variables. Conclusions are drawn for the population. Examples: public opinion polls, elections studies, etc.</li><li>Longitudinal:Panel -- Data collected over time from, or about, the same sample of respondents.</li><li>Longitudinal:Panel:Continuous -- Reports from the panel are collected on a regular basis.</li><li>Longitudinal:Panel:Interval -- Measurements are taken only when information is needed.</li><li>Time Series -- Data collected repeatedly over time to study change in observations. These are typically 'objective' measurements of phenomena that can be observed externally, as opposed to attitudes/opinions or feelings. Examples: economic/financial indicators, natural/meteorological phenomena, vital statistics, etc.</li><li>Time Series:Continuous -- Phenomena are measured at every instant of time. Examples: lie detectors, electrocardiograms, etc.</li><li>Time Series:Discrete -- Measurements are taken at (usually regularly) spaced intervals. Examples: macroeconomics (weekly share prices, monthly profits, sales, etc.), meteorology (daily rainfall, hourly temperature, etc.), sociology (crime figures, employment figures, etc.).</li><li>Cross-sectional -- Data about a population are obtained only once.</li><li>Cross-sectional ad-hoc follow-up -- Data collected at one point in time to complete information collected in a previous cross-sectional study; the decision to collect follow-up data is not included in the study design.</li></ul>

Time Methods

Lists significant variables that are present in the data files distributed for public release, particularly demographic variables.

Variable Description

Methodology

Tells when the data were physically collected. The Collection Time Frame field is a text description of the collection dates or collection date ranges.

Collection Dates

A description of technical details and other characteristics of the data collection (such as unique authoring, dissemination, or processing information) that cannot be recorded in the other metadata fields but constitute important information for the user.

Notes

The group of persons or other elements that are the object of the study and to which the study results refer. Age, nationality, and residence commonly help to delineate a given universe, but any of a number of factors may be involved, such as sex, race, income, veteran status, criminal convictions, etc. The universe may consist of elements other than persons, such as housing units, court cases, deaths, countries, etc. In general, it should be possible to tell from the description of the universe whether a given individual or element (hypothetical or real) is a member of the population under study.

Universe

Scope

Date when the data collection was first distributed by ICPSR.

Original Release Date

A summary description of changes that have been made to the data collection since its last release. This field constitutes the de facto change history for a data collection.

Version History

The current version number for this data collection.

Version

Researchers used data from the 2019 Occupational Information Network (O*NET) Work
Context module, which reports summary measures of the tasks used in 968 occupations (National Center for O*NET Development 2020). These data were gathered
through surveys asking workers how often they perform particular tasks and about
the importance of different activities in their jobs. Some of the questions relate to the need for face-to-face interaction with clients, customers, and coworkers, and other questions assess how easily work could be done remotely. Researchers used such questions to build two occupation indices: Face-to-Face (questions on face-to-face discussions and physical proximity) and Remote Work (questions on use of electronic mail, written letters, and phone conversation). Occupational characteristics in the O*NET were measured prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. This means that they do not capture "work practice innovations" that may have been induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the fact that many teachers and professors transitioned from face-to-face to online instruction during the
pandemic.

Montenovo, Laura

Jiang, Xuan

Lozano-Rojas, Felipe A.

Schmutte, Ian M.

Simon, Kosali

Weinberg, Bruce A.

Wing, Coady

Researchers used data from the 2019 Occupational Information Network (O*NET) Work Context module, which reports summary measures of the tasks used in 968 occupations (National Center for O*NET Development 2020). These data were gathered through surveys asking workers how often they perform particular tasks and about the importance of different activities in their jobs. Some of the questions relate to the need for face-to-face interaction with clients, customers, and coworkers, and other questions assess how easily work could be done remotely. Researchers used such questions to build two occupation indices: Face-to-Face (questions on face-to-face discussions and physical proximity) and Remote Work (questions on use of electronic mail, written letters, and phone conversation). Occupational characteristics in the O*NET were measured prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. This means that they do not capture "work practice innovations" that may have been induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the fact that many teachers and professors transitioned from face-to-face to online instruction during the pandemic.

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/39168/versions/V1/download/sas?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/9/1/39168/V1

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/39168/versions/V1/download/spss?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/9/1/39168/V1

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/39168/versions/V1/download/stata?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/9/1/39168/V1

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/39168/versions/V1/download/ascii?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/9/1/39168/V1

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/39168/versions/V1/download/rdata?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/9/1/39168/V1

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/39168/versions/V1/download/delimited?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/9/1/39168/V1

Occupational Social Distancing Indices, United States, 2019

Study details

Data & documentation

Study-level documentation

Datasets in this study

Variables

Funder information