Forces of Change Survey, United States, 2024 (ICPSR 39672)
The National Association of County and City Health Officials' (NACCHO's) Forces of Change Survey was developed as an evolution to NACCHO's Job Losses and Program Cuts surveys, which measured the impact of the economic recession on local health departments' (LHDs) budgets, staff, and programs.
Beginning in 2014, NACCHO began conducting the Forces of Change survey yearly in years that the National Profile Study of Local Health Departments (Profile) was not fielded. The Forces of Change Survey continues to measure changes in LHD budgets, staff, programs, and assess more broadly the impact of forces affecting change in LHDs.
More specifically, the survey collected information about staffing and budget changes, agency governance, engagement with fellowship/training programs, public health nursing activities, evaluation capacity, and services to address the infectious disease consequences of the opioid crisis.