St Louis County Hot Spots in Residential Areas (SCHIRA) 2011-2013 (ICPSR 36098)

Version Date: Dec 13, 2017

Cite this study |

Principal Investigator(s):
Tammy Kochel, Southern Illinois University

https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36098.v1

Version V1

Slide tabs to view more

Summary

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

This study applied an experimental design to examine the crime and short- and long-term community impact of different hot spots policing approaches in 71 residential crime hot spots in St Louis County, MO. Hot spots were selected using Part I and Part II incidents in the year preceding the study (2011). The design contrasted a traditional enforcement-oriented hot spots approach versus place-based problem solving responses expected to change the routine activities of places over the long term. Twenty hot spots were randomly assigned to collaborative problem solving, while 20 were randomly assigned to directed patrol. Thirty-one randomly assigned hot spots received standard police practices. The treatment lasted five months (June-October, 2012).

In order to assess community impact, researchers conducted 2,851 surveys of hot spots residents over three time points: March-May, 2012, at baseline; November 2012-January 2013, immediately following treatment; and May-July 2013, six to nine months after treatment concluded. In addition to collecting data on the crime and community effects, the study also collected data on the time officers spent in hot spots and the activities performed while on directed patrol. Officers were surveyed to learn their views about implementing hot spots policing.

Citation

Kochel, Tammy. St Louis County Hot Spots in Residential Areas (SCHIRA) 2011-2013. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2017-12-13. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36098.v1

Export Citation:

  • RIS (generic format for RefWorks, EndNote, etc.)
  • EndNote

Funding

United States Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice (2011-IJ-CX-0007)

Subject Terms

Geographic Coverage

Smallest Geographic Unit

Precinct

Restrictions

Access to these data is restricted. Users interested in obtaining these data must complete a Restricted Data Use Agreement, specify the reasons for the request, and obtain IRB approval or notice of exemption for their research.

Distributor(s)

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
Hide

Time Period(s)

2010 -- 2013

Date of Collection

2012-01 -- 2013-07

Data Collection Notes

  1. These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

Hide

Study Purpose

The purpose of this project was to conduct an experiment to study how a collaborative problem solving approach (PS) versus directed patrol (DP) versus standard policing practices (SPP) (the control group) differently impact crime in hot spots, but more importantly how the varied strategies impact residents' opinions about police, their neighborhoods, and their willingness to exert collective efficacy.

Study Design

Seventy-one hot spots were chosen by identifying crime incidents between December 2010 and November 2011 using kernel density with Robert Cross and Getis Ord GI* and then assessing counts at street segments to identify crime concentrations in residential areas. A random number generator was used to randomly assign treatment status as problem solving approach or directed patrol to 40 hot spots, while the remaining 31 sites were designated as controls.

Twenty-two officers were assigned to the 20 problem solving (PS) sites for the 5-month treatment period and received training in the Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Evaluation (SARA) method of problem solving. Officers involved in this treatment submitted a written update and met monthly with the PI to discuss progress and adjust course. Paid observers documented activities twice per PS hot spot.

The objective for the direct patrol (DP) portion of the study was to double the time spent by officers at each hot spot, averaging around 4.5 hours weekly. Officers involved were presented with a memorandum about the study and the PI and project consultant rode along with officers during the first two weeks of the treatment. Automated vehicle location (AVL) data was used to assess treatment integrity. Officers were encouraged to conduct 11-15 minute patrols each targeted hour during specific "hot times." Dispatchers and officers recorded time spent and officer activities, and forty-one 4-hour blocks of systematic social observation were used to assess the reliability of officer activity data.

The second part of the study assessed community impact through person-to-person survey interviews with hot spot residents about police, perceptions of crime and safety, and willingness to exert collective efficacy. In the first wave, 985 surveys were completed; wave two produced 768 completed surveys, and wave three produced 1,098 surveys.

The study evaluated police officers' perceptions of implementing hot spot policing by colleting pre-treatment surveys from 151 officers in the St. Louis County Police Department and post-treatment surveys from 240 officers.

Sample

At wave 1: Random sample of addresses within each hot spot in St. Louis County. Person who answered the door, if agreeable, and at least 18 years old, was interviewed.

At waves 2-3: Completed interviews were re-contacted and a new random sample of addresses at each hot spot in St. Louis County was drawn to supplement. Person who answered the door, if agreeable, and at least 18 years old, was interviewed.

Time Method

Longitudinal: Panel, Longitudinal: Panel: Continuous, Longitudinal: Trend / Repeated Cross-section

Universe

Community impact: residents of designated hot spots in St. Louis County, Missouri.

Officer assessment: all officers in the St. Louis County, Missouri Police Department during 2012-2013.

Unit(s) of Observation

Individual, Household

Data Type(s)

Mode of Data Collection

Description of Variables

This study includes six SPSS files.

  • SCHIRA_aggregatecrimecfsdata.sav: This file includes 375 cases of crime recorded from December 2010 - May 2013, before, during, and after the 5 month treatment period. The 6 variables include designation of treatment group, the week of the incident, and aggregate calls for service and crimes for the designated week.
  • SCHIRA_AVLdata.sav: This file includes 71 cases which correspond to the hot spots chosen for the study. The 25 variables include designation of treatment group, baseline average time spent at the hot spot, and total time spent at the hot spot for each week for the duration of the treatment.
  • SCHIRA_cmtydata.sav: This file includes 2852 cases comprised of responses to all three waves of the community survey. The 101 variables include unique identifiers for respondent, address, and hot spot, as well as designation of treatment group, wave, North County precinct or not, survey format, length of respondent's residency, perception of crime, police performance, police involvement in the community, satisfaction with police, evaluation of neighborhood cohesion, legitimacy and trustworthiness of police, crime victimization, response to area crime, sense of safety in the area, and how often the respondent commits various misdemeanors. This dataset also includes demographic information about the respondent including marital status, age, race/ethnicity, level of education, annual income, and gender.
  • SCHIRA_Observerdata.sav: This file contains 195 cases comprised of observer's report on officer behavior during patrol in the hot spots. The 19 variables include date, hot spot location, time of observation, and details about police behavior during the observed patrol.
  • SCHIRA_OfficerActivitydata.sav: This file contains 3534 cases comprised of data about reported police officer direct patrol activity during the 5 month treatment. The 33 variables include questions about the patrol, including time, hot spot, type of patrol, officer activity and citizen interactions.
  • SCHIRA_OfficerSurveyDataICPSR.sav: The 375 cases in this file contain responses to the pre- and post-treatment police officer survey. The 48 variables include questions to which officers responded on a scale of agreement to disagreement. Topics include the relationship between police officers and the communities that they serve, police legitimacy, law enforcement strategies, job satisfaction, length of employment, gender, and race/ethnicity. Questions specific to the post-treatment survey included specific services provided in the assigned hot spots, training attendance, feedback on aspects of the treatment including training, time allocation, supervisor support, community interactions, and changes to law-enforcement activity.

Response Rates

  • Wave 1: 23.72% completion, 38.43% cooperation
  • Wave 2: 22.41% completion, 42.17% cooperation
  • Wave 3: 33.28% completion, 52.23% cooperation

Presence of Common Scales

A Likert-type scale was used.

Hide

Original Release Date

2017-12-13

Version History

2018-02-15 The citation of this study may have changed due to the new version control system that has been implemented. The previous citation was:
  • Kochel, Tammy. St Louis County Hot Spots in Residential Areas (SCHIRA) 2011-2013. ICPSR36098-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2017-12-13. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36098.v1
Hide

Weight

No weights were provided.

Hide

Notes

  • These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed.

  • The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.

  • One or more files in this data collection have special restrictions. Restricted data files are not available for direct download from the website; click on the Restricted Data button to learn more.