Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of American Youth (12th-Grade Survey), 1998 (ICPSR 2751)

Alternate Title:  MTF 1998 (12th Grade)

Principal Investigator(s): Bachman, Jerald G., University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research. Survey Research Center; Johnston, Lloyd D., University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research. Survey Research Center; O'Malley, Patrick M., University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research. Survey Research Center

Summary: This is the 24th annual survey in this series that explores changes in important values, behaviors, and lifestyle orientations of contemporary American youth. Students are randomly assigned to complete one of six questionnaires, each with a different subset of topical questions but all containing a set of "core" questions on demographics and drug use. There are about 1,400 variables across the questionnaires. Drugs covered by this survey include tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, hash... (more info)

Series: Monitoring the Future (MTF) Series

• This data is freely available.

Bachman, Jerald G., Lloyd D. Johnston, and Patrick M. O'Malley. Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of American Youth (12th-Grade Survey), 1998. ICPSR02751-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2006-05-15. doi:10.3886/ICPSR02751.v1

Persistent URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR02751.v1

Export Citation:

• RIS (generic format for RefWorks, EndNote, etc.)
• EndNote XML (EndNote X4.0.1 or higher)

This survey was funded by:

• United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Drug Abuse (5R01DA01411-24)

Summary:   This is the 24th annual survey in this series that explores changes in important values, behaviors, and lifestyle orientations of contemporary American youth. Students are randomly assigned to complete one of six questionnaires, each with a different subset of topical questions but all containing a set of "core" questions on demographics and drug use. There are about 1,400 variables across the questionnaires. Drugs covered by this survey include tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, hashish, LSD, hallucinogens, amphetamines (stimulants), Ritalin (methylphenidate), quaaludes, barbiturates (tranquilizers), cocaine, crack, and heroin. Other items include attitudes toward religion, parental influences, changing roles for women, educational aspirations, self-esteem, exposure to drug education, and violence and crime -- both in and out of school.

Subject Terms:   attitudes, demographic characteristics, drug use, family life, high school students, life plans, lifestyles, social behavior, social change, values, youths

Geographic Coverage:   United States

Time Period:  

• 1998

Date of Collection:  

• 1998

Universe:   High school seniors in the contiguous United States.

Data Types:   survey data

Data Collection Notes:

(1) To protect the anonymity of respondents, all variables that could be used to identify individuals have been collapsed or recoded on the public use files. These modifications should not affect analytic uses of the public use files. (2) Variables omitted from the Western region questionnaires are noted in each codebook. (3) Users are advised that there are seven parts to the collection: one containing the "key" or core questions for all six questionnaires and a separate part for each of the six different questionnaire forms. The core file consists of all respondents for all six questionnaires, however, only those variables that appear on all six questionnaires and demographic variables are found in this file. The core file consists primarily of drug use data and demographic variables. (4) The collection is documented by machine-readable codebooks with a separate codebook for each part. Users are further advised to consult the appropriate MONITORING THE FUTURE: QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES FROM THE NATION'S HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS annual volume, available from the Monitoring the Future staff, for more information about the collection.

Sample:   Multistage area probability sample design involving three selection stages: (1) geographic areas or primary sampling units (PSUs), (2) schools (or linked groups of schools) within PSUs, and (3) students within sampled schools. Of the 80 PSUs, 8 were selected with certainty and 72 were selected with probability proportionate to size based on the size of the senior class. In schools with more than 400 seniors, a random sample of seniors or classes was drawn. In schools with less than 400 seniors, all seniors were asked to participate. Each school was asked to participate for two years so that each year one-half of the sample is replaced. Schools refusing participation were replaced with similar schools in terms of geographic location, size, and type of school (e.g., public, private/Catholic, private/non-Catholic). The total sample was divided into six subsamples consisting of an average of 2,700 respondents, and each subsample was administered a different form of the questionnaire, although all respondents answered the "core" drug and demographic questions. The participation rate among schools has been between 66 and 80 percent since the inception of the study. The overall student response rate for 1998 was 82 percent.

You can find more information via the sample characteristics utility.

Mode of Data Collection:   self-enumerated questionnaire

Extent of Processing:  ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:

• Created online analysis version with question text.
• Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.

Original ICPSR Release:  2000-03-15

Version History:

• 2006-05-15 Minor edits were made to the metadata and documentation.
• 2005-11-04 On 2005-03-14 new files were added to one or more datasets. These files included additional setup files as well as one or more of the following: SAS program, SAS transport, SPSS portable, and Stata system files. The metadata record was revised 2005-11-04 to reflect these additions.

• List all 2352 variables in this study

• Search the variables in this study

• Build and download a subset of the data

• Generate recode syntax

Use any of the notification links to add this study to your RSS feed; you will then receive notification if the study is substantively updated.

• Citations exports are provided above.

• Export Study-level metadata (does not include variable-level metadata)

  • DDI Codebook or DDI Lifecycle

  • Dublin Core

  • MARC21 XML

  • DataCite XML

If you're looking for collection-level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our Metadata Records page.

• View Usage of this Study