A committee at the US National Archives determines that federal agencies (rather than archivists) can determine whether records stored in punch cards have historical value and should be preserved. Following this decision, few agencies retain any punch card records for historical purposes.

Construction of the ENIAC, one of the first electronic computers, is completed. ENIAC filled an entire room, weighed thirty tons, and consumed two hundred kilowatts of power.

IBM introduces IBM 701, the first commercial scientific computer.

The ENIAC is turned off for the last time. It’s estimated to have done more arithmetic than the entire human race had done prior to 1945.

IBM introduces RAMAC, the first commercial disk drive. It used 50 hefty aluminum disks, stored 5Mb, occupied the space of two refrigerators, and weighed a ton.

One of the first general purpose mainframe computers, the IBM System/360, is announced.

Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) is developed at Dartmouth College.

IBM's Cambridge Research Lab begins the CP-40 project to build the first VM (virtual machine) timesharing system.

Moore's Law established - Gordon Moore correctly predicts that the number of transistors on a microprocessor will double approximately every 18 months.

Introduction of DIGITAL's PDP-8, the world's first mass-produced minicomputer.

US libraries begin using MAchine Readable Cataloging (MARC) records.

The term "microcomputer" is first used in print.

Generalized Markup Language (GML) is introduced.

The first ARPANET node is installed at UCLA Network Measurement Center.

The first "Requests for Comments" (RFC) proposed to standardize the transfer of information across the ARPA network.

IBM System/370 is introduced. The 370 is one of the first lines of computers to implement the notion of a virtual machine, allowing users to share mainframe resources.

PDP-11 the first of DIGITAL's 16-bit family of machines is delivered.

Ohio College Library Center (OCLC) introduces an online shared cataloging system for libraries.

Project Gutenberg begins to text encode public domain written works in the hope that they will be freely reproduced and distributed.

The first ARPANET network email message is transmitted.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is first proposed.

UNIX Time Sharing System First Edition is patented by Bell Labs.

The 8" floppy disk appears. It doesn't seem large at the time.

The programming languages C and FORTRAN 66 are created.

Atari releases Pong, the first commercial video game.

Dialog offers the first publicly available online research service.

Intel introduces its 200-KHz 8008 chip, the first commercial 8-bit microprocessor. This sparks the development of smaller, faster, and cheaper computers.

Laserdiscs are introduced.

The US Technology Assessment Act is passed to "aid in the identification and consideration of existing and probable impacts of technological application."

The first ARPANET nodes appear in Europe.

Bob Metcalfe invents Ethernet, a local area network (LAN) technology.

Xerox Alto is the first personal computer with a built-in mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI) from which most modern GUIs are derived.

The Altair 8800 is sold as a kit. Its creator, Ed Roberts, coins the term "personal computer."

Ohio State University introduces one of the first online catalogs.

The Kurzweil Reading Machine combines omni-font OCR, flat-bed scanners, and text-to-speech synthesis to create the first print-to-speech reading machine for the blind. This is the first practical application of OCR technology.

First list servers are introduced.

First appearance of an interpreted BASIC programming language.

Queen Elizabeth II becomes the first world leader to send an e-mail.

Steve Wozniak and Randy Wigginton demonstrate the first prototype Apple II at a Homebrew Computer Club meeting.

The world's first supercomputer, the Cray-1, is introduced.

Bill Gates drops out of Harvard to devote his full attention to Microsoft.

The first 5.25" floppy disks are introduced. When this product reaches the PC market it causes an explosive growth in digital information storage.

100 hosts exist on ARPANET.

The Commodore PET, Apple II, and Radio Shack's TRS-80 are all released.

Introduction of the VAX-11/780 "supermini" computer.

CP/M Operating system developed by Digital Research Corporation becomes the dominant standard for the personal computer in business, but incompatible floppy disk formats and the success of MS-DOS and the IBM PC in 1981 eventually led to its demise.

The VMS 1.0 operating system is designed by Digital in conjunction with their 32-bit VAX processor for use in time sharing, batch processing, and transaction processing.

Dallas Public Library introduces one of the first online public catalogs (OPACs).

A "worm" program that searches out other computers copies itself then self-destructs is invented by two Xerox PARC researchers.

Philips releases the laserdisc player.

USENET emerges as a collection of user-submitted messages on various subjects posted to servers on a worldwide network.

WordStar software becomes the first commercially successful word processor.

FORTRAN 77 programming language is created.

Digital faxes using uniform data standards appear.

The TELNET protocol is specified, allowing command line login sessions between hosts.

Laserdiscs begin to develop "Laser rot" due to oxidation of the aluminum layer.

BITNET, a network of academic sites comparable to but separate from the Internet, appears.

Commodore ships the VIC-20.

The IBM PC 8080 is introduced.

MSDOS 1.0 operating system is released.

Sony introduces the first 3 1/2" floppy drives and diskettes.

ARPANET shifts to TCP/IP.

The Commodore 64 is sold with 64KB of RAM and Microsoft BASIC.

VAX-11/730 is released.

Compact Disk-Digital Audio (CD-DA) is introduced to the market jointly by Philips and Sony.

Sony and Philips introduce the first CD player.

The National Information Systems Task Force (NISTF) develops the first two formally recognized archival description standards in the US: NISTF Data Elements Dictionary and USMARC AMC.

The QIC Standard becomes the first standard in computer history for tape drives.

LZW image compression algorithm is developed and is adopted for compression of modem communications and TIFF, GIF, PDF, Zip, and Postscript files. Belated assertion of the LZW patent in GIF files leads to the development of the PNG image file format in 1995.

Apple's Lisa is introduced, the first commercial microcomputer with a graphical user interface.

Architecture of the Domain Name System (DNS) is designed, contains 1000 hosts.

Apple Macintosh is introduced, the first mainstream commercial computer with a graphical user interface. In six months sales of the computer reach 100,000.

As personal computers become more powerful, people become accustomed to faster machines and graphical interfaces. Use shifts from centralized mainframes to personal computers distributed over a network.

Philips and Sony introduce CD-ROM technology.

University of Southern California professor Fred Cohen creates alarm when he warns the public about computer viruses.

The combination of Aldus PageMaker for the Macintosh and the Apple LaserWriter laser printer usher in the era of desktop publishing.

A Carnegie Mellon doctoral student named Feng-hsiung Hsu begins to develop a chess-playing computer called "Chiptest," which evolves into Deep Blue.

Microsoft Windows 1.0 is created, representing a shift from the DOS operating system.

Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) standard is published.

More than 30 million computers are in use in the United States.

The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) becomes the first supercomputer center in the US.

NSFNET replaces ARPANET as the main government network linking universities and research facilities.

Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is developed by Aldus.

Digital Audio Tape (DAT) is introduced.

Philips and Sony join forces to create the CD-Interactive or CD-I format.

The number of DNS hosts begins doubling each year.

NCSA develops NCSA telnet, making it easier to connect to a remote computer.

The GIF graphics image format is introduced by CompuServe.

IBM sends clone manufacturers letters demanding retroactive licensing fees.

PICT format image format is introduced by Apple.

IBM AS/400, a minicomputer for small business and departmental users, is released.

VAX 6200 is released.
CDs outsell vinyl records.
The Internet Worm virus temporarily shuts down 10% of the world's Internet servers.

Proprietary file formats proliferate. Competing word processing software and file formats lead to rapid obsolescence.

United States agrees to the terms of the Berne Convention, promoting international standards in copyright protection and resulting in the elimination of copyright notice for copyright protection.

Z39.50 becomes the international standard defining a protocol for computer-to-computer information retrieval. Z39.50 makes it possible for a user to search and retrieve information from other computer systems without knowing the search syntax used by those other systems.

MCI Mail and Compuserv provide the first commercial email connection through NSFNET.

Science Citation Index® is published on compact disk.

Kodak announces the development of the Photo CD.

TEI P1 "Guidelines for the Encoding and Interchange of Machine Readable Texts" are published.

Archie software for searching FTP sites is released.

Microsoft Windows 3.0 is released, beginning the era of Microsoft's domination of the software industry.

Philips specifies the characteristics and format of a recordable CD, or CD-R.

Most 2-inch videotape machines become obsolete.
Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) founded.
The early 1990s see an explosion in online publishing and a rush to digitize print materials.

Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) protocol is introduced, allowing collections of indexed data to be retrieved by searches.

An early World Wide Web (WWW) system is released by CERN to the high energy physics community.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) initial draft.

Gopher, a distributed document search and retrieval network protocol, is released.

JPEG still picture compression standard introduced.

Several projects representing collaborations between academic journal publishers and universities (e.g., CORE, Red Sage, and TULIP) begin to explore distribution of scholarly journal content via the Internet.

Philips introduces Compact Disc Interactive (CD-I) player for music and video.

arXiv, an automated repository and distribution system for preparing articles in physics, mathematics, computer science, and quantitative biology is launched.

Australian Center for Remote Sensing (ACRES) rescues aging space data from disintegration by migrating from high-density magnetic tapes to optical tape.

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) protocol proposed.

Apple debuts the "QuickTime" multimedia format.

Adobe announces the release of PDF 1.0, which eventually becomes the standard format for electronic publishing.

Veronica, a Gopher search engine, is released.

MPEG 1 standard is published.

The digital Sony Mini-Disc is introduced.

Network service providers America Online and Delphi connect their proprietary email systems to the Internet, beginning the large scale adoption of Internet email as a global standard.

CDs outsell cassette tapes.

National Computer Security Center (NCSC) defines a trusted computer system as one "that employs sufficient hardware and software assurance measures to allow its use for simultaneous processing of a range of sensitive or classified information."

Cornell publishes a joint report on use of digital imaging to reformat brittle books.

The HTML 1.0 standard is published.

CERN releases the World Wide Web into the public domain.

Internic is created to manage Internet services.

First graphical browser for the web, Mosaic, is introduced.

Windows NT is released, providing advanced network connectivity.

MPEG-2 standard for digital television pictures is published.

Netscape 1.0 web browser is introduced, replacing Mosaic.

Java, an object-oriented programming language, is announced by Sun.

Netscape announces Javascript, an object-oriented scripting language.

HTML 2.0, the first formal HTML standard, is published.

Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) 1.0 is introduced.

The Xerox DocuTech Publishing System is designed for "print-on-demand" network accessed document publishing.

The Kodak DC40 and the Apple QuickTake 100 become the first digital cameras marketed for consumers.
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative originates.
Internet Explorer 2.0 web browser is introduced.

QuickTime 2.0 is introduced.

IEEE1394, a.k.a Firewire, is introduced as a new standard for connecting computer devices. Initially proposed as a successor to SCSI, Firewire’s fast data transfer speeds made it well suited for video devices, such as digital camcorders, and hard drives.

RealAudio is introduced.
Iomega debuts high-capacity drives "Jaz" and "Zip".

National Science Foundation dismantles NSFnet and replaces it with a commercial Internet backbone.

Launch of D-Lib Magazine, which focuses on digital library research and development.

Journal Storage (JSTOR) becomes an independent nonprofit with the mission to build a trusted digital archive of scholarly journal literature.

Australia's Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI) initiative receives government funding and the National Library of Australia assumes responsibility for PADI the following year.

Three web archiving projects are launched: Internet Archive founded by Brewster Kahle to archive the Web, the National Library of Australia's PANDORA Project (Preserving and Accessing Networked Documentary Resources of Australia), and the Royal Library of Sweden's Kulturarw Heritage Project.

The European Commission organizes the first multidisciplinary DLM-Forum to consider the preservation and authentication issues of machine readable data.

The Commission on Preservation & Access (CPA)/Research Library Group (RLG) publishes a seminal report on preserving digital information.

Ann Arbor conference on Electronic Records Research & Development discusses the preservation of electronic records.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) copyright treaty protects databases as literary works and makes fair use optional.

Internet2 project is formed to provide a high-bandwith network for the national research community.

The Getty Art History Information Program releases a Research Agenda for Networked Cultural Heritage.

PNG 1.0 image format approved as a W3C Recommendation.

EU Database direction provides copyright protection to databases, even if the content is in the public domain.

HD-ROM is announced by Norsam Technologies.

BITNET is retired.

RealVideo introduced.

Rosetta disk is announced.

The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11, the wireless LAN standard, is released, launching the WiFi phenomenon.
DVD discs and players become commercially available.
The Department of Defense shifts from paper to electronic records.

A human error at Network Solutions causes the Domain Name System (DNS) table for .com and .net domains to become corrupted, making millions of systems unreachable.

MPEG-4 compression standard is released.

HTML 4.0 is released.

Extensible Markup Language (XML) standard is created.

MP-3 players for downloaded Internet audio appear.

Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Version 1.0 is introduced.

A collaboration between the Universities of Leeds, Cambridge and Oxford forms the CEDARS Project, whose broad objective is to explore and raise awareness of digital preservation issues.

European national libraries form the Networked European Deposit Library (NEDLIB) to maintain and preserve born-digital objects within the library system.

OCLC Web Characterization Project begins conducting an annual Web sample to analyze trends in size and content. The project ended in 2003.

Two Web domain-name groups, Network Solutions and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, form the nonprofit Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to oversee the domain-name system.

Microsoft Windows 98 is released.

Digital Millennium Copyright Act is passed in the US, setting off a chain of confusion and controversy over its implications toward electronic media.

US Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act retroactively extends the duration of copyright to the life of the author plus seventy years. It is unclear whether extended copyright term will aid preservation (a position taken by the MPAA) or hurt it (as argued by library and archival associations).

An RLG study finds that 2/3 of archives, libraries, museums, and other repositories had assumed responsibility for digital information, but 42% lacked the capacity to mount, read, and access some of this material.

Harvard University launches the Library Digital Initiative (LDI) as a five-year program to develop the University's capacity to manage digital information.

AHDS publishes "A Strategic Policy Framework for Creating and Preserving Digital Collections" discussing the key stages in the life cycle of a digital resource, and how these are influenced by major stakeholders.

Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe (LOCKSS) project is initiated to allow libraries to take physical custody of the electronic journals they purchase.

The Time and Bits: Managing Digital Continuity meeting is held at the Getty Center to discuss the future uses of digital technologies.

National Archives and Records Administration Electronic Records Archives project begins.

239 3.5" floppy disks are given to the Archaeology Data Service for restoration. Many files are corrupted, lack documentation, and were created using obsolete software. The data is recovered, and many insights about digital preservation come from the project.

PBS broadcasts the CLIR film "Into the Future: On The Preservation Of Knowledge In The Electronic Age."

Apple introduces the iMac, which revolutionized the PC industry with its design, along with some key features such as the inclusion of USB ports and the purposeful exclusion of a floppy drive.

HTTP 1.1 is released.

Bluetooth, a short range wireless networking standard, is announced.

The search engine is officially launched.

Resource Description Framework (RDF) is introduced. RDF is intended to provide metadata interoperability across different communities.

NSF funds Cornell's Project PRISM to develop policies and mechanisms for information integrity within a digital library.

The UK's Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS) begins "Preservation Management of Digital Materials," a project to develop a handbook giving guidance on digital preservation.

Project CAMiLEON begins at the Universities of Michigan and Leeds to study the use of emulation as a digital preservation strategy.

JISC/NPO studies on the preservation of electronic materials are summarized in "Digital Culture: Maximising the Nation's Investment."

International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems (InterPARES) project begins.

Charles Dollar writes Authentic Electronic Records: Strategies for Long-Term Access.

The Long Now Foundation purchases part of a mountain in Nevada to build the 10,000-year clock that “ticks once a year, bongs once a century, and the cuckoo comes out every millennium." The Foundation also sponsors the Long Server, Rosetta Disk, and 10,000-year Library projects.

XHTML 1.0 (transition to XML) becomes a Web standard.

Macintosh OS X is released.

A commercial Digital Video Recording (DVR) system is developed by TiVo, Inc. Reruns of Columbo can now be recorded digitally, saved, and viewed anytime.

Part one of JPEG 2000 is accepted as a full international standard.

Due to adequate preparation, the Year 2000 bug causes few glitches, no catastrophes.

Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act is passed in the US "to facilitate the use of electronic records and signatures in interstate or foreign commerce."

RLG DigiNews begins extensive coverage of digital preservation using this symbol: to indicate articles relating to digital preservation.
MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard begin a joint project to build the digital repository.

and are launched as digital archives of life sciences, biological, and medical journal literature.

Moving Theory into Practice, a digital imaging reference book for libraries and archives is published.

The US Library of Congress establishes the MINERVA Web Preservation Project to collect and preserve digital primary source materials.

The US Library of Congress receives funding for the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) to "provide a national focus on important policy, standards and technical components necessary to preserve digital content."

Nordic Web Archive becomes the Nordic National Libraries' forum in the fields of harvesting and archiving web documents.

Jeff Rothenberg writes Using Emulation to Preserve Digital Documents.

Cornell project on Risk Management of Digital Information offers first assessment of the risks involved in migration for use in cultural institutions.

announces that it will accept digital records into custody and provide for their ongoing access over time.

The Dutch Digital Preservation Testbed is established as a part of the Digitale Duurzaamheid programme with the goal of achieving lasting accessibility of digital government information.

Windows XP is released.

Work begins on the MPEG 21 standard.

After 21 years of selling hard drives, Quantum switches to higher-level storage products and services.

Paradigma Project begins collecting and preserving Norway's digital cultural heritage materials.

The 9th US Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules that Napster violated copyright laws, and orders it to stop distributing copyrighted music.

Internet Archive unveils the allowing users to search archived versions of the Web, starting from 1996.

METS 1.1 schema is introduced as an XML standard for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata within a digital library.

Preservation Metadata for Digital Objects: A Review of the State of the Art is published by the OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata.

The Evidence in Hand: Report of the Task Force on the Artifact in Library Collections explores the tension between physical and digital artifacts.

French government adopts a law that requires every French Web page to be officially archived.

The Austrian On-Line Archive (AOLA) is established to take periodic snapshots of Austrian Web space.

The Digital Preservation Coalition is established to foster joint action to address the urgent challenges of preserving digital resources in the UK and elsewhere.

PADI begins Safekeeping Project aimed at building a distributed and permanent collection of digital preservation resources using this logo to indicate a permanent document:

The Guggenheim's Variable Media Initiative asks digital artists to involve themselves in the preservation strategy for their own works.

Maggie Jones and Neil Beagrie write Preservation Management of Digital Materials: A Handbook.

Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities, and Preservation Metadata & the OAIS Information Model, A Metadata Framework to Support the Preservation of Digital Objects are both published by RLG/OCLC.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is signed into law. "The goal of the act was to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures." The law requires publicly traded companies to closely monitor electronic and paper document retention and imposes criminal sanctions for the destruction or loss of certain electronic records.

Elsevier Science designated the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), the National Library of the Netherlands, as the first official digital archive for Elsevier journals. IBM worked with the KB to create the technical infrastructure of the deposit service, called the e-Depot.

EAD Version 2002 becomes available.

75% of journals are online in Science Citation Index®.

QuickTime 6.0 is released.

Universal Serial Bus 2.0 (USB) is released. Building on USB 1.0 introduced in 1995, this serial bus can connect up to 127 devices, supports speeds of up to 480Mbps, allows plug-and-play and hot-swapping.

OCLC launches its Digital Archive as a production service.

MPEG 7 standard for description and search of audio and visual content is released.

DVD players outsell VCRs.

US Department of Education indexing service PubSCIENCE is discontinued without warning, Web pages are removed.

Initial Open Archival Information System (OAIS) standards are released, providing a framework for long-term digital information preservation and access, including terminology and concepts for describing and comparing archival architectures.

The National Diet Library Web Archiving Project (WARP), begins to harvest and archive Japanese Web resources.

PRONOM, a database of file formats, and a supporting library of software products is released. The collection aims at helping with the problem of software obsolescence.

National Information Standards Organization (NISO) Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images standards released.

A report by CLIR estimates that the average Web page has a life span of 44 days.

Swedish government issues a decree authorizing the Royal Library to collect Swedish websites and to allow the public access within the library premises.

An initiative known as PDF/A is undertaken to develop an international standard that defines the use of the Portable Document Format (PDF) for archiving and preserving documents.

The Public Library of Science (PLoS), a science journal archive and alternative publisher, is launched.

Microsoft addresses a security vulnerability in Internet Explorer's code for the gopher protocol by turning support for gopher off by default, thereby rendering most remaining gopher sites inaccessible to the majority of Internet users.

The amount of information transmitted globally over the Internet is projected to double each year.

The third WiFi modulation standard, 802.11g, is ratified. Consumers products and WiFi "hotspots" proliferate.

The estimated annual production of materials in Web-ready formats is projected to be "too large to estimate."

A pre-release version of JHOVE, a tool to automate the validation of file formats, becomes available. Accurate file format information will greatly facilitate the management of files in digital repositories.

A British Library study predicts that by 2007 at least 50% of all theses and dissertations will be submitted digitally.

PLoS Biology, the Public Library of Science's first open-access journal, is launched.

UNESCO releases "Guidelines for the Preservation of Digital Heritage."

Annual publication rates of electronic-only formats grow faster than paper-only formats.

Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture (FEDORA) version 1.0 is launched by the University of Virginia and Cornell University.

National Academy of Science releases an assessment of the US National Archives & Records Administration's proposed digital archiving plan.

The US patent on the LZW compression algorithm expires, ending restrictions on the use of GIF files. Despite its technical superiority and status as an international standard, PNG has not displaced GIF as the preferred file format for lossless color images on the Web.

OCLC and RLG Announce the Formation of PREMIS, the PREservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies working group, to address practical aspects of implementing preservation metadata in digital preservation systems.

The International Internet Preservation Consortium is formed.

RLG and the US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) create a task force to produce certification requirements for digital information repositories.

Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher publishes her archives online, a first in politics.

55% of adult internet users have broadband at home or work.

The GPO convened a group of experts in March to develop minimum requirements for digitizing and preserving the federal depository library's legacy collection.

The NITLE Blog Census, begun in May 2003 in order to characterize the burgeoning blogshere, estimates the presence of 1,208,351 active blogs in April 2004.

The California Digital Library releases the report: "Evaluating Methods for Gathering and Persistently Managing Web-based Materials."

The International Organization for Standardization publishes: ISO 15836:2003, Information and Documentation, the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set.

AGORA (Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture) is launched providing students and scientists in some of the world's poorest countries with free access to 400 journals in agriculture and related sciences.

Google begins work with the libraries of Harvard, Stanford, the University of Michigan, and the University of Oxford as well as The New York Public Library to digitize books from their collections and make them searchable in Google.

The UK Digital Curation Centre (DCC) is launched.

The University of North Texas Libraries and the U.S. Government Printing Office, as part of the Federal Depository Library Program, creates a the CyberCemetery to "provide permanent public access to the Web sites and publications of defunct U.S. government agencies and commissions."

Apple's family of personal music players, the iPod, dominates the market with over 5.7 million units sold since their debut in late 2001.

The US National Archives Administration begins building the infrastructure for its Electronic Records Archive (ERA) by awarding one-year design competition contracts to Lockheed Martin and the Harris Corporation to develop the best technological solution for preserving digital information across time and space.

The Government of New Zealand dedicates $24 million to National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa to “to ward off ‘digital amnesia’, and protect New Zealand's documentary heritage for future generations.”

The first meeting for the eight institutions making up the formal NDIIPP partnership is held at the Library of Congress in January 2005.

is launched. Funded by JISC, eSPIDA (An Effective Strategic Model for the Preservation and Disposal of Institutional Assets) adopts a holistic approach to "take digital preservation on to the next phase sustainable institutional implementation."

USB Flash Drives flourish. The solid state, inexpensive, pocketable storage media are taking all kinds of shapes and sizes (pens, watches, little fuzzy creatures, and even sushi).

Six institutions receive more than $1.9 million in grants in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP) to digitize early 20th century newspapers in order to create a Web accessible historical resource.