1 DRUG USE FORECASTING IN 24 CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1987-1991 (ICPSR 9477) Part 1: Male and Female Arrestees Data, November 1987-December 1988 Principal Investigator United States Department of Justice National Institute of Justice 1st ICPSR Release October 1993 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 1 1 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice. DRUG USE FORECASTING IN 24 CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1987-1991 [1988 DATA] [Computer file]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice [producer], 1990. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter- university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1993. REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used. DATA DISCLAIMER The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. 1 1 DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION United States Department of Justice. National Institute of Justice DRUG USE FORECASTING IN 24 CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1987- 1991 (ICPSR 9477) SUMMARY: This data collection investigates the level of drug use among booked arrestees and monitors changes in drug use trends. These data address the following topics: (1) types of drugs used by arrestees (self-report and urinalysis), (2) self-reported level of dependency on drugs, (3) self-reported need for alcohol/drug treatment, (4) the relationship between drug use and certain types of offenses, and (5) the relationship between offender-reported drug use and urinalysis findings. The data also reflect the arrestee's current charge, self-reported drug use, and age at first drug use. Demographic variables supplied include age of arrestee, ethnicity, sex, education, marital status, and employment status. The drugs tested for by the drug-testing system EMIT include marijuana, opiates, cocaine, PCP, methadone, benzodiazepines (Valium), methaqualone, propoxyphene (Darvon), barbiturates, and amphetamines (positive confirmation for amphetamines by gas chromatography). Questions about recent and past use, age at first use, and length of dependency were asked of arrestees for each drug they reported ever having tried. Other topic areas covered by the data include type of offense for which arrested, injection history, drug and alcohol treatment history, and treatment needs. The unit of observation is the individual. CLASS III (Parts 11 and 14) and IV UNIVERSE: Booked arrestees in 24 sites in the United States. SAMPLING: The data were collected from booked arrestees as follows. 1987 data: 2,993 males at 11 sites, 516 females at 5 sites. 1988 data: 10,554 males at 20 sites, 3,261 females at 14 sites. 1989 data: 16,186 males and 5,804 females at 21 sites. 1990 data: 20,556 males at 23 sites, 7,769 females at 21 sites. 1991 data: 22,335 males at 24 sites, 8,330 females at 21 sites. The number of males charged with sale or possession of drugs included in the sample was limited to avoid having them dominate the sample. All female arrestees, regardless of charge, were selected for inclusion because of the smaller number of female arrestees. NOTE: SPSS Export Files are available for all data files except Parts 3 and 6. EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 6 data files + machine-readable documentation (text) + SAS Control Cards + SPSS Control Cards + data collection instrument EXTENT OF PROCESSING: BLANKS/ MDATA/ CONCHK.PR/ UNDOCCHK.PR 1 DATA FORMAT: Card Image (Parts 3, 6, and 8) and Logical Record Length with SPSS Export Files and SAS and SPSS Control Cards Part 1: Male and Female Part 3: Male and Female Arrestees Data, Arrestees Data, 1989 November 1987-December 1988 File Structure: rectangular File Structure: rectangular Cases: 21,991 Cases: 13,815 Variables: 276 Variables: 184 Record Length: 80 Record Length: 351 Records Per Case: 8 Records Per Case: 1 Part 6: Male and Female Arrestees Part 8: Male and Female Data, June-December 1987 Arrestees Data, 1990 File Structure: rectangular File Structure: rectangular Cases: 3,509 Cases: 28,325 Variables: 136 Variables: 276 Record Length: 64 Record Length: 80 Records Per Case: 6 Records Per Case: 7 Part 11: Male Arrestees Part 14: Female Arrestees Data, 1991 Data, 1991 File Structure: rectangular File Structure: rectangular Cases: 22,335 Cases: 8,330 Variables: 276 Variables: 276 Record Length: 671 Record Length: 671 Records Per Case: 1 Records Per Case: 1 Parts 2, 9, 12, 15: Parts 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16: SPSS Export Files SAS Control Cards Record Length: 80 Record Length: 79 Part 17: Codebook for 1991 Male and Female Arrestees Data Record Length: 80 1 Data Set No. JU.06 The Drug Use Forecasting Project Original Investigator: The National Institute of Justice 633 Indiana Avenue Washington, D.C. 20531 Documentation Produced by Ugo A. Colella James L. Peterson Sociometrics Corporation 1st ed., 1990 Distributed by Data Resources Program of the National Institute of Justice Sociometrics Corporation 170 State Street, Suite 260 Los Altos, California 94022-2812 (415) 949-3282 1 Page 2 ICPSR 9477 CONTENTS OF THE DATA SET Machine-Readable (1) Arrestee Data File: (1 data file; 13,815 records; 13,815 cases; 184 variables) (2) SPSS-X Export File: (1 export file; 77,218 records; 13,815 cases; 184 variables) (3) SPSS-X Dictionary File: (1 text file; 2,366 records) Paper User's Guide to the Machine-Readable Files and Documentation (this document, 20 pages) Original Instruments (6 pages) Program Procedures Manual (28 pages) Suggested Bibliographic Citation for the Data Set (All Machine-Readable Files and Paper Documentation) The National Institute of Justice (1990). The drug use forecasting project (Data Set JU.06, Colella, U. A. & Peterson, J. L., Archivists) (machine-readable data file and documentation). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice (Producer). Los Altos, CA: Sociometrics Corporation, Data Resources Program of the National Institute of Justice (Distributor). Suggested Bibliographic Citation for the User`s Guide Alone Colella, U. A., & Peterson, J. L. (1990). The drug use forecasting project: A user's guide to the machine-readable files and documentation (Data Set JU.06). Los Altos, CA: Sociometrics Corporation, Data Resources Program of the National Institute of Justice. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Summary ................................................ 5 General Study Overview ................................. 6 Study Identification .......................... 6 Keyword Descriptors ........................... 6 Purpose of the Study .......................... 6 Methods ....................................... 6 Summary of Contents ........................... 8 Geographic Coverage ........................... 10 Evaluation .................................... 10 Relationship to Other Studies in the Archive .. 11 File Structure ................................ 11 Reports and Publications ...................... 11 Data Completeness and Consistency Report ............... 14 Appendix A: Drug Use Forecasting Sites ................. 17 Appendix B: Byte Positions of Variables in the Raw Data File ............................. 18 1 Page 4 ICPSR 9477 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 5 SUMMARY This study investigated the level of drug use among male arrestees in 20 cities within the United States and among female arrestees in 14 U.S. cities. The data from 10,554 males and 3,261 females reflect the arrestee's current charge, what type of drugs offenders use (urinalysis results), self-reported drug use, age of first drug use, dependency on drugs, self-reported need for alcohol/drug treatment, and the possible relationship between drug use and particular types of offenses. The Drug Use Forecasting study is the first study to provide objective measures of recent drug use (past 24-48 hours) in the population of arrestees. Checks for out-of-range values, missing cases, and internal consistency suggest that the data are relatively free from error. 1 Page 6 ICPSR 9477 GENERAL STUDY OVERVIEW Source: Drug use forecasting program procedures manual, 1990. Study Identification The Drug Use Forecasting Project The National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC Key Words Drug use, drug treatment, crime and drugs, drug dependency. Purpose of the Study The Drug Use Forecasting Project was designed to estimate the prevalence of drug use among offenders and to provide information for detecting changes in drug use trends. This information can be used to plan the allocation of law enforcement, treatment, and prevention resources, as well as to gain an indication of the impact of local efforts to reduce drug use. Studies about the prevalence of drug use do not typically include the population of offenders. Because various research projects have shown that criminals are among the most serious drug abusers, national surveys that exclude the population from analysis may underestimate the level of drug use in the United States. The following questions are addressed by the data: 1. What types of drugs do offenders use? (Urinalysis and self-report data) 2. Among offenders reporting drug use, what is the level of dependency on drugs? (Self-report data) 3. Do offenders report a need for alcohol/drug treatment? (Self- report data) 4. Is drug use related to certain types of offenses? 5. What is the relationship between self-reported drug use and urinalysis findings? Methods 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 7 Sources of Information: Data for this study were gathered from voluntary and anonymous interviews with male and female arrestees and from urine specimens provided at the time of arrest. Information regarding charge was obtained from the arrest record. Sample: The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) study has been collecting data continually since 1987. The archived data file comprises all data collected in 1988 plus a small number of cases from the end of 1987. These data were collected from 10,554 male arrestees in 20 cities and 3,261 female arrestees in 14 cities across the country. The 20 cities are not representative of any broader population. For about 14 consecutive evenings each quarter, approximately 225 male arrestees are sampled in each city. One hundred female arrestees are also interviewed in some of the sites. Sample sizes for the year 1988 differed from city to city because cities joined the DUF program at various times throughout the year. To obtain sample with a sufficient distribution of arrest charges, DUF interviewers limited the number of male arrestees in each sample who were charged with the sale or possession of drugs. Because this group of arrestees is undersampled and because such persons were most likely to be using drugs at time of arrest, DUF statistics may be minimum estimates of drug use in the male arrestees population. All female arrestees, regardless of charge, are selected for inclusion in the DUF sample because of the small number of female arrestees available. Other sampling procedures included the following: 1. To select arrestees for interview, each evening the local project director read all arrest or booking slips for arrestees currently being held. Arrestees were selected by charge according to the following priority order: (1) nondrug felony charges, (2) nondrug misdemeanor charges, (3) drug felony charges, (4) drug misdemeanor charges, and (5) warrants for any other charge. However, males arrested on the following minor charges were excluded from the sample: vagrancy, loitering, or traffic violations (e.g., including driving while intoxicated). 2. Those individuals arrested on a new charge who also had an outstanding warrant were selected only on the basis of the new charge's position in the priority list. The outstanding warrant was not considered. 3. A ceiling of 20% was set on the proportion of interviews that could be obtained from males arrested for drug offenses. To remain within the limit, this proportion was calculated each evening. Not all sites maintained the 20% limit on drug charges. 1 Page 8 ICPSR 9477 4. To obtain urine specimens, the interviewer, at the conclusion of the interview, asked the arrestee to provide a sample of urine. Those who agreed were escorted to the restroom by the interviewer or by a corrections officer. Those who did not agree were urged to cooperate. The escort stood 10-12 feet behind the person and casually observed' the arrestee to ensure that the specimen was not tampered with. Response Rates: The data set only includes those cases that both agreed to be interviewed and agreed to provide a urine specimen. Of those asked to participate, 90% agreed to be interviewed, and over 80% of those interviewed provided a specimen. The data file contains information only for persons who agreed to be interviewed and provided a urine specimen. Several methods were used to obtain the highest possible cooperation rate. 1. If the selected arrestee did not want to participate, the officer told the arrestee that she or he must talk to the interviewer personally to decline. The arrestee was then escorted to the interview area where the interviewer was given a chance to explain the study and answer questions. 2. Interviewers were advised to develop a style that secured the cooperation of those approached. They were instructed to 'sell' the arrestee on participating while at the same time preserving the person's right to refuse. 3. When (a) fewer than 95% of the arrestees approached for interview agreed, or (b) fewer than 80% interviewed provided a specimen, remedial action was taken. This included discussing the low rates with the interviewers to determine possible causes of the problem. Plans to increase response rates were formulated. The next day, if response rates continued to be low, interviewers were advised to contact the National Institute of Justice. 4. With regard to urine samples, interviewers were instructed to obtain a specimen from the arrestee. If the arrestee provided an interview and urine sample, candy or cigarettes were offered to the arrestee. If the arrestee was unable to provide a specimen, he/she was requested to drink water and try again. The interviewer would return to the arrestee in an hour to obtain a specimen. Dates of Data Collection: Data in the archived data file were collected from November 1987 through December 1988. Data collected during 1987 were from one site (Portland) which initiated data collection for 1988 early. Summary of Contents Special Characteristics of the Study: 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 9 During 1988 at least 3 versions of the questionnaire were used to collect data. The versions differ only slightly, but the differences are reflected in the way certain variables are coded. Three kinds of coding changes are induced by these shifts in questionnaire forms: 1) questions not asked on an earlier form are added to a later form; 2) questions on an earlier form are split into two or more questions on a later form; and 3) code categories on an earlier form are expanded on later forms. The following chart lists the variables that are involved in these three types of modification and shows the relationships between earlier and later versions of the variables. Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 Questions added: (no variable) (no variable) WARRANT (no variable) VAL24HR VAL24HR (no variable) LUDE24HR LUDE24HR (no variable) DES24HR DES24HR (no variable) DESIGNER (1) DESIGNER (1) (no variable) INJ.6M INJ.6M (no variable) DRUGCHAR DRUGCHAR (no variable) PARTNERS PARTNERS Questions split: ED ED GRADE,GED,COLLEGE, DEGREE AMPH (2) CRYSTAL (3), UPPERS (4) CRYSTAL (3), UPPERS (4) Questions modified: EMPLOY EMPLOY EMPLOY (codes 7,8 added) (code 0,7,8 added) TRANQ (5) VAL (6) VAL (6) COCROUTE COCROUTE COCROUTE (codes 6,7 added) (codes 6,7 added) (1) Refers to: DESIGNER, AGEDESIG, DESIG30, DEPDESIG, AGDEPDS, DEPNOWDS (2) Refers to: EVERAMPH, AGEAMPH, AMPH30, DEPAMPH, AGDPAMPH, DEPAMPNW (3) Refers to: CRYSTAL, AGECRYST, CRYSTA30, DEPCRYST, AGDEPCRY, NOWDEPCR (4) Refers to: UPPERS, AGEUPPER, UPPERS30, DEPUPPER, AGDEPUP, DEPUPNW (5) Refers to: EVTRANQ, AGETRNQ, TRANQ30, DEPTRANQ, AGDPTRAN, DEPTRNNW (6) Refers to: EVVAL, AGEVAL, VAL30, DEPVAL, AGEDEVAL, DEPVALNW Cases are coded with the variable appropriate to the form used to collect the data about the case. Related variables from other forms are left blank for such a case. For example, a case interviewed using Form 1 would have education data coded in ED, and GRADE, GED, COLLEGE, and DEGREE would all be left blank. Likewise, a variable appropriate only to Form 2 and/or Form 3 (such as PARTNERS, or WARRANT) will be left blank for a case interviewed with Form 1. For variables for which coding was expanded (such as EMPLOY), a case was coded using only the codes appropriate for the form used to collect the data. The three forms correspond to periods of the calendar year, Form 1 being used 1 Page 10 ICPSR 9477 through March, Form 2 from April through August, and Form 3 from July on (with some overlap with Form 2 in July and August). A small number of cases collected at the very end of calendar year 1987 are included on the 1988 file. These cases were interviewed using Form 1. While the form used for a particular case is not indicated by a variable on the data file, the form used can be determined by examining the pattern of variables with missing or non-missing data, using variables from the chart above. In preparing the file for public distribution, we have relied for our documentation on the dictionary variable and value labels in the original SPSS/PC+ system file. Where labels were unclear or missing, we have added appropriate labels after consulting with the NIJ program personnel responsible for oversight of the data set. Description of Variables: The following demographic variables are contained within the data: age of arrestee, ethnicity, sex, education, marital status, and employment status. The drugs tested for (by EMIT (TM)) included the following: marijuana, opiates, cocaine, PCP, methadone, benzodiazepines (Valium), methaqualone, propoxyphene (Darvon), barbiturates, and amphetamines. Questions about recent and past use, age at first use, and age of dependency were asked for each drug the arrestee reported ever having tried. Other topic areas covered by the data include type of offense for which arrested, injection history, drug and alcohol treatment history, and treatment needs. Presence of Common Scales: None. Unit of Observation: The individual. Geographic Coverage Data were collected at 20 cities around the country. See Appendix A for the list of cities in which data were obtained. Evaluation Data Quality: 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 11 Checks for out-of-range values, missing data, and internal consistency suggest that the data are relatively free from detectable coding error. Data Limitations: The nature of the sampling method precludes using the data set to make generalizations about arrestees in general. Priorities were given in sample selection to certain types of arrest, but weights are not provided to correct for this disproportionate sampling. However, studies indicate that DUF sample estimates are robust and quite similar to estimates of drug use obtained from larger samples of arrestees in some participating cities. The changes in the questionnaire forms make it difficult and to obtain consistent measures across the entire year for some variables. Relationship to Other Studies in the Archive None. File Structure Data files (2): (1) Raw data file (2) SPSS-X export file Text file (1): (1) Dictionary of variables Unit: The individual. Variables: 184 Cases: 13,815 Reports and Publications Cook, L. F. (1989). Drug use forecasting project: Interim statistical report. December 22, 1989. First quarterly report: Portland DUF project. Tasc, Inc., June 1987. Harrell, A (1990). Validation of the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) system: Preliminary findings. January 11, 1990. Mieczkowski, T. (1989). The accuracy of self-reported drug use: An evaluation and analysis of new data. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing, Wayne State University. October 12, 1989. Mieczkowski, T. (1988). The damage done: Cocaine methods in Detroit. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 12, ?. Mieczkowski, T. (1989). Understanding life in the crack culture: The 1 Page 12 ICPSR 9477 investigative utility of the Drug Use Forecasting system. National Institute of Justice Report, November/December, 1989. National Consortium of TASC Programs. Implications of drug use forecasting data for TASC programs, Report I. January 1989. National Consortium of TASC Programs. Implications of drug use forecasting data for TASC programs, Report II. September 1989. National Institute of Justice Reports, No. 215. Drug use forecasting update. July/August 1989. Research in Action. 1988 Drug Use Forecasting Annual Report, March 1990. Research in Action. Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Fourth Quarter, June 1989. Research in Action. Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Third Quarter, July to September 1989. Research in Action. Drug Use Forecasting, cocaine use: Arrestees in Washington, D.C., Second Quarter, December 1989. Research in Action. Drug Use Forecasting (DUF), First Quarter, January to September 1989. Research in Action. Drug Use Forecasting (DUF), Third Quarter 1988. Second Quarterly Report: Portland DUF Project. Tasc, Inc., January 1988. Stephens, R. C. & Feucht, T. E. (1988). A report on the Drug Use Forecasting Project: Cleveland, Ohio, November 1988 results. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland State University. TASC of Phoenix. How many juveniles gamble with drugs. April 19, 1989. Third Quarterly Report: Portland DUF Project. TASC, Inc., April 1988. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control (1989). Urine testing for drug use among male arrestees -- United States, 1989. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, November 17, 1989, Volume 38, No. 45. Westland, C.A. & Annon, T. K. (1989). A report on the Drug Use Forecasting Project: Los Angeles, California, July 27, 1989 Results. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles. Westland, C.A., Anglin, M. D., & Wang, J. (1988). Annual epidemiological analysis of Los Angeles County DUF data. October 1987 to August 1988. Wish, E. D. (In. press). U.S. drug policy in 1990's: Insights from new data from arrestees. International Journal of the Addictions. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 13 Wish, E. D., O'Neil, J., & Baldau, V. (1989). Lost opportunity to combat AIDS: Drug abusers in the criminal justice system. July 1, 1989. Wish, E. D. (1986). Research in Action: Drug Use Forecasting (DUF): New York 1984 to 1986. 1 Page 14 ICPSR 9477 DATA COMPLETENESS AND CONSISTENCY REPORT This section presents information regarding the quality of the data in this Data Set. Tables 1 and 2 indicate the extent and location of out-of-range values, and Tables 3 and 4 summarize the incidence of missing data. Table 5 provides information regarding the consistency of the data, as reflected in the logical relations between particular items. The checks in Table 5 are meant to be illustrative, and are not necessarily exhaustive. Number of Cases: 13,815 Number of Variables: 184 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 1. Distribution or Variables by Percentage of Out-of-Range Values Percentage of Cases With Corresponding Number Percentage Out-of-Range Values Number of Cases of Variables of Variables 0% 0 184 100.0% > 0% to 100% 1 to 13,815 0 0.0% Total 184 100.0% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 2. List of Variables With Out-of-Range Values None. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 3. Distribution of Variables by Percentage of Missing Values Percentage of Cases Corresponding Number Percentage With Missing Values Number of Cases of Variables of Variables 0% 0 153 83.0% > 0% to 1% 1 to 138 6 3.3% > 1% to 3% 139 to 414 4 2.2% > 3% to 5% 415 to 690 0 0.0% > 5% to 10% 691 to 1,381 0 0.0% > 10% to 20% 1,382 to 2,763 0 0.0% > 20% to 40% 2,764 to 5,526 2 1.1% > 40% to 100% 5,527 to 13,815 19 10.3% Total 184 100.0% 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 4. List of Variables With Over 5% Missing Values (691 Missing Values or More) Variable Name and Label Number of Cases LAW Penal law code 8,611 PRECINCT Precinct where booked 7,575 EVERAMPH Ever tried amphetamines, speed 10,843 EVTRANQ Ever tried tranquilizers 9,735 AGEAMPH Age first tried amphetamines 11,040 AGETRANQ Age first tried tranquilizers 9,735 DEPAMPH Ever dependent on amphetamines 11,040 DEPTRANQ Ever dependent on tranquilizers 9,735 AGDPAMPH Age first dependent on amphetamines 10,843 AGDPTRAN Age first dependent on tranquilizers 9,735 DEPAMPNW Now dependent on amphetamines 11,040 DEPTRNNW Now dependent on tranquilizers 9,735 PARTNERS Sex partners 2,775 DRUGCHAR Drug charge 2,775 GRADE Highest grade (1-12) 8,440 GED Received GED 10,710 COLLEGE Years of college 10,787 DEGREE Received college degree 12,384 WARRANT Warrant 8,439 AMPH. Amph/speed 13,758 DRGPOS (1) 10,554 -------------------- * Note. Most of the missing data reflect the fact that these questions were not asked throughout the study period. Some were discontinued, others initiated in the middle. 1. This is an undocumented constructed variable that users may wish to delete from the data file. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 5. Report on Consistency Checks Relational Edit Checks Number Number of Cases of Cases Number Passing Failing of Cases Consistency Consistency Not Comparisons Examined Check Check Applicable 1. EVERALC "Ever tried alcohol?" 13,097 0 718 compared with 1 Page 16 ICPSR 9477 FIRSTALC "Age first tried alcohol" -------------------- Note. To pass this check, those who stated that they tried alcohol should have responded to the question asking the age at which use began. Skip checks were also performed by comparing the following pairs of variables. 2. EVERHER compared with AGEHER 3,042 0 10,773 3. EVERPCP compared with AGEPCP 2,146 0 11,669 4. EVERCRK compared with AGECRK 2,939 0 10,876 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 17 APPENDIX A DRUG USE FORECASTING SITES Number of Percent of CITY Cases Sample Birmingham 394 2.9% Chicago 1,009 7.3% Cleveland 212 1.5% Dallas 1,041 7.5% Detroit 673 4.9% Fort Lauderdale 193 1.4% Houston 453 3.3% Indianapolis 176 1.3% Kansas City 195 1.4% Los Angeles 1,760 12.7% Miami 182 1.3% New Orleans 1,218 8.8% New York 1,092 7.9% Omaha 92 0.7% Philadelphia 749 5.4% Phoenix 1,246 9.0% Portland 1,341 9.7% San Antonio 314 2.3% San Diego 1,148 8.3% St. Louis 327 2.4% 1 Page 18 ICPSR 9477 APPENDIX B BYTE POSITIONS OF VARIABLES IN THE RAW DATA FILE VARIABLE REC START END FORMAT WIDTH DEC PCP 1 1 1 F 1 0 ID 1 2 5 F 4 0 MJ 1 6 6 F 1 0 VAL 1 7 7 F 1 0 0P 1 8 8 F 1 0 COC 1 9 9 F 1 0 AMEH 1 10 11 F 2 0 FLAG1 1 12 12 F 1 0 AMPH 1 13 13 F 1 0 TOTDRG 1 14 16 F 3 0 ANYDRG 1 17 17 F 1 0 DRG10 1 18 18 F 1 0 DRG10A 1 19 19 F 1 0 DRG9 1 20 20 F 1 0 DRG9A 1 21 21 F 1 0 AEMIT 1 22 22 F 1 0 AGC 1 23 24 F 2 0 AOTC 1 25 26 F 2 0 METH 1 27 28 F 2 0 MQ 1 29 30 F 2 0 DAR 1 31 31 F 1 0 BARB 1 32 32 F 1 0 INTER 1 33 34 A 2 CHARGE 1 35 36 F 2 0 LAW 1 37 51 F 15 5 MISFEL 1 52 52 F 1 0 ED 1 53 54 F 2 0 MS 1 55 55 F 1 0 EMPLOY 1 56 56 F 1 0 STHRS 1 57 58 F 2 0 RX 1 59 59 F 1 0 RXNOW 1 60 61 F 2 0 EVERALC 1 62 63 F 2 0 FIRSTALC 1 64 65 F 2 0 DEPALC 1 66 67 F 2 0 ALCDEPAG 1 68 69 F 2 0 DEPALCNW 1 70 71 F 2 0 EVERMJ 1 72 73 F 2 0 AGEMJ 1 74 75 F 2 0 EVDEPMJ 1 76 77 F 2 0 AGDEPMJ 1 78 79 F 2 0 NOWDEPMJ 1 80 81 F 2 0 EVERHER 1 82 83 F 2 0 AGEHER 1 84 85 F 2 0 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 19 EVDEPHER 1 86 87 F 2 0 AGDEPHER 1 88 89 F 2 0 DEPHERNW 1 90 91 F 2 0 EVERCOC 1 92 93 F 2 0 AGECOC 1 94 95 F 2 0 EVDEPCOC 1 96 97 F 2 0 AGDEPCOC 1 98 99 F 2 0 DEPCOCNW 1 100 101 F 2 0 EVERPCP 1 102 103 F 2 0 AGEPCP 1 104 105 F 2 0 DEPPCP 1 106 107 F 2 0 AGDEPPCP 1 108 109 F 2 0 DEPPCPNW 1 110 111 F 2 0 EVRMETH 1 112 113 F 2 0 AGEMETH 1 114 115 F 2 0 DEPMETH 1 116 117 F 2 0 AGDEPMEH 1 118 119 F 2 0 DEPMEHNW 1 120 121 F 2 0 EVERCRK 1 122 123 F 2 0 AGECRK 1 124 125 F 2 0 DEPCRK 1 126 127 F 2 0 AGDEPCRK 1 128 129 F 2 0 DEPCRKNW 1 130 131 F 2 0 EVINJECT 1 132 133 F 2 0 COCROUTE 1 134 135 F 2 0 ALC24HR 1 136 137 F 2 0 MJ24HR 1 138 139 F 2 0 HER24HR 1 140 141 F 2 0 COC24HR 1 142 143 F 2 0 PCP24HR 1 144 145 F 2 0 STMETH24 1 146 147 F 2 0 RXMETH24 1 148 149 F 2 0 DOWN24HR 1 150 151 F 2 0 UP24HR 1 152 153 F 2 0 CRACK24 1 154 155 F 2 0 OTHER24 1 156 157 F 2 0 URINE 1 158 158 F 1 0 AGREE 1 159 159 F 1 0 BIRTHYR 1 160 161 F 2 0 INTMO 1 162 163 F 2 0 INTDAY 1 164 165 F 2 0 INTYR 1 166 167 F 2 0 PRECINCT 1 168 173 F 6 0 SITE 1 174 175 F 2 0 EVERTAR 1 176 177 F 2 0 EVERAMPH 1 178 179 F 2 0 EVERBARB 1 180 181 F 2 0 EVTRANQ 1 182 183 F 2 0 EVLUDES 1 184 185 F 2 0 EVERLSD 1 186 187 F 2 0 EVOTHER 1 188 189 F 2 0 1 Page 20 ICPSR 9477 AGETAR 1 190 191 F 2 0 AGEAMPH 1 192 193 F 2 0 AGEBARB 1 194 195 F 2 0 AGETRANQ 1 196 197 F 2 0 AGELUDES 1 198 199 F 2 0 AGELSD 1 200 201 F 2 0 DEPTAR 1 202 203 F 2 0 DEPAMPH 1 204 205 F 2 0 DEPBARB 1 206 207 F 2 0 DEPTRANQ 1 208 209 F 2 0 DEPLUDES 1 210 211 F 2 0 DEPLSD 1 212 213 F 2 0 AGDEPTAR 1 214 215 F 2 0 AGDPAMPH 1 216 217 F 2 0 AGDPBARB 1 218 219 F 2 0 AGDPTRAN 1 220 221 F 2 0 AGDPLUDE 1 222 223 F 2 0 AGDEPLSD 1 224 225 F 2 0 DEPTARNW 1 226 227 F 2 0 DEPAMPNW 1 228 229 F 2 0 DEPBARNW 1 230 231 F 2 0 DEPTRNNW 1 232 233 F 2 0 DEPLUDNW 1 234 235 F 2 0 DEPLSDNW 1 236 237 F 2 0 AGEINJ 1 238 239 F 2 0 SHARE 1 240 241 F 2 0 CHANGE 1 242 243 F 2 0 NEWDRUGS 1 244 245 F 2 0 TAR24HR 1 246 247 F 2 0 LSD24HR 1 248 249 F 2 0 CRYM24HR 1 250 251 F 2 0 RACE 1 252 252 F 1 0 NEEDRX 1 253 254 F 2 0 SEX 1 255 255 F 1 0 AGE 1 256 257 F 2 0 AGEA 1 258 259 F 2 0 CHARGEA 1 260 261 F 2 0 INJCOC 1 262 262 F 1 0 INJHER 1 263 263 F 1 0 INJAMPH 1 264 264 F 1 0 INJOTHER 1 265 265 F 1 0 UPPERS 1 266 267 F 2 0 AGEUPPER 1 268 269 F 2 0 DEPUPPER 1 270 271 F 2 0 AGEDEPUP 1 272 273 F 2 0 DEPUPNOW 1 274 275 F 2 0 PARTNERS 1 276 279 F 4 0 INJ.6M 1 280 280 F 1 0 DESIGNER 1 281 282 F 2 0 AGEDESIG 1 283 284 F 2 0 DEPDESIG 1 285 286 F 2 0 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 21 AGEDEPDS 1 287 288 F 2 0 DEPNOWDS 1 289 290 F 2 0 ALC30 1 291 291 F 1 0 MJ30 1 292 292 F 1 0 HER30 1 293 294 F 2 0 COC30 1 295 296 F 2 0 PCP30 1 297 298 F 2 0 STMETH30 1 299 300 F 2 0 CRACK30 1 301 302 F 2 0 BLACK30 1 303 303 F 1 0 CRYSTA30 1 304 305 F 2 0 DOWNER30 1 306 307 F 2 0 VAL30 1 308 309 F 2 0 LUDES30 1 310 311 F 2 0 LSD30 1 312 313 F 2 0 UPPERS30 1 314 315 F 2 0 DESIGN30 1 316 317 F 2 0 CRYSTAL 1 318 318 F 1 0 DEPCRYST 1 319 320 F 2 0 AGECRYST 1 321 322 F 2 0 AGDEPCRY 1 323 324 F 2 0 NOWDEPCR 1 325 326 F 2 0 DRUGCHAR 1 327 327 F 1 0 DES24HR 1 328 329 F 2 0 VAL24HR 1 330 331 F 2 0 LUDE24HR 1 332 333 F 2 0 EVVAL 1 334 335 F 2 0 AGEVAL 1 336 337 F 2 0 DEPVAL 1 338 339 F 2 0 AGEDEVAL 1 340 341 F 2 0 DEPVALNW 1 342 343 F 2 0 GRADE 1 344 345 F 2 0 GED 1 346 346 F 1 0 COLLEGE 1 347 347 F 1 0 DEGREE 1 348 348 F 1 0 WARRANT 1 349 349 F 1 0 AMPH. 1 350 350 F 1 0 DRGPOS 1 351 351 F 1 0 1 Page 22 ICPSR 9477 .sp 8 DUF PROCEDURES MANUAL DRAFT: 4/25/89 .sp 8 Eric WISH Joyce O'Neil National Institute of Justice 633 Indiana Avenue Washington, DC 20531 (202) 272-4687 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 23 DUF SITE QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES In order to ensure standardized data collection of high quality from all sites, each site must implement rigorous quality control. It is the responsibility of the Project Coordinator at all sites to establish this quality control by following the procedures listed below for each quarter of data collection. Any deviation from these procedures must be cleared with NIJ before starting data collection. The responsibilities of the Project Coordinator fall into three general categories: 1) Pre-Data Collection -Contact NIJ and cooperating agencies and organizations -Procure supplies -Hire and train staff -Conduct meeting with all interviewers 2) Data Collection -Train security personnel -Select arrestees for interviewing -Record arrest information -Editing -Supervise interviewers -Reconcile specimens and interview forms -Complete-the DUF Data collection Log 3) Post-Data Collection -Complete laboratory requisition forms -Ship specimens to the laboratory -Ship completed interview forms to NIJ -Send a letter summarizing the findings to cooperating agencies 1 Page 24 ICPSR 9477 1) Pre-Data Collection Contact NIJ and cooperating agencies and organizations A month before data collection is to start, the Project Coordinator contacts NIJ to learn of any changes in the data collection procedures. It is also at this time that the cooperating agencies and organizations are informed of the data collection start-up date. This is to allow the agencies or organizations enough time to plan for DUF data collection requirements. Cooperating agencies and organizations can include local law enforcement, pretrial services, city administrators, and treatment services. Procure supplies All the supplies needed for the quarter are procured in advance of data collection. The necessary supplies include: -400 interview forms prenumbered with DUF Site ID# and Person ID#s (Person ID#s must be consecutive so that no duplication occurs during the same or different quarters of data collection); -400 paper clips; -prenumbered and addressed specimen slips fastened to each interview form; -3 pads of 1 inch square yellow Post-Its; -sharpened pencils/pens; -400 pairs of disposable gloves; -cigarettes/candy; -legal size clip boards; -400 specimen containers; -150 5 oz. disposable paper cups; -100 Confidentiality of Information forms; -treatment/AIDS referral card (card should include information for legal aid, housing, welfare, psychological and medical services, and hotline numbers); -locked file cabinet for storing interviews/specimens. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 25 Once the supplies are procured, 400 interview forms must be reproduced and prenumbered, with the Person ID# and Site ID# (see attached list of DUF Site ID#s), for the complete quarter's data collection. A yellow Post-It is then attached to the top half of each interview form. A log must be maintained of Person ID#s that have already been assigned so that they are not used again. (For example, assume Person ID#s 100 to 310 were assigned last quarter; for the next quarter, Person ID#s would begin with 311.) Unused interview forms from the prior quarter should be destroyed. Specimen labels must also be prenumbered with a Person ID# and the Site ID#. The labels are then fastened with a paper clip to the corresponding interview form. The correspondence between the Person ID#s on the interview forms and specimen labels must be carefully checked. If the Person ID# on the specimen label does not correspond to the number on the completed interview form, the data is invalid. Hire and train staff It is the responsibility of the Project Coordinator to hire and train a sufficient number of interviewers for each quarter of data collection. The ideal candidate to hire as an interviewer is one with a background in criminal justice or the social sciences, training in the treatment or research of drug abuse, and interviewing experience. Candidates who do not meet these criteria can still be considered for employment as interviewers. The primary quality these candidates must demonstrate is a nonjudgmental attitude toward drug use and criminal offenders. It is advantageous to hire interviewers that can be available quarter to quarter and at least one that is Spanish speaking. Once interviewers are hired, they should receive the Interviewer Orientation Manual and an interview form to review. After reviewing the Manual and interview form, the interviewers will meet with the Project Coordinator who will go through the interview form to explain each item and answer any questions. This training time should be scheduled before data collection. Retrain all interviewers When training the interviewers it is particularly important for the Project Coordinator to define each drug listed in Question 11. In defining the listed drugs, it is necessary to clearly explain street names for the drugs and the Methods of use. A drug expert from the police department should be invited to the training meeting to provided additional information. Following the explanation of the interview form, the Project Coordinator 1 Page 26 ICPSR 9477 will conduct a mock interview by role playing with each interviewer. The role playing must include the introduction of the study, conducting the interview, and obtaining a specimen. Next, the interviewer will interview the Project Coordinator in a mock interview. Afterwards the Project Coordinator will comment on the interviewing style, and knowledge of the interview form. On the first night of data collection, the training moves into the jail where the interviewer observes an interview conducted by the Project Coordinator. Next each interviewer conducts an interview with the Project Coordinator observing. At any point during the training the Project Coordinator should expect and encourage questions. Before interviewers conduct unsupervised interviews, the Project Coordinator needs to explain to the interviewer that he/she can refuse to interview an arrestee that he/she would feel uncomfortable interviewing. Additionally, it should be explained to the interviewer that if an arrestee behaves in an inappropriate manner during the interview to end the interview or signal for the Project Coordinator or Security Officer to step in. Lastly, all interviewers must be informed not to discuss information obtained during the interview with the security officers or any other police personnel. Neither the security officers nor other police personnel are allowed to read through the completed interviews. It is imperative that the confidentiality is maintained. Conduct meeting with all the interviewers Each quarter a meeting with all interviewers is conducted the day before starting the data collection. During this meeting the Project Coordinator can discuss the overall results from the previous quarter, review interviewer errors found by the Editor, and solicit comments and suggestions regarding problems with the data collection from the previous quarter. At this time changes made at NIJ in the interview form and/or data collection procedures are explained to the interviewers and Editor. (The Project Coordinator will contact NIJ prior to this meeting to be apprised of the changes.) Additionally, this meeting is useful for scheduling the interviewers for the upcoming quarter and to select one person as the Editor if a permanent editor is not available. The person selected should be reliable and detail oriented. Finally, the Project Coordinator want to have the interviewers assist with numbering and fastening the specimen labels to the interview forms. 2) Data Collection 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 27 Train security personnel At some of the sites off-duty detention officers are assigned to the DUF project for security. It is important that the Project Coordinator explain the purpose of the project to the officers. This is necessary each time there are new officers assigned to the project. In the explanation of DUF, it should be emphasized to the officers that they not refer to the study as a drug test. When an arrestee asks what the study is about, instruct the officers to explain that they ohly know that it is some kind of confidential survey. The general procedure with the security officers is for the interviewer to give the officer the yellow Post-It with the selected arrestee's name and cell number written on it. The officer then locates the arrestee, escorts the person from the cell to the interview area, and remains near the area for security. The officer should return the Post-It to the interviewer. The officer should not over-hear the interview and ideally should be out of the arrestee's sight. If there is a problem with the arrestee, the interviewer may signal for the security officer to resolve the problem. After the interview, the officer escorts the arrestee from the interview area to the toilet to provide a specimen and back to the interview area. Upon completion of the interview, the officer returns the arrestee to his/her cell. If a selected arrestee tells the officer he/she is not interested in participating in the study, the officer should explain to the person that he/she has to talk to the interviewer personally to decline. The arrestee is then escorted to the interview area. This gives the interviewer the opportunity to explain the study and answer any questions the arrestee may have. A final point to explain to the security officers is that the interviewers cannot discuss the information obtained during the interview; and that they cannot read through the completed interview forms. This is necessary to protect the confidentiality of the information. Select arrestees for interviewing To select arrestees for interviewing the Project Coordinator must read through the arrest or booking slips. Male arrestees excluded from the study are those arrested for vagrancy, loitering, and traffic violations, e.g., DWI. Arrestees should be selected by the type of charge in the following priority order: 1) Nondrug felony charges 2) Nondrug misdemeanor charges 3) Drug felony charges 4) Drug misdemeanor charges 1 Page 28 ICPSR 9477 5) Warrants for any charge Male arrestees arrested on warrants are selected for interviewing if the warrant is the only charge. Those arrested on a new charge and have a warrant are selected based on the priority of the new charge, the warrant is not considered. For example, if the arrestee is charged with a robbery and has a warrant pending, only the robbery is considered. The robbery information is entered in the space for the Most serious charge and #1-No is circled for "Was the person charged with a warrant only?". If the person is arrested on a warrant only , circle #2-Yes for "Was the person charged with a warrant only?" Write in the top charge on the warrant for Most Serious Charge and circle the corresponding charge #. Additionally, only 20% of male arrestees charged with drug offenses should be interviewed. To stay within this 20% limit, total the number of arrestees with nondrug charges that have been interviewed or are available to be interviewed. Calculate 25% of that number to determine the number of arrestees with drug charges that can be interviewed. As arrestees are brought into custody, adjust the number accordingly to maintain the limit. This 20% proportion of drug charges should be calculated each evening. The exception to these exclusionary rules are at sites where female arrestees are interviewed. In most instances it is necessary to interview all females regardless of their charges to obtain the required number for each quarter. The exception of the rules for females should be cleared with NIJ before commencing data collection. Record arrest information During the review of arrest or booking slips, the Project Coordinator records arrest information for selected arrestees on the upper top half of the interview form. If there is more than one charge and there is some doubt as to which is the most serious charge, or whether the charge is a misdemeanor or felony, consult one of the officers for clarification. In the event the Precinct/Location of Arrest or Penal Law Code is not given on the arrest or booking slip, leave the spaces blank on the interview form. If Ethnicity is not available, ask the interviewer to obtain the information when the arrestee is brought to the interview area. After completing the top half of the interview form, the arrestee's name and cell number are written on the yellow Post-It. The interview forms are then distributed to the interviewers. The interviewer takes the Post-It off 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 29 the form and gives it to the security officer; who locates the arrestee and escorts them to the interview area. Editing The Project Coordinator will ensure that the collected data are accurate, consistent, and error free. Remember that the completed interviews forms will be sent to data entry personnel who have no knowledge of the interview content. They will enter information exactly as it appears on the interview form. The responsibility to check the data for accuracy, consistency and errors should be delegated to one person. The person assigned to this task must be detail oriented and reliable. As the Editor, this person will collect all the interview forms from the previous day of data collection and edit them. All interviews that have been initiated (that is, the arrest information was entered on the top half of the form) must be edited whether or not the arrestee agreed to the interview. The Editor is to use a red pencil or pen to cross out (do not erase) errors and make the corrections on. the interview forms. This is important because the data entry person is instructed to enter information in red whenever there is any ambiguity. Do not change the interviews by guessing the correct response. Changes are made only where it appears that the interviewer made a careless mistake and where the answer is obvious. For example, if the person is coded as not having been in drug treatment but a treatment program is written in, change the code to reflect that the person has had treatment. If the interviewer wrote down information because he/she did not know the correct answer and it is possible to ascertain the answer, write it in. If the interviewer forgot to ask a required question, 9's are written in the blank code spaces or next to the list of choices where there are no blank spaces. The number 9 is only used to fill in a blank code space when information that should have been asked was not recorded by the interviewer. When more than one answer has been circled for a question that calls for just one, attempt to discern the correct response. If it is not possible to determine the correct response, write in the number 9 and cross out any other answers. If the interviewer forgot to write in his or her initials and the Editor recognizes the person's handwriting, then he or she can write in the initials. If a person refused to be interwiewed, all interview responses should legitimately be left blank-- they are not considered missing information. Information is not changed to make it consistent with other information, if the respondent (not the interviewer), was the source of the inconsistency. For example, if the respondent said they had never tried heroin but reported 1 Page 30 ICPSR 9477 it as a drug EVER injected, do not change either answer. A list should be kept of such problems for each interviewer. The problems should be discussed with each interviewer before data collection begins the next day. After each interview is edited, a red check mark is placed in the upper right corner on the front of the interview form. Supervise interviewers It is the responsibility of the Project Coordinator to supervise the interviewers every day that data is collected. This responsibility for interviewers includes; encouraging punctuality, reminding them to bring a picture ID if it is necessary to gain entrance to the jail, and defining appropriate behavior in a jail facility. Appropriate behavior in the jail involves not interfering with officers while they are working, staying out of the way if there is an incident between the police and an arrestee, and not promising arrestees anything that violates the routine of the jail. In addition, the interviewer should know to go immediately to the Project Coordinator if a problem arises between the interviewer and any jail personnel. The Project Coordinator must be alert to any problems the interviewers may have collecting data or with an arrestee. One method to monitor interviewers' data collection proficiency is to informally check the number of completed interviews and specimens collected for each interviewer throughout the day. This is an especially important procedure to follow for new interviewers. If the number of completed interviews or specimens are low for an interviewer, the Project Coordinator should discuss the problem with the person. If there is a problem with an arrestee, the Project Coordinator must intervene and attempt to resolve the problem diplomatically. If it is not possible to resolve the problem, have another interviewer continue the interview or return the arrestee to the cell. Occasionally an arrestee provides a specimen that is water. When this occurs, the interviewer should bring it to the attention of the Project Coordinator immediately. The Project Coordinator must then explain to the arrestee the importance of the specimen for the research and encourage the person to provide it. Reconcile specimens and interview forms At the end of the day of data collection, the Project Coordinator needs to reconcile the number of specimens with the number of completed interview forms. At the same time the date on the labels attached to the specimen container can be checked. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 31 Reconciling the specimens with the completed interviews involves checking that #3 is circled on the bottom of the back page of the interview form, if a specimen is provided; or that #1 or #2 is circled if not provided. The number of urine specimens must match the number of urines provided as indicated on the interview forms. It is also necessary to check the ID#s on the specimen bottles against the interviews. Complete the DUF Data Collection Log The DUF Data Collection Log is the most important means to determine if problems are occurring in the data collection process. The log must be completed each day after data is collected. One log is completed for males, a second for females. Any day that fewer than 95% of the arrestees approached agreed to an interview or fewer than 80% of the interviewees provided a specimen remedial action must be taken. Such action includes discussing the low rates with the interviewers to determine the cause of the problem and then formulating a plan to increase the rates. If the response rates the next day of data collection are still low, contact NIJ for assistance. Failure to maintain the response rates can compromise the validity of the findings and will lead to the exclusion of that quarter's data from the DUF report. It may also lead to a recommendation to drop the site from the program. Occasionally interviewers will have a bad day/evening. However, staying on top of this situation is essential to identify problems early. 3) Post-Data Collection Complete laboratory requisition forms The laboratory requisition forms are provided by the laboratory performing the urinalysis. Separate forms are filled out for male and female specimens. On the forms the DUF city name, account number, and month are printed in the spaces provided. The letter indicating the sex of the particular group of specimens is circled, the Person ID#s from the specimens are printed in the Name/ID# column, and the date the specimen was collected is printed in the adjacent column. Copies are made of all the requisition forms for the DUF files at each site. Ship specimens to the laboratory 1 Page 32 ICPSR 9477 At the end of the data collection period, when all the specimens have been reconciled with the completed interview forms, the specimens are packed for shipping. The specimens are placed into a plastic bag, sealed, and placed in a 24-pack container carton, along with the original requisition form. Absorbent material provided by the lab is to be placed on the top and bottom of the container carton. It is imperative that the IDs on the requisition forms are accurate. That is, the list of numbers on the form reflects the contents of the box. If all the specimens are sent to the lab at the same time, each box is numbered according to sex. For example, if there are 8 boxes of female specimens, each box is numbered 1 of 8, 2 of 8, 3 of 8, etc. The same procedure is used for the male specimens. Sites that send the specimens after each day of data collection are to send a "Final Shipment" notice with the last box indicating that it is the last box for that quarter of data collection. A "Final Shipment" notice goes with the last box of female specimens and one goes with the last box of male specimens. Ship completed interviews to NIJ At the end of the data collection period call to advise NIJ that the data collection has ended. The interviews are then prepared for shipment to NIJ. A copy of each interview form initiated should be made (the copies should be retained by the site). The forms should be separated by sex and placed in correct sequential order by ID#. Make a copy of all logs, i.e., the Data Collection Logs and the Interviewer Demographics Logs (the copies should be retained by the site). Pack the original interview forms in a separate package for each sex with the originals of the appropriate logs. The interview forms and logs should be set to NIJ as soon as possible. Send a letter summarizing the results to cooperating agencies A letter is sent to the cooperating agencies at the end of each quarter of data collection. The letter should summarize the information from the DUF data collection log and urinalysis results. If it is possible, include the start-up date for the next quarter of data collection. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 33 DUF INTERVIEWER ORIENTATION AND INSTRUCTIONS Overview of the DUF project The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) project is designed to provide the most objective estimates available on the level of drug use in offenders. While national surveys of students and households are routinely conducted to learn the level of drug use in the country, these studies typically exclude or miss the most deviant and transient persons in the community. NIJ research projects have shown that criminals are among the most serious drug abusers and suggest that drug use trends are grossly underestimated by current national surveys. The DUF project will fill this gap in knowledge about drug use in criminals and will enable the refinement of national estimates of drug use. The DUF data will also enable participating cities to plan better for drug abuse epidemics and for the utilization of scarce law enforcement and treatment resources. For example, urinalyses of specimens obtained from arrestees in the District of Columbia have uncovered a high level of PCP use in the District and resulted in the District's allocation of more funds to treat PCP abusers. DUF data can also be used to monitor the availability of illicit drugs and to measure changes that occur in response to law enforcement initiatives. The staff of interviewers is crucial to the success of the DUF project. For DUF to provide an accurate picture of drug use in the country, the data collection procedures must be standardized and maintained by interviewers in all sites. The following describes the procedures for interviewing and requesting urine specimens from arrestees. These procedures have proven effective in the initial DUF sites and should be thoroughly understood and followed. CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW The Interview Form Once an arrestee is selected for the study, the Project Coordinator completes the top part of the interview form with information from the arrest or booking slip. The Project Coordinator then gives the interview form to the interviewer. Before the interviewer calls for the arrestee, it is necessary to check that the top of the interview form is filled in correctly, especially the date, the DUF Site ID#, and Person ID#. It is equally important that a urine specimen label with the same Person ID# and Site ID# is attached to the interview form. 1 Page 34 ICPSR 9477 If the Person ID# is not filled in or the Person ID# on the interview form is different than the Person ID# on the urine specimen label, the interviewer must inform the Project Coordinator before calling for the arrestee. If the DUF Site ID#, date, and/or any other information is not filled in, bring it to the attention of the Project Coordinator before initiating the interview. Informed consent After checking the information at the top of the form, the interviewer has the arrestee called out of the cell or approaches the arrestee through the cell bars to introduce the study. If the arrestee is female put the letter F just after the Person ID# on the interview form and on the urine label. In the introduction of the study the interviewer must explain that participation is voluntary, confidential, anonymous, and is federally funded. The introduction should be brief and tailored to each interviewer's style. The information conveyed in the introduction can include a description of the study as a drug use history and health survey, that the questions are general, and that it will only take a few minutes. Do not mention the urine specimen to the arrestee at this time. This is done at the conclusion of the interview. If the arrestee asks why he/she is selected or how the information is used, the interviewer should provide an explanation. One such explanation is that nearly everyone in jail is interviewed except those arrested for vagrancy, loitering, and traffic violations, e.g., DWI; and that this is a national study being conducted in 22 cities. In addition, the interviewer can explain that information from all the participants is combined to create a profile of the jail population emphasizing that it is not a study of each arrestee. This profile is useful in demonstrating the need for treatment programs in the area which may help others by enabling the city to provide more drug abuse treatment programs. The DUF information will not be useful if more than a small number of persons refuse to participate in the interview. It is therefore important that each interviewer develop a style that results in securing the cooperation of those persons who are approached. Attempt to develop a rapport with the arrestee. The interviewer must persevere when an arrestee first declines. If possible, attempt to identify the reasons for refusal and to overcome the objections. It is important to "sell" the arrestee on participating while at the same time preserving the person's right to refuse. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 35 If the situation arises where there are several arrestees together in the same cell, who are friends or co-defendants, and one person refuses, all the rest will tend to follow that person's lead. In such situations inform the Project Coordinator. If the person agrees to the interview, circle #1-Agreed to interview. The interviewer must print his/her initials in the space below before beginning the interview. (If interviewers have similar initials, a unique alternative should be chosen before beginning the interviews.) If the arrestee refuses to participate, circle #2-Declined. If the arrestee was unavailable to interview because of a special condition (sick or removed from area) , circle #3-Not available. If the person was not interviewed for any other reason, circle #4-Other reason not interviewed and specify the reason. If the arrestee is not interviewed, dispose of the urine slip and place the interview form with the other completed interview forms. Regardless of the outcome, the interviewer must print his/ her initials, in the spaces provided. General instructions on how to ask the questions The interview is a structured interview, designed to ensure that questions are asked in a standard order and manner. It may be necessary to deviate from the wording of a question in order to make the arrestee understand what you want to know; therefore, it is important that you understand the purpose of the questions so that you do not change the intended meaning. When conducting the interview the interviewer should engage himself/herself in the interaction so that he/she obtains a coherent understanding of the person's drug use behavior. If the arrestee contradicts themself, or provides inconsistent answers, the interviewer should diplomatically probe the problem to resolve the differences. In such instances, in order not to alienate the arrestee, the interviewer should take the blame for the misunderstanding ("I'm sorry but I think I got this wrong or I misunderstood you. You said ..... "). Remember, the interviewer is trying to elicit sensitive information and must maintain the person's trust. Do not skip questions or leave inconsistent answers without indicating some reason in the margin of the interview. If an answer or response does not match one of the given choices or is atypical, record the response verbatim in the margin next to the question. Any interesting responses or problems can also be written on the form, but do not write over the legitimate responses. These interviews will be entered into a computer by someone who is unfamiliar with the interview content. Answers must be printed legibly. 1 Page 36 ICPSR 9477 Always circle the numbers corresponding to the response choice not the choice itself. Example: No-1 The Project Coordinator will review the completed interview forms each day and provide feedback to each interviewer so that errors can be eliminated. Each interviewer should also report problems or suggestions to the Project Coordinator so that these procedures can be improved. Attached is a description of each question on the interview form and specific information on how to ask each one. (The interview items will change over time as items are improved and new questions are added.) Specimen Procedure After completing the last question, tell the arrestee the next part of the interview involves obtaining a urine specimen. The interviewer must develop a technique for ensuring cooperation while preserving the arrestee's rights. Failure to obtain the specimen reduces the value of the information obtained. Serious effort must be made to persuade the arrestee to provide the anonymous specimen. In some sites, candy or cigarettes are offered during the interview or as an inducement to the person to provide the specimen. Give the arrestee the container with the instruction to fill it and put the cap on tightly. For female arrestees provide a small disposable cup with the container. Female arrestees are to urinate into the cup then pour the contents into the container. The interviewer escorts the arrestee to the toilet or has the security officer escort the person. Whomever escorts the arrestee should stand 6-10 feet behind the person and observe casually to ensure that the specimen is not diluted with water or spilled out. (Because the arrestees have no advance notice of the testing, the possibility of inserting adulterants in the specimen is minimal, so the observation should be casual.) On the specimen label write in the date, and put the letter F for females after the Person ID#. Also, check that the name of the city and account number are written in the appropriate spaces provided. When the arrestee returns with the container put on a pair of rubber gloves and take the container. Look to see that the container is at least half full. If at least half full, attach the label or have the arrestee attach the label. Next, circle #3-Provided specimen (printed on the bottom of the back page of the interview form), then check that the cap is tightly closed and place the specimen in the designated storage area. The completed interview form is then put with the other completed interviews. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 37 If the container is less than half full, explain to the arrestee that it is necessary to fill the container at least half full. Give the arrestee another container to try a second time. If the arrestee is successful the second time, dispose of the first container. If the arrestee is unable to provide the minimum amount the second time put the second container with the first, have the person drink some water and try again within the hour. The interview form and specimen labels for arrestees that will try again later can be set aside or given to the Project Coordinator. The same procedure is followed for those that are unable to provide a specimen on the first attempt. If the arrestee fills the container less than half full and is not available to try again or refuses to try again, label the container and circle #3-Provided specimen. Place the container in the designated storage area. If the arrestee is not able to provide a specimen after several attempts circle #2-Tried, couldn't urinate (printed on the bottom of the back page) , put the completed interview form with the other completed interviews and discard the specimen label. If the arrestee is able to provide a specimen after a second try circle #3-Provided specimen. In the event that an arrestee has been unable to fill a container half full but has provided two or more containers with lesser amounts combine the contents of the two containers, then circle #3-Provided specimen. A specimen that is cold and/or clear should be brought to the attention of the Project Coordinator before returning the arrestee to the cell. For arrestees that refuse to provide a specimen, circle #1-Refused/did not try (printed on the bottom of the back page), and put the completed interview form with the other completed interviews. Discard the label. DUF staff are "guests" of local law enforcement personnel. At no time should DUF activities interfere with routine police processing of arrestees. If an arrestee is needed by the police during the, DUF interview, terminate the interview and note the reason on the interview form. 1 Page 38 ICPSR 9477 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND DEFINITIONS 1. How many hours ago were you arrested? Enter the number of hours the arrestee has been detained (off the street). If the number of hours is a one digit number, 9 or less, enter the number in the blank on the right and a zero in the blank on the left. For example, if the arrestee answers "1" hour enter 01. Do not interview arrestees that were arrested more than 48 hours preceding the interview or persons that have been in another facility for an extended period of time but are now in transit. If the arrestee is not sure of the number of hours since arrested, or does not know, probe to obtain a reasonable estimate of the number of hours. If it is not possible to ascertain the number of hours since the arrest and there is a reasonable suspicion that it is more than 48 hours, enter 99 and discontinue the interview. When an arrestee has been held for a period less than a full hour round up to a whole number. For example, if the arrestee has been in custody for 6 1/2 hours enter 07 for the number of hours since the arrest. 2. What is the highest grade you have completed? Enter the highest grade the arrestee has completed, 0-12. If the number reported by the arrestee for the highest grade is a single digit enter the number in the blank on the right and a zero in the blank on the left. For example, if the highest grade completed is the eighth enter 08. Do not include college or any technical, trade or vocational training unless it is part of the regular school curriculum. 3. Did you graduate from high school or get a GED certificate? Circle one number for the arrestee's response. A high school graduate will have received some official recognition, such as a diploma, after successfully completing high school requirements. The General Education Diploma, GED, is awarded upon achieving a passing score on the GED comprehensive exam. Circle #3 if the arrestee is currently in high school. If the person is studying for the GED circle #1 and go to Question 6. 4. How many months of technical, trade, or vocational training have you completed? Count the total number of months actually completed. Do not include training that was part of a regular high school curriculum. Included as technical, trade, or vocational training are: apprenticeships, CETA or JTPA programs, Job 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 39 Corp, nursing programs for a licensed practical nurse, medical assistant training, cosmetology and beauty school, data entry training, secretarial school, paralegal training, word processing, truck driving, electrician training, etc. If the number of months completed is a single digit number enter the number in the blank on the right and a zero in the blank on the left. For example, if the arrestee reports 7 months, enter 07. If the arrestee reports no training enter a zero in each of the two blanks, 00. 5. Have you attended college? Circle the number corresponding to the arrestee's response. If the response is No. #1, ask Question 6. If the response is Yes, #2, ask: How many years of college have you completed? Enter the total number of years the arrestee has completed. Only count the years the arrestee has actually completed. If the number of years completed is a single digit number enter the number in the blank on the right and a zero in the blank on the left. If the person has completed less than a full year round down, e.g., 6 months= 00 , 1 1/2 years= 01 year. Do not count the semester or term for which the arrestee may be a currently registered student. If the arrestee has completed one or more years of college ask: Did you receive: Read the choices and circle one number corresponding to the arrestee's response. If the arrestee has more than one degree circle the choice indicating the most advanced degree. The AA-2 choice includes any associate of arts degree which takes about two years of full-time study. The BA/BS-3 choice includes any bachelor level degree usually obtained after four years of full-time study. The Grad-4 choice includes all master and doctorate level degrees (include law degree) . These degrees follow a bachelor' s degree and are obtained after one or more years of study. If the arrestee has a degree and is also currently a full or part-time student circle the number corresponding to the highest degree earned to date. 6. What in your current marital status? Read the choices and circle one number that corresponds to the arrestee's response. If the arrestee responds "Single, never married" before. hearing the other choices, ask if he or she is living with a boyfriend or girlfriend and circle the appropriate number. 1 Page 40 ICPSR 9477 7. In the past month, were you mainly . . . ? "In the past month" refers to the last 30 days. Read all the choices and circle one number that corresponds to the arrestee's response. If the individual is currently a full-time student, circle #5. If the person is working (full or part-time), write in the type of job he/she has, in the space provided in A. DO NOT write the name or location of the employer. If the arrestee reports he/she is unemployed or not working circle #4-Unemployed. If the arrestee reports owning a business or being self-employed DO NOT circle #12, Other Legal. Ask the arrestee if he/she is involved full or part-time. Depending on the response, circle either "Work full-time" ... 1 or "Work part-time" ... 2 and ask the person what kind of business he/she owns or the type of work when self-employed. Record the response in the space provided in A. For arrestees that report prostitution circle #8. If the arrestee reports dealing or drug sales circle #10. If the arrestee reports any other illegal activity circle #11, Other Illegal, and specify the type of activity in the space provided. Responses to #12, Other-Legal, can include alimony, money from parents, disability payments, etc. If the arrestee reports any "Other Legal" means of support record the response in the space provided. Welfare refers to any public aid money or government entitlement programs, such as food stamps, AFDC, and social security. For arrestees that are involved in two activities, such as, a student working part-time or someone in a work release program from jail, circle one choice for the activity that the person was doing most of the time during the last month. 8A. In the past month, how much money did you receive from all legal sources, e.g., wages, food stamps, welfare? "The past month" refers to the last 30 days. Enter the total dollar amount from all sources in the space provided. If the number of dollars is less than four digits enter the number in as many blanks to the right as there are digits, place a zero in the remaining blank(s) to the left. For example, if the arrestee responds that they received $850 from all legal sources, enter 0850. Sources of legal income include; wages, welfare, food stamps, unemployment benefits, disability payments, SSI, loans, money from family, alimony, retirement pensions, child support, etc. Do not include non-money items such as housing or transportation vouchers. If the arrestee reports not receiving any money from a legal source, explain that any amount of money from a legal source counts even if it is supplemented with illegal income. If the arrestee 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 41 still reports no legal income enter a zero in each of the four blanks. 8B. In the past month, how much money did you receive from all illegal sources? "The past month" refers to the last 30 days. Enter the total dollar amount from all illegal sources in the space provided. If the number of dollars is less than four digits, enter the number in as many blanks to the right as there are digits, place zero in the remaining blank(s) to the left. For example, if the arrestee responds that they received $625 from all illegal sources, enter 0625. Sources of illegal income include gambling, prostitution, drug sales, robbery, etc. If the arrestee reports no illegal income, enter zeros in each of the four spaces. 9. Are you now or have you ever received treatment or detox for drug or alcohol use? Circle all that apply. If the arrestee has received treatment, #2, or is currently in treatment, #3, ask: "What kind?" of treatment. Circle the corresponding number. 10. Do you feel you could use treatment for drug or alcohol use? Circle the corresponding number. If the arrestee could use treatment for drug only #2, or drugs and alcohol #3, ask: "For what drug(s)" Record the response in the space provided. NOTE: Before continuing with the questions READ the following to the arrestee: "The following questions are somewhat personal but very important to the research. Remember all your answers are confidential." 11. How many different persons have you had sex with in the past year? This question is asked of all arrestees. It includes all sex acts, such as intercourse , oral sex, and anal sex. If the number of persons is less than four digits enter the number in as many blanks on the right as there are digits, place a zero in the remaining blank(s) to the left. For example, if the number of persons is 15 enter 0015 If the person refuses to answer or does not know enter 8888. 1 Page 42 ICPSR 9477 If the arrestee gives a vague answer, attempt to obtain an approximate number. Ask the arrestee to make a reasonable guess. Another strategy is to ask if the number is more than 1000 or less and encourage the arrestee to specify a more exact number. If the arrestee still does not offer a response enter 8888. 12. Have you ever tried... ? NOTE: A significant change was made in the procedure previously used to ask the following question. READ THROUGH THE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. Ask the arrestee if they have ever tried each drug listed in Question 12, going down the list. If the arrestee has tried the drug circle the number corresponding to the drug and continue asking the question for the other drugs on the list. When asking heroin, black tar heroin, cocaine, and crack use, a definition of each drug is given. The definition is based on the appearance of the drug or method of use. Black tar heroin is defined as a black gummy or sticky substance similar to hashish. Heroin is defined as light brown, white or cinnamon colored powder. Crack is defined as rock or crack cocaine that is usually smoked in a pipe. Cocaine is defined as a white powder, usually snorted, injected, or freebased. Freebasing is not the same as smoking crack. Freebasing is smoking a cocaine concentrate obtained by processing powder cocaine with ether. An example for black tar heroin use is, "Have you ever tried black tar heroin, a black gummy or sticky substance similar to hashish? Follow this same procedure, including the appropriate definition, for heroin, crack, and cocaine. Upon reaching the end of the drug list, ask the arrestee if he/she has ever tried "Any other drugs". If Yes, write the drug name(s) in the space provided. After the "Have you ever tried... ?" question is asked of all the drugs listed, go back to the first drug the arrestee reported to have tried. For that drug, ask the remaining questions, moving left to right: "When you first tried (DRUG NAME), how old were you?" "In the last 3 days did you use:" (DRUG NAME) "# (number) of days used in last month?" (NONE=00) "Have you ever needed or felt dependent on:" (DRUG NAME) "When first dependent, how old were you?" "Are you now dependent on:" (DRUG NAME) For example, ask if the arrestee has ever tried alcohol, if he/she responds Yes, circle #1. Next, ask if the person has ever tried tobacco. If he/she responds No, do not circle any number. Continue moving down the list, asking the questions for each drug used. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 43 After asking "Have you ever tried (Any other drugs)?" go back to alcohol, ask "When you first tried (alcohol), how old were you?" and record age first tried. If the age is a single digit number, 9 or less, enter the number in the blank on the right and a zero in the blank on the left. For example, enter 09 for the arrestee that responds 9-years-old to this question. Then ask, "In the last 3 days did you use:(alcohol)." If the arrestee gives a Yes response circle the corresponding number and ask the next question. If the response is No, do not circle any number and ask the next question. The next question asked is, "# of days (alcohol was) used in the last month?", record the number of days. "Last month" refers to the past 30 days. If the response is a single digit number enter that number in the blank on the right and a zero in the blank on the left, example, 03 for three days. If the response is none, check that the arrestee did not report any use in the last 3 days (the preceding question). If the arrestee did report use in the last 3 days, reconcile the discrepancy with the arrestee. Otherwise enter a zero in each of the two blanks, 00, indicating no use in the last 30 days. Next ask, "Have you ever needed or felt dependent on: (alcohol)". If the response is No, stop asking the questions going left to right and go back to the list of drugs-"Have you ever tried." Repeat the series of questions, going left to right, for the next drug on the list the person reported having tried. If the response is Yes to the question "Have you ever felt dependent on: (alcohol) ", circle the number corresponding to alcohol and ask "When first dependent, how old were you?", record age in the space provided. If the age reported is a single digit number enter the number in the right blank and a zero in the left. Finally, ask the person, "Are you now dependent on: (alcohol) If Yes circle the number corresponding to alcohol. Then go back to the list of drugs and repeat the series of questions, going left to right, for the next drug the person reported having tried. 13. In the last three (3). days, did you use any drugs other than those listed above for medical or non-medical reasons? If No. circle #1. If Yes, circle #2 and ask the arrestee what the other drug(s) were. Write the name of the drug(s) in the space provided. This includes over the counter drugs (vitamins, aspirin Vivarin, cough syrup, etc.), medical prescriptions and illicit drugs not mentioned in Question 12. If the arrestee is taking a prescription for a health problem but does not know the name of the drug, ask the person to describe of the health problem. Record the response. 1 Page 44 ICPSR 9477 14. Are there any new drugs out on the street that you have heard are being used? Circle #1 if No; #2 if Yes. If No, go to the set of instructions preceding Question 15. If Yes, ask the arrestee to: Tell me about them. Obtain descriptions of any new drug use, prices, effects, etc. in as much detail as possible. This information is very important. ****************************** IF THE ARRESTEE HAS REPORTED EVER HAVING TRIED ANY DRUG OTHER THAN ALCOHOL OR TOBACCO ASK QUESTIONS 15 THROUGH 21. IF THE ARRESTEE HAS NEVER TRIED ANY DRUG OR HAS TRIED ONLY ALCOHOL OR TOBACCO, GO TO QUESTION 21. ****************************** 15. In the past month, how much money did you spend in an average week for your drug use, excluding alcohol or tobacco? Ask this question of arrestees that reported EVER HAVING TRIED any drug other than alcohol or tobacco. This question is asked, regardless of a zero response for "# of days used in last month:". Enter the dollar amount the arrestee actually spent or zeros if he/she did not spend any money. If the number of dollars is less than four digits enter the number in as many blanks to the right as there are digits, place a zero in the remaining blank(s) to the left. For example, if the arrestee responds that he/she spent $75. enter 0075. Do not count money the arrestee may have spent on drugs for someone else, such as a spouse or friend. If the arrestee received the drugs for free from a friend, in exchange for services, i.e., prostitution, or stolen goods, enter a zero in each of the four blanks, 0000. If the arrestee is dealing drugs, ask for the dollar value of the drug(s) that he/she actually used. 16. What in your PREFERRED method for using cocaine? Circle one number corresponding to the PREFERRED method of cocaine use. If the arrestee has never used cocaine or crack circle #7. If the arrestee volunteers that he/she has only tried cocaine once or twice, circle #8-Used only once or twice. Only one choice for a preferred method should be circled. If the arrestee describes a method not listed, circle #10 and specify the 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 45 method. If the person responds that he/she is not using cocaine anymore ask what was their preferred method. For those who cannot decide on a preferred method read through the list of choices. If the person still has no preference ask which method he or she has used most often; circle the number corresponding to the response. 17. Have you ever injected drugs? Circle #1 if No; #2 if Yes. If the response is No, go to Question 21. If person reports heroin use in Question 12 but denies injecting, ask how heroin was taken to verify that there was no injecting. If the answer is Yes go to Question 17A. 17A. How old were you when you first injected? Fill in the age the arrestee first injected drugs. If the age is a single digit number enter the number in the blank on the right and a zero in the blank on the left. 17B. About how many times have you injected drugs (lifetime) ? Enter the number of times injected in the space provided. If the number of times is less than four digits enter the number in as many blanks on the right as there are digits, place a zero in the remaining blanks on the left. If the arrestee responds that there are too many times to count and a specific number cannot be ascertained, enter 9998 If the arrestee refuses to answer enter 8888. If the arrestee does not know how many times he/she has injected, ask for an approximate number. 17C. Which of the following drugs have you EVER injected? Read the choices and circle the corresponding number for each drug the arrestee states that he/she has injected. Ask if there are any other drugs the arrestee has injected. If the arrestee has injected other drugs, circle #4 and ask what other drugs. Record the response(s) in the space provided. If the ages reported by the arrestee in Question 12, for all the drugs he/she reported to have EVER injected, are higher than the age reported in Question 17A, "How old were you first time you injected", reconcile the discrepancy with the arrestee. 17D. Have you injected any drug in the past six months? 1 Page 46 ICPSR 9477 Circle the number corresponding to the arrestee's response. 17E. Have you ever shared your works or needles? If No circle #1 and ask: Why have you never shared? If because of AIDS circle #1 and ask: How did you learn about AIDS? Record the arrestee's response verbatim. Probe for specifics if the response is vague or ambiguous. For example, specifics would include AIDS information from treatment programs, television or other users. If never shared because of reasons other than AIDS, circle #2 "Other reason(s)" and record the arrestee's response verbatim in the space provided for the question: What is the reason(s)? Probe for specifics if the response is vague or ambiguous. For example, the arrestee could give reasons such as hepatitis, works or needles are freely available, and he/she thinks it is unhealthy. If the arrestee responds because of AIDS and some other reason, ask which occurred first and circle the number for that choice. Only one choice is circled. Go to Question 21. If the arrestee responds Yes to Question 17E, "Have you ever shared your works or needles?" circle #2 and ask: How often do you share? Read the choices and circle the number corresponding to the arrestee's response, then ask Question 18. 18. When was the last time you shared? Enter the year or the last time the arrestee shared. If the person reports that it was a number of years ago, e.g., 5, 10 or 15, calculate the last year the arrestee shared. 1 ICPSR 9477 Page 47 19. Has AIDS affected your needle sharing? If the arrestee's response is No, circle #1 and ask: Why has it not affected your sharing? Record the arrestee's response verbatim. Probe for specifics if the response is vague or ambiguous. For example, the arrestee could respond that he/she only shares with one person or is not worried about AIDS. If the arrestee's response is Yes, circle #2 and ask: How has it affected your sharing? Record the arrestee's response verbatim. Probe for specifics if the response is vague or ambiguous. For example, the arrestee could respond that he/she stopped sharing, started rinsing with bleach or shares with fewer people. If the arrestee responds that he/she has stopped injecting due to AIDS circle #3. 20. Have you shared since you heard about AIDS? Circle the number corresponding to the arrestee's response. 21. Specimen was: The interviewer should now obtain a specimen from the arrestee. Circle the number corresponding to the arrestee's decision to give a specimen. If an individual initially is unable to provide a specimen but provides it later, be sure that 3-Provided specimen is circled and 2-Tried, couldn't urinate is crossed out.